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BACKGROUND: Philip Morris International's IQOS, with its heatsticks (HEETS), is the heated tobacco product with the largest global market share. IQOS and/or electronic cigarettes use rate is higher among Arabs vs. Jews in Israel. This paper aims to compare IQOS point-of-sale marketing strategies, and regulatory compliance in Arab vs. Jewish neighborhoods in Israel. METHODS: We integrated data from two separate studies including a cross-sectional survey with IQOS retailers (December 2020-April 2021) and audits of points-of-sale that sold IQOS/HEETS (April 2021-July 2021) in 5 large cities in Israel, after marketing restrictions including a points-of-sale display ban and plain packaging became effective in Israel (January 2020). The survey included 69 points-of-sale (21 Arab, 48 Jewish neighborhoods) and the audits included 129 points-of-sale (48 Arab, 81 Jewish neighborhoods). Comparisons of IQOS marketing strategies between points-of-sale in Arab and Jewish neighborhoods were conducted using Chi-Square test, Fisher's exact test or Mann-Whitney test, as appropriate. Thematic analysis was used to analyze open-ended questions. RESULTS: The survey showed that most marketing strategies, such as promotions to customers, were uniform across points-of-sale in Arab and Jewish neighborhoods. The most noteworthy differences were that a higher proportion of retailers from Arab neighborhoods were invited to IQOS parties (47.6% vs. 21.7%, p < 0.05) and reported personal communication with a Philip Morris International's representative (80.0% vs. 51.2%, p < 0.05). Additionally, Philip Morris International's representatives assisted points-of-sale in both Arab and Jewish neighborhoods in implementing the display ban by providing free compliant cabinets and product placement instructions, and directly interacted with customers. The audits showed that points-of-sale in Arab neighborhoods were more compliant with the display ban (25.5% vs. 8.8%, p < 0.05), but less compliant with plain packaging (62.5% vs. 79.3%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There were not many notable differences in IQOS marketing across points-of-sale in Arab vs. Jewish neighborhoods, but Philip Morris International utilized marketing elements of cultural significance, especially for points-of-sale in Arab neighborhoods, such as more personal communication and invitation to social events. Continuous surveillance of tobacco points-of-sale marketing and legislation compliance is needed, with a special focus on demographic/location-based differences.
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Árabes , Judíos , Mercadotecnía , Israel , Árabes/estadística & datos numéricos , Judíos/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Mercadotecnía/estadística & datos numéricos , Mercadotecnía/métodos , Estudios Transversales , Características de la Residencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Comercio/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
AIMS: To explore the effect or potential effect of alcohol marketing in people with an alcohol use disorder, in recovery from an alcohol use disorder, and hazardous and harmful drinkers. METHODS: Relevant literature was identified by searching Medline (OVID), EMBASE (OVID), and PsycINFO (OVID) and relevant websites. Both quantitative and qualitative studies were eligible for inclusion. A narrative approach was used to synthesize the findings. RESULTS: The review included 10 studies. Two quantitative and three qualitative studies focused on participants recovering from an alcohol use disorder and five quantitative studies on those with hazardous or harmful consumption levels of alcohol. The effect of alcohol advertising on alcohol use was only assessed in one study, a small experimental study of young adult heavy drinkers, which found no significant association. Studies looking at other outcomes found that people with or at risk of alcohol problems were likely to notice alcohol advertisements and find them appealing, and that advertisements may have an effect on positive alcohol-related emotions and cognitions. Among people in recovery from an alcohol use disorder, findings suggested that there could be an effect on craving, and that alcohol marketing may be perceived to trigger a desire to drink. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol marketing is likely to have an effect on alcohol consumption in people with, or at increased risk of, an alcohol problem. Studies have also found that alcohol marketing is perceived to act as a trigger by people in recovery from alcohol problems. SUMMARY: A rapid review explored the effect of alcohol marketing in people with an alcohol use disorder, in recovery from an alcohol use disorder, and hazardous and harmful drinkers. The findings of the 10 included studies suggest that an effect of alcohol marketing in these populations is likely.
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Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas , Alcoholismo , Mercadotecnía , Humanos , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/psicología , Alcoholismo/psicología , Mercadotecnía/métodos , Bebidas Alcohólicas , PublicidadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Marketing has a significant impact on the normalisation of gambling for youth across the globe. This has included shaping positive attitudes towards gambling, as well as increasing the social and cultural acceptance of gambling - particularly aligned with valued activities such as sport. Because of this, public health experts argue that gambling marketing poses a significant risk to the health and wellbeing of youth. While young people are increasingly exposed to, and impacted by marketing for gambling products, they are rarely consulted about policy issues and options. This study aimed to explore young Australians' perceptions of current policy responses to gambling advertising, whether they thought young people should be involved in discussions and decisions about gambling marketing regulations, and their perceptions of the duty of governments to protect young people from gambling industry marketing strategies. METHODS: Qualitative focus groups (n = 22) were held with n = 64, 12-17 year olds in the Australian states of Victoria and New South Wales. Participants were asked to reflect on current gambling policies, particularly relating to marketing, what they thought should be done about gambling marketing, and if and how young people should be included in public health responses to gambling. An interpretivist 'Big Q' approach to reflexive thematic analysis was used. RESULTS: Young people highlighted the need for more effective regulations around the content and frequency of gambling marketing. They also wanted to see more realistic representations of the negative impacts of gambling to counter persistent positive commercial marketing messages. Most thought that young people should be given an opportunity to have a say about responses to gambling due to their unique experiences. Participants identified mechanisms to increase young people's engagement in decision making, such as direct lines of communication to different levels of government, involvement in research, and diversifying ways of engagement. Specific recommendations included more regulatory action such as bans on gambling advertising. CONCLUSIONS: Creating formal structures that facilitate the inclusion of young people's perspectives in decisions made about gambling can result in more innovative and effective strategies to prevent the harms from gambling industry products, promotions, and practices.
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Grupos Focales , Juego de Azar , Mercadotecnía , Salud Pública , Humanos , Juego de Azar/psicología , Adolescente , Masculino , Femenino , Mercadotecnía/legislación & jurisprudencia , Mercadotecnía/métodos , Niño , Investigación Cualitativa , Nueva Gales del Sur , Victoria , Política Pública , Publicidad/legislación & jurisprudencia , Publicidad/métodos , AustraliaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Children and adolescents are exposed to a high volume of unhealthy food marketing across digital media. No previous Canadian data has estimated child exposure to food marketing across digital media platforms. This study aimed to compare the frequency, healthfulness and power of food marketing viewed by children and adolescents across all digital platforms in Canada. METHODS: For this cross-sectional study, a quota sample of 100 youth aged 6-17 years old (50 children, 50 adolescents distributed equally by sex) were recruited online and in-person in Canada in 2022. Each participant completed the WHO screen capture protocol where they were recorded using their smartphone or tablet for 30-min in an online Zoom session. Research assistants identified all instances of food marketing in the captured video footage. A content analysis of each marketing instance was then completed to examine the use of marketing techniques. Nutritional data were collected on each product viewed and healthfulness was determined using Health Canada's 2018 Nutrient Profile Model. Estimated daily and yearly exposure to food marketing was calculated using self-reported device usage data. RESULTS: 51% of youth were exposed to food marketing. On average, we estimated that children are exposed to 1.96 marketing instances/child/30-min (4067 marketing instances/child/year) and adolescents are exposed to 2.56 marketing instances/adolescent/30-min (8301 marketing instances/adolescent/year). Both children and adolescents were most exposed on social media platforms (83%), followed by mobile games (13%). Both age groups were most exposed to fast food (22% of marketing instances) compared to other food categories. Nearly 90% of all marketing instances were considered less healthy according to Health Canada's proposed 2018 Nutrient Profile Model, and youth-appealing marketing techniques such as graphic effects and music were used frequently. CONCLUSIONS: Using the WHO screen capture protocol, we were able to determine that child and adolescent exposure to the marketing of unhealthy foods across digital media platforms is likely high. Government regulation to protect these vulnerable populations from the negative effects of this marketing is warranted.
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Mercadotecnía , Humanos , Adolescente , Niño , Canadá , Masculino , Femenino , Estudios Transversales , Mercadotecnía/métodos , Mercadotecnía/estadística & datos numéricos , Industria de Alimentos , Teléfono Inteligente/estadística & datos numéricos , Medios de Comunicación Sociales/estadística & datos numéricos , Computadoras de Mano/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Little is known about the influence of e-cigarette marketing on cannabis vaping behaviors. This study examined the associations between e-cigarette marketing exposure and nicotine and cannabis vaping among adults. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included a U.S. nationally representative sample of adults from the Wave 6 survey of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. We used multinomial logistic regressions to examine the associations between past 30-day e-cigarette marketing exposure and past 30-day vaping behavior (sole- and dual-vaping of nicotine and cannabis) overall and stratified by age. RESULTS: Overall, 52.0 % of respondents reported e-cigarette marketing exposure, and 89.8 %, 5.6 %, 3.2 %, and 1.4 % reported no vaping, sole-nicotine vaping, sole-cannabis vaping, and dual-vaping, respectively. E-cigarette marketing exposure was associated with increased odds of reporting sole-cannabis vaping versus no vaping (adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 1.31; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.09-1.57) and dual-vaping versus no vaping (aRR, 1.26; 95 % CI, 1.01-1.57). This association was found among those aged 18-24 and 25-34 years. It was also associated with increased odds of reporting sole-cannabis vaping versus sole-nicotine vaping (aRR, 1.28; 95 % CI, 1.04-1.58). This association was found among those aged 18-24 years. DISCUSSION: E-cigarette marketing exposure was associated with sole-cannabis vaping and dual-vaping, not sole-nicotine vaping among U.S. adults. Such associations were mainly driven by young adults aged 18-24 and 25-34 years. Greater restrictions on tobacco marketing may have reduced the influence of e-cigarette marketing on nicotine vaping, while gaps in marketing restrictions for cannabis may contribute to e-cigarette marketing influence on cannabis vaping.
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Sistemas Electrónicos de Liberación de Nicotina , Vapeo , Humanos , Vapeo/epidemiología , Adulto , Sistemas Electrónicos de Liberación de Nicotina/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Masculino , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Adulto Joven , Estudios Transversales , Adolescente , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mercadotecnía/estadística & datos numéricos , Mercadotecnía/métodos , Nicotina , AncianoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent and nature of news media coverage generated from press releases made by top-selling quick-service restaurants in Australia. METHODS: We conducted a content analysis of press releases made between July 2021 and June 2022 by the five largest quick-service restaurant brands in Australia by brand share, including coding their main subject. We then conducted a content analysis of news media coverage related to the press releases, including coding its slant towards the brand. RESULTS: Among 52 press releases, new food products (27% of press releases; all unhealthy foods) and corporate social responsibility activities (25%) were the most promoted subjects. For 62% of press releases, at least one news media item was identified. Among the 86 identified news media items, most related to press releases promoting new food products (45% of news media items) or corporate social responsibility activities (21%). News media items overwhelmingly had a slant favourable to the relevant brand (93%). CONCLUSIONS: Press releases by top-selling quick-service restaurant brands in Australia commonly generate news media coverage that promotes such brands and their predominantly unhealthy products. IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH: Policies restricting unhealthy food marketing should consider brand-generated news media coverage.
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Mercadotecnía , Medios de Comunicación de Masas , Restaurantes , Restaurantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Australia , Mercadotecnía/métodos , Comida RápidaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Widespread misperceptions about nicotine may have unintended effects on public health. We examined associations between existing messages about nicotine or tobacco and beliefs about nicotine and reduced nicotine cigarettes (RNC). METHODS: 2962 U.S. 18-45-year-olds were randomized in a May 2022 web-based survey to view one of 26 text-based messages about tobacco or nicotine from three sources: ongoing research (n = 8), messages authorized by FDA for VLN cigarettes (n = 6), and FDA's "From Plant to Product to Puff" campaign (n = 12); six messages from FDA's campaign did not reference nicotine and were treated as the reference source. Analyses examined associations between messages, grouped by source and individually, with beliefs about nicotine and RNC addictiveness and harms. RESULTS: Relative to FDA messages that did not reference nicotine, all message sources were associated with greater odds of a correct belief about nicotine (Odds Ratios [ORs] = 1.40-1.87, p's < 0.01); VLN messages were associated with greater correct beliefs about RNC addictiveness (b = 0.23, p < .05). No campaign produced greater correct beliefs about RNC harms. At the individual level, only five messages were associated with a correct belief about nicotine (ORs = 2.12-2.56, p-values < .01), and one with correct beliefs about RNC harms (b = 1.09, p < .05), vs. the reference message. CONCLUSIONS: Few existing messages improved understanding of the risks of nicotine separately from the risks of combustible products. Communication research is needed to promote greater public understanding of nicotine while minimizing unintended effects on nicotine and tobacco use.
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Nicotina , Productos de Tabaco , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Nicotina/administración & dosificación , Nicotina/efectos adversos , Estados Unidos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Mercadotecnía/métodos , Adolescente , Persona de Mediana Edad , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Sistemas Electrónicos de Liberación de Nicotina , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Marketing communications (e.g., food packages, restaurant menus, coupons, social media posts) often include images of bitten and non-bitten (i.e., complete) foods. Taking an empirics first approach, the current research explores how and why these images influence consumers. A field study shows a higher redemption rate for discount coupons featuring a bitten (vs. non-bitten) food. However, a controlled online study fails to replicate this effect. Two additional preregistered studies shed light on the inconsistent results observed online and in the field by identifying two competing mechanisms catalyzed by bitten food images. Bitten food images lead to vicarious enticement, an automatic process in which a viewer makes sense of a bitten food image by picturing someone approaching and tasting the food, as well as emotional conflict (i.e., the simultaneous activation of positive and negative thoughts and feelings). While vicarious enticement has a positive impact on product responses, emotional conflict has a negative impact. The effect of bitten (vs. non-bitten) food images on product responses appears to depend on the strength of these two mechanisms in a given context. These findings yield insights for researchers examining visual characteristics of food images as well as advertisers designing marketing communications.
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Comportamiento del Consumidor , Mercadotecnía , Humanos , Mercadotecnía/métodos , Femenino , Masculino , Adulto , Preferencias Alimentarias/psicología , Adulto Joven , Medios de Comunicación Sociales , Alimentos , Emociones , Conducta de Elección , AdolescenteRESUMEN
Unhealthy food and non-alcoholic beverage marketing (UFM) adversely impacts children's selection and intake of foods and beverages, undermining parents' efforts to promote healthy eating. Parents' support for restrictions on children's exposure to food marketing can catalyse government action, yet research describing parent concerns is limited for media other than television. We examined parents' perceptions of UFM and their views on potential policies to address UFM in supermarkets and on digital devices - two settings where children are highly exposed to UFM and where little recent research exists. We conducted in-depth interviews with sixteen parents of children aged 7-12 from Victoria, Australia, analysing the data thematically. Parents perceived UFM as ubiquitous and viewed exposure as having an immediate but temporary impact on children's food desires and pestering behaviours. Parents were concerned about UFM in supermarkets as they viewed it as leading their children to pester them to buy marketed products, undermining their efforts to instil healthy eating behaviours. Parents generally accepted UFM as an aspect of contemporary parenting. Concern for digital UFM was lower compared to supermarkets as it was not directly linked to pestering and parents had limited awareness of what their children saw online. Nevertheless, parents felt strongly that companies should not be allowed to target their children with UFM online and supported government intervention to protect their children. While parents supported government policy actions for healthier supermarket environments, their views towards restricting UFM in supermarkets varied as some parents felt it was their responsibility to mitigate supermarket marketing. These findings could be used to advocate for policy action in this area.
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Mercadotecnía , Padres , Supermercados , Humanos , Niño , Masculino , Femenino , Padres/psicología , Mercadotecnía/métodos , Victoria , Adulto , Preferencias Alimentarias/psicología , Responsabilidad Parental/psicología , Dieta Saludable/psicología , Percepción , Industria de Alimentos , Comercio , BebidasRESUMEN
As the metaverse emerges as a transformative digital realm, its adoption and integration into various aspects of society are subjects of increasing scholarly and practical interest. This research investigated the factors influencing the intention to use metaverse technology (IU) in Bangkok metropolitan areas, with a particular focus on the extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2) framework, alongside the role of social media marketing (SMM) and consumer engagement (CE). To verify behavioral intention, gender, age, and experience are proposed as moderating factors affecting the constructs on individuals' behavioral intention of metaverse technology usage. The study collected data from 403 Thai internet users living in Bangkok and its surrounding areas using an online questionnaire. Subsequently, the PLS-SEM method was employed to validate the research model's robustness and reliability. Structural model analysis revealed significant relationships among constructs, highlighting SMM's direct influence on UTAUT2 (ß = 0.787) and CE (ß = 0.211). Serial mediation analyzes demonstrated a fully mediating role of SMM influencing UI through CE (ß = 0.572) and UTAUT2 (ß = 0.306). Moderation analyzes revealed the association between SMM and IU, mediated through UTAUT2 and CE, is moderated by age and experience. Additionally, the integration of PLS-SEM and artificial neural network (ANN) models underscored the accuracy and predictive power of the proposed framework. The findings of this study not only contribute to academic literature but also offer practical implications for marketers aiming to navigate the metaverse landscape effectively. They emphasize the pivotal role of UTAUT2 constructs and the subtle interplay between SMM, CE, and IU in shaping successful marketing strategies.
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Mercadotecnía , Medios de Comunicación Sociales , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Tailandia , Mercadotecnía/métodos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto Joven , Comportamiento del Consumidor , Adolescente , Participación de la ComunidadRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: This study investigates the determinants impacting consumer purchasing behavior. METHODS: Utilizing multidimensional planned behavior theory alongside measures of brand awareness and green brand awareness, this study examines the mediating role of multidimensional planned behavior theory. Empirical data were gathered through a survey conducted among Generation Z university students, yielding 638 responses. Analysis was performed on 590 valid responses. RESULTS: Findings indicate that green marketing initiatives and green brand awareness positively influence consumers' purchase intentions. Subdimensions of the theory of planned behavior (TPB), namely, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, serve to strengthen these relationships and mediate the interaction process. CONCLUSION: This study contributes novel insights to the burgeoning field of green marketing literature, offering a structural model for firms and policymakers. It suggests that companies can effectively engage in informal consumer education through green marketing efforts, thereby influencing consumers' purchasing decisions via planned behavior. Moreover, such activities foster an increase in consumers' green brand awareness, providing companies with an opportunity to promote conscious consumer behavior. The study's utilization of the TPB is both timely and original, particularly in its alignment with the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.
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Concienciación , Comportamiento del Consumidor , Intención , Mercadotecnía , Humanos , Comportamiento del Consumidor/estadística & datos numéricos , Mercadotecnía/métodos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Adulto Joven , Modelos Psicológicos , Teoría Psicológica , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adolescente , ActitudRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This research aims to analyze the influence of cigarette content marketing on student behavior, and on cigarette purchasing decisions, as well as the influence of behavior on cigarette purchasing decisions. METHODS: This research is quantitative, using a sample of 500 smoking students from twelve universities in the city of Medan, Indonesia, who were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires that had been tested for convergent validity with an Outer Loading value > 0.7 and an AVE value > 0.5, and for discriminant validity with an HTMT value < 0.9. The data was analyzed using a multivariate analysis technique which combines factor analysis and regression analysis. RESULTS: The research results show that the t-statistical value for the behavioral variable (BHV) is 4.128 (> 1.98) and the p-value is 0.000 (< 0.05), which means that the BHV variable has a significant effect on the cigarette purchasing decision variable (PD). The t-statistical value for the content marketing (CM) variable is 27.57 (> 1.98) and the p-value is 0.000 (< 0.05), which means that the CM variable has a significant effect on the BHV variable. The t-statistical value for the CM variable is 18,542 (> 1.98) and the p-value is 0.000 (< 0.05), which means that the CM variable has a significant effect on the PD variable. 93.2% of respondents admitted that they had seen cigarette marketing content on social media, many of them (43%) believed that smoking was detrimental to their health, but the most influential factor was their perception regarding the activity of smoking. CONCLUSION: Cigarette marketing content has been proven to influence students' behavior towards cigarettes, as well as directly influencing their decision to purchase cigarettes. Students' behavior towards cigarettes also influences their decisions in purchasing cigarettes.
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Toma de Decisiones , Mercadotecnía , Fumar , Estudiantes , Productos de Tabaco , Humanos , Estudiantes/psicología , Masculino , Femenino , Mercadotecnía/métodos , Adulto Joven , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Fumar/psicología , Fumar/epidemiología , Indonesia/epidemiología , Universidades , Adulto , Adolescente , Análisis de Clases LatentesRESUMEN
Although evidence of the benefits of breastfeeding is widespread, there are several challenges to initiate and sustain it. Infant formula companies use marketing strategies that violate existing regulations, contributing to its early abandonment. We explore the digital marketing exposure of infant formulas in Argentina by analyzing people's interactions with brands and the traces of these interactions in conversations engaged in Facebook groups during 2022, from a qualitative approach based on digital ethnography. Results show that companies deploy regulatory avoidance tactics and seek contact with mothers. Users do not interact with the accounts but are exposed to their strategies given the correlation between product attributes present in advertising with their motivations and aspirations. The mediators between marketing and mothers are medical professionals, used as marketing resources. We conclude that authorities should promote new agreements on the practices of medical professionals and develop regulations taking into account digital environments.
Si bien es extendida la evidencia de los beneficios de la lactancia materna, diversos son los desafíos para iniciarla y sostenerla. Las empresas productoras de fórmulas infantiles utilizan estrategias de marketing violatorias de las regulaciones existentes, contribuyendo a su temprano abandono. Exploramos la exposición al marketing digital de las fórmulas infantiles en Argentina mediante el análisis de las interacciones de la población con las marcas y las huellas de dichas interacciones en conversaciones entabladas en grupos de Facebook durante 2022, desde un enfoque cualitativo basado en la etnografía digital. Los resultados muestran que las empresas despliegan tácticas elusivas de las regulaciones y buscan el contacto con las madres. Las usuarias no interactúan con las cuentas, pero están expuestas a sus estrategias dado el correlato entre los atributos del producto presentes en la publicidad con sus motivaciones y aspiraciones. Los mediadores entre el marketing y las madres son los profesionales médicos, utilizados como recursos del marketing. Concluimos que las autoridades deben promover nuevos acuerdos sobre las prácticas de los profesionales médicos y desarrollar regulaciones teniendo en cuenta los entornos digitales.
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Antropología Cultural , Fórmulas Infantiles , Mercadotecnía , Argentina , Humanos , Mercadotecnía/métodos , Lactante , Medios de Comunicación Sociales , Femenino , Madres/psicología , Tecnología Digital , Investigación Cualitativa , Publicidad/métodos , Lactancia Materna/psicología , Recién NacidoRESUMEN
The marketing of heated tobacco products (HTPs), like IQOS, influences consumers' perceptions. This mixed-methods study analyzed (i) survey data (2021) of 2222 US and Israeli adults comparing perceptions of 7 IQOS attributes (design, technology, colors, customization, flavors, cost and maintenance) and 10 marketing messages (e.g. 'Go smoke-free ') across tobacco use subgroups and (ii) qualitative interviews (n = 84) regarding IQOS perceptions. In initial bivariate analyses, those never using HTPs (86.2%) reported the least overall appeal; those currently using HTPs (7.7%) reported the greatest appeal. Notably, almost all (94.8%) currently using HTPs also currently used cigarettes (82.0%) and/or e-cigarettes (64.0%). Thus, multivariable linear regression accounted for current cigarette/e-cigarette use subgroup and HTP use separately; compared to neither cigarette/e-cigarette use (62.8%), cigarette/no e-cigarette use (17.1%) and e-cigarette/no cigarette use (6.5%), those with dual use (13.5%) indicated greater overall IQOS appeal (per composite index score); current HTP use was not associated. Qualitative data indicated varied perceptions regarding advantages (e.g. harm, addiction and complexity) of IQOS versus cigarettes and e-cigarettes, and perceived target markets included young people, those looking for cigarette alternatives and females. Given the perceived target markets and particular appeal to dual cigarette/e-cigarette use groups, IQOS marketing and population impact warrant ongoing monitoring to inform regulation.
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Mercadotecnía , Productos de Tabaco , Humanos , Israel , Femenino , Masculino , Adulto , Mercadotecnía/métodos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estados Unidos , Sistemas Electrónicos de Liberación de Nicotina , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto Joven , Adolescente , PercepciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The tobacco industry uses product descriptors to communicate reduced harm and increase appeal. This cross-sectional study assessed store-level racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic inequities in the distribution of retail tobacco product descriptors in a convenience sample of retailers in Washington, DC. METHODS: Young adults (n = 146) who did not currently use tobacco reported real-time store visits over 14 days. Trained data collectors took high-resolution photographs of all tobacco (including e-cigarette) marketing in each store (n = 96) participants visited. We coded text descriptors on tobacco product advertisements and displays into descriptor categories (eg, fruit, sweet, concept). We fit multilevel models to examine relationships between store neighborhood census tract-level racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic characteristics and tobacco product descriptors in stores. As a supplementary analysis, we used geospatial methods to model predicted patterns of descriptors at the census tract level. RESULTS: Stores located in census tracts with the highest versus lowest percentage of Black residents had a greater count of fruit, sweet or dessert, alcohol, and concept descriptors (pâ <â .05), similar to findings from the geospatial approach. Adjusted models also indicated some inequities in stores in census tracts with higher percentages of Hispanic or Latino residents for fruit, alcohol, and concept descriptors; however, tract-level models showed opposite results for concept flavors. CONCLUSIONS: In this convenience sample, fruit, alcohol, sweet/dessert, and concept FTP descriptors were prevalent in stores in neighborhoods with more Black residents demonstrated through two analytic approaches. Surveillance using representative samples of tobacco retailers could improve the ability to track the extent of this inequity. IMPLICATIONS: We document inequities in the amount of fruit, sweet or dessert, alcohol, and concept flavor descriptors in stores across neighborhoods in Washington, DC. Federal, state, and local regulatory action is needed to reduce inequities in flavored tobacco product availability and marketing, including for concept flavors.
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Características de la Residencia , Productos de Tabaco , Humanos , District of Columbia , Productos de Tabaco/estadística & datos numéricos , Productos de Tabaco/clasificación , Características de la Residencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Estudios Transversales , Masculino , Adulto Joven , Adulto , Comercio/estadística & datos numéricos , Mercadotecnía/estadística & datos numéricos , Mercadotecnía/métodos , Factores Socioeconómicos , Adolescente , Publicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Industria del Tabaco/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The retail market for toddler-specific packaged foods is growing. Many of these products are ultra-processed and high in nutrients of concern for health, yet marketed in ways that may make them appear wholesome. This study aims to assess parents' responses to claims on unhealthy, ultra-processed toddler food products and test whether removing such claims promotes more accurate product perceptions and healthier product preferences. METHODS: Parents of toddlers aged 12 to < 36 months (N = 838) were recruited for an online experiment testing four on-pack claim conditions: control (no claim); 'contains "good" ingredient'; 'free from "bad" ingredient'; and unregulated 'child-related' claim. Participants were randomly assigned to one condition, then viewed images of toddler food products that varied in nutrition content and the claims displayed. Participants completed tasks assessing product preferences (unhealthy product displaying claim vs. a healthier option with no claim, across four food categories (banana bars, strawberry snacks, blueberry yogurt snacks and veggie snacks)), purchase intentions and product perceptions. Poisson regression (count variable) and linear regression (continuous outcomes) analyses were employed to test for mean differences by marketing claim conditions. RESULTS: For the overall sample, brief exposure to 'free from "bad" ingredient' claims increased participant's intentions to purchase unhealthy food products for their toddlers, but there was no clear evidence that 'contains "good" ingredient' claims and 'child-related' claims significantly impacted parent's preferences, purchase intentions and perceptions of toddler foods. However, certain claims influenced particular parent subgroups. Notably, parents with three or more children chose more unhealthy products when these products displayed 'contains "good" ingredient' or 'free from "bad" ingredient' claims; the latter claims also promoted stronger purchase intentions and enhanced product perceptions among this subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate that 'free from "bad" ingredient' claims on unhealthy toddler foods are of most concern, as they boost the appeal of these products to parents. 'Contains "good" ingredient' claims and 'child-related' claims showed limited effects in this study. Considering available evidence, we recommend claims should not be permitted on child-oriented foods, as they may promote inaccurate product perceptions and unhealthy product choices by parents, that can detract from their children's diets and health.
Asunto(s)
Comportamiento del Consumidor , Etiquetado de Alimentos , Preferencias Alimentarias , Mercadotecnía , Padres , Adulto , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Conducta de Elección , Preferencias Alimentarias/psicología , Alimentos Infantiles , Intención , Mercadotecnía/métodos , Valor Nutritivo , Padres/psicología , Percepción , BocadillosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To describe the development and testing of two assessment tools designed to assess exterior (including drive-thru) and interior food and beverage marketing in restaurants with a focus on marketing to children and teens. DESIGN: A scoping review on restaurant marketing to children was undertaken, followed by expert and government consultations to produce a draft assessment tool. The draft tool was mounted online and further refined into two separate tools: the Canadian Marketing Assessment Tool for Restaurants (CMAT-R) and the CMAT-Photo Coding Tool (CMAT-PCT). The tools were tested to assess inter-rater reliability using Cohen's Kappa and per cent agreement for dichotomous variables, and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) for continuous or rank-order variables. SETTING: Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. PARTICIPANTS: Restaurants of all types were assessed using the CMAT-R (n 57), and thirty randomly selected photos were coded using the CMAT-PCT. RESULTS: The CMAT-R collected data on general promotions and restaurant features, drive-thru features, the children's menu and the dollar/value menu. The CMAT-PCT collected data on advertisement features, features considered appealing to children and teens, and characters. The inter-rater reliability of the CMAT-R tool was strong (mean per cent agreement was 92·4 %, mean Cohen's κ = 0·82 for all dichotomous variables and mean ICC = 0·961 for continuous/count variables). The mean per cent agreement for the CMAT-PCT across items was 97·3 %, and mean Cohen's κ across items was 0·91, indicating very strong inter-rater reliability. CONCLUSIONS: The tools assess restaurant food and beverage marketing. Both showed high inter-rater reliability and can be adapted to better suit other contexts.
Asunto(s)
Bebidas , Mercadotecnía , Restaurantes , Humanos , Restaurantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Niño , Mercadotecnía/métodos , Bebidas/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Ontario , AlimentosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: We aimed to understand what influences parents' purchasing behaviours when shopping for groceries online and potential ways to improve the healthiness of online grocery platforms. DESIGN: We conducted semi-structured interviews, guided by the Marketing Mix framework. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyse data. SETTING: Online interviews were conducted with primary grocery shoppers. PARTICIPANTS: Parents (n 14) or caregivers (n 2) using online grocery platforms at least every 2 weeks. RESULTS: Most participants perceived purchasing healthy food when shopping for groceries online to be more challenging compared to in physical stores. They expressed concerns about the prominence of online marketing for unhealthy food. Participants from lower socio-economic backgrounds often depended on online supermarket catalogues to find price promotions, but healthy options at discounted prices were limited. Across socio-economic groups, fresh items like meat and fruit were preferred to be purchased instore due to concerns about online food quality.Participants believed online grocery platforms should make healthy foods more affordable and supported regulations on supermarket retailers to promote healthy options and limit unhealthy food promotion online. CONCLUSIONS: Participants had varied experiences with online grocery shopping, with both positive and negative aspects. Efforts to improve population diets need to include mechanisms to create health-enabling online grocery retail platforms. Government interventions to restrict marketing of unhealthy foods and promote marketing of healthy options on these platforms warrant investigation.