Quantitative multiplexed analysis of MMP-11 and CD45 in metastatic breast cancer tissues by immunohistochemistry-assisted LA-ICP-MS.

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in woman and tremendous efforts are undertaken to limit its dissemination and to provide effective treatment. Various histopathological parameters are routinely assessed in breast cancer biopsies to provide valuable diagnostic and prognostic information. MMP-11 and CD45 are tumor-associated antigens and potentially valuable biomarkers for grading aggressiveness and metastatic probability. This paper presents methods for quantitative and multiplexed imaging of MMP-11 and CD45 in breast cancer tissues and investigates their potential for improved cancer characterization and patient stratification. An immunohistochemistry-assisted laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) method was successfully developed and optimized using lanthanide-tagged monoclonal antibodies as proxies to determine spatial distributions and concentrations of the two breast cancer biomarkers. The labeling degree of antibodies was determined via size exclusion-ICP-tandem mass spectrometry (SEC-ICP-MS/MS) employing online calibration via post-column isotope dilution analysis (IDA). The calibration of spatial distributions of labeled lanthanides in tissues was performed by ablating mold-prepared gelatin standards spiked with element standards. Knowledge of labeling degrees enabled the translation of lanthanide concentrations into biomarkers concentrations. The k-means clustering was used to select tissue areas for statistical analysis and mean concentrations were compared for sets of metastatic, non-metastatic and healthy samples. MMP-11 was expressed in stroma surrounding tumor areas, while CD45 was predominantly found inside tumor areas with high cell density. There was no significant correlation between CD45 and metastasis (P = 0.70); however, MMP-11 was significantly up-regulated (202%) in metastatic samples compared to non-metastatic (P = 0.0077) and healthy tissues (P = 0.0087).

MMP-11 as a biomarker for metastatic breast cancer by immunohistochemical-assisted imaging mass spectrometry.

MMP-11 is a member of the matrix metalloproteinase family (MMPs) which are overexpressed in cancer cells, stromal cells and the adjacent microenvironment. The MMP protein family encompasses zinc-dependent endopeptidases that degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM), facilitating the breakdown of the basal membrane and matrix connective tissues. This function is believed to be important in cancer development and metastasis. This paper investigated a gold nanoparticle-based immunohistochemical assay to visualise the distribution of MMP-11 in human breast cancer tissues from eight patients with and without metastases by employing laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The expression of MMP-11 was increased and more heterogeneous in metastatic specimens compared to non-metastatic tumour samples. These findings demonstrate that imaging breast tumours by LA-ICP-MS may be a useful tool to aid the prognosis and treatment of breast cancer. As an example, samples of two patients are presented who were diagnosed with matching characteristics and grades of breast cancer. Although both patients had a similar prognosis and treatment, only one developed metastases.

Multimodal laser ablation/desorption imaging analysis of Zn and MMP-11 in breast tissues.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases. The main functions of these metalloproteinases are the degradation of the stromal connective tissue and basement membrane components. Recent data from model systems suggest that MMPs are involved in breast cancer (BC) initiation, invasion, and metastasis. Particularly, MMP-11 (stromelysin-3) is expressed in stromal fibroblasts adjacent to epithelial tumor cells, and high levels of this metalloproteinase were associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis of BC. Consequently, MMP-11 involved in these processes can be a candidate as a new potential prognostic biomarker in BC. Bioimaging techniques based on laser ablation/desorption and mass spectrometry are rapidly growing in biology and medicine for studies of biological systems to provide information of biomolecules (such as proteins, metabolites, and lipids) and metals with lateral resolution at the micrometer scale. In this study, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) has been used for the first time to investigate the distribution of MMP-11 in human breast cancer tissues in order to show a possible correlation between cancerous and healthy samples, by differential proteomics and using such differences for possible cancer diagnosis and/or prognosis. Additionally, those human breast tissue samples were analyzed in parallel by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) in order to gather additional information about the elemental distribution of Zn and its possible associations with MMPs.

Evaluation of the Association Between Matrix Metalloproteinase 11 and Intervertebral Disc Disease.

AIM: The intervertebral disc starts to degenerate when a human being begins to stand and learn to walk. It is known that many extrinsic, intrinsic and genetic factors play a role in disc degeneration. In this study, we examined whether the matrix metalloproteinase 11 might be associated with intervertebral disc degeneration. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-six patients with lumbar disc herniations who were operated at Göztepe Education and Research Hospital, Neurosurgery Clinic between September 2008 and December 2009 were prospectively reviewed. History and complaints were obtained from the case reports. Neuroradiological evaluation was performed with magnetic resonance imaging. Surgical findings of cases were reported in the operation notes. Microscopic posterior hemipartial laminectomy and discectomy were performed in all cases. Degenerated herniated disc material of all cases extracted during surgery was evaluated with immunohistochemical staining in Marmara University, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Pathology Laboratory. RESULTS: Comparing the immunohistochemical staining of cases who were 50 years or younger and cases who were over 50 years old, statistical significance was determined. CONCLUSION: Matrix metalloproteinase 11 has a role in degenerating intervertebral disc disease, but it is not the only factor. Matrix metalloproteinase 11 might be a genetic factor in young-middle aged patients.

Correlation between Microvascular Density and Matrix Metalloproteinase 11 Expression in Prostate Cancer Tissues: a Preliminary Study in Thailand.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer is a major concern of public health. Microvascular density (MVD) is one of the prognostic markers for various solid cancers. Matrix metalloproteinase 11 (MMP11) plays an important role in angiogenesis and changes in its expression level are known to be associated with tumor progression and clinical outcome. AIM: To investigate the relationship between MVD and MMP11 expression in prostatic adenocarcinoma tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression levels of MMP11 and MVD were analyzed immunohistochemically for 50 specimens of prostatic adenocarcinoma. RESULTS: MMP11 was mainly expressed in stromal cells but rarely seen in epithelial cells. Mean MVD was 36/mm2, and it was correlated significantly only with bone metastases. MVD was also significantly correlated with MMP11 expression (r=0.29, p=0.044). CONCLUSIONS: MMP11 may alter the stromal microenvironment of prostate cancer to stimulate tumor angiogenesis.

[Detection of matrix metalloproteinase-11 in menstrual blood by enhanced chemiluminescence method].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the forensic application value of detection of matrix metalloproteinase-11 (MMP-11) in menstrual blood by enhanced chemiluminescence method. METHODS: Menstrual blood, vaginal swab, peripheral blood, saliva stain, urine stain and semen stain were collected to detect whether or not there were MMP-11 using enhanced chemiluminescence method. The specificity and reliability of the MMP-11 assay along with its sensitivity were evaluated. RESULTS: The positive detection rate of MMP-11 in menstrual blood was 89.47%, whereas no MMP-11 was found in vaginal swab, peripheral blood, saliva stain, urine stain and semen stain. When 25 microL sample was added, the mass concentration of protein was 1.329 microg/microL, then MMP-11 could be detected. A positive detection rate of 89.58% was observed in MMP-11 positive menstrual blood samples after stored at 4 degrees C for 20 months. CONCLUSION: Enhanced chemiluminescence method is sensitive and specific for detecting MMP-11, and can be applied to distinguish menstrual blood from common stain such as peripheral blood, vaginal fluid.

The effect of cyclic mechanical strain on the expression of adhesion-related genes by periodontal ligament cells in two-dimensional culture.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Cell adhesion plays important roles in maintaining the structural integrity of connective tissues and sensing changes in the biomechanical environment of cells. The objective of the present investigation was to extend our understanding of the effect of cyclic mechanical strain on the expression of adhesion-related genes by human periodontal ligament cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cultured periodontal ligament cells were subjected to a cyclic in-plane tensile deformation of 12% for 5 s (0.2 Hz) every 90 s for 6-24 h in a Flexercell FX-4000 Strain Unit. The following parameters were measured: (i) cell viability by the MTT assay; (ii) caspase-3 and -7 activity; and (iii) the expression of 84 genes encoding adhesion-related molecules using real-time RT-PCR microarrays. RESULTS: Mechanical stress reduced the metabolic activity of deformed cells at 6 h, and caspase-3 and -7 activity at 6 and 12 h. Seventy-three genes were detected at critical threshold values < 35. Fifteen showed a significant change in relative expression: five cell adhesion molecules (ICAM1, ITGA3, ITGA6, ITGA8 and NCAM1), three collagen α-chains (COL6A1, COL8A1 and COL11A1), four MMPs (ADAMTS1, MMP8, MMP11 and MMP15), plus CTGF, SPP1 and VTN. Four genes were upregulated (ADAMTS1, CTGF, ICAM1 and SPP1) and 11 downregulated, with the range extending from a 1.76-fold induction of SPP1 at 12 h to a 2.49-fold downregulation of COL11A1 at 24 h. CONCLUSION: The study has identified several mechanoresponsive adhesion-related genes, and shown that onset of mechanical stress was followed by a transient reduction in overall cellular activity, including the expression of two apoptosis 'executioner' caspases.

Co-expression of metalloproteinases 11 and 12 in cervical scrapes cells from cervical precursor lesions.

The metalloproteinases (MMP) 11 and 12 have been shown to be expressed in cervical cancer (CC). In order to extend our previous results, these MMPs were evaluated in cervical precursor lesions. One hundred seventeen cervical scrapes: thirty-six normal, thirty-six low grade squamous lesions (LSIL), thirty-six high grade (HSIL), nine CC; and, also ninety-nine paraffin-embedded cervical lesions: fifteen normal cervices, thirty eight LSIL, sixteen HSIL, and five CC were collected. The samples were analyzed for relative expression by real time RT-PCR or immunohistochemistry assay. We were able to identify a relative increased expression of MMP11 in 75% and 78% from LSIL and HSIL samples, respectively. While MMP12 expression was 64% and 75% in LSIL and HSIL, respectively. Positive samples for MMP11 expression were also positive for MMP12 expression and also increased according to illness progression. In the tissues, MMP11 or MMP12 expression was observed in the cytoplasm of the neoplastic cells, while in the normal epithelium was absent. The reaction was always stronger for MMP12 than MMP11. MMP11 expression was present in 77% and 66% of LSIL and HSIL, while MMP12 expression was 73% and 68%. There was a relationship between MMP11 or MMP12 expression and HPV infection. Our data are showing a relationship between diagnostic of precursor lesions and the MMP11 and 12 expressions, suggesting that their expression could be an early event in the neoplastic lesions of the cervix and could have clinical significance.

[Detection of MMP-11 from menstrual blood using immunohistochemistry].

OBJECTIVE: To prove the feasibility of detecting menstrual blood as well as its cellular localization with rabbit-anti-human matrix metalloproteinase-11 (MMP-11) polyclonal antibody. METHODS: MMP-11 in menstrual blood, peripheral blood, vaginal liquid, aged menstrual bloodstain, and endometrium sections were assayed with SAP immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: MMP-11 was found only in menstrual samples within stroma and epithelium cells. CONCLUSION: MMP-11 polyclonal antibody may be applied in the distinction between menstrual blood and venous blood.

Role of immunohistochemical overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-11 in the prognosis of death by ovarian cancer.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes thought to be involved in tumor invasion. We hypothesized that MMP-2 and MMP-11 overexpression was associated with the aggressiveness of ovarian carcinoma. This study was performed on samples from 100 patients with stage III ovarian carcinomas treated surgically between 1990 and 2000. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on ovarian tumors and peritoneal implants using monoclonal antibodies. Overexpression was defined as more than 10% of cells expressing the marker. Multivariate analyses showed that only MMP-2 overexpression by cancer cells in peritoneal implants was associated with a significant risk of death by disease (hazard ratio, 2.65; 95% confidence interval, 1.41-4.97; P =.003). MMP-11 overexpression was not predictive of survival. These results suggest that MMP-2 overexpression by cancer cells in peritoneal implants and not in the primary ovarian cancer is predictive of ovarian cancer prognosis and more likely reflects the presence of particularly aggressive clones of cancer cells.

The effect of epidermal growth factor on matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase gene expression in cultured human gingival fibroblasts.

OBJECTIVE: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) play a role in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix during normal physiological processes, and in pathological processes, including periodontitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on the expression of MMPs and TIMPs in cultured human gingival fibroblasts. METHODS: Fibroblasts were stimulated with 10(-3), 10(-6) or 10(-12)M EGF for 24h; untreated fibroblasts served as controls. Alterations in the expression of MMP-1, 2, 3, 7, 11, TIMP-1 and 2 were evaluated using real-time PCR and Western blotting. beta-Actin expression was used as a reference to normalize gene expression. RESULTS: Increased MMP-1, 3, 7 and 11 expressions were observed at all EGF concentrations (p<0.05). At the lowest EGF concentration, MMP-1, 3 and 7 presented the lowest expression and MMP-11 presented the greatest expression; at higher EGF concentrations, MMP-1, 3 and 7 presented greater up-regulation, and MMP-11 lower up-regulation (p<0.05). Protein expression was similarly regulated by EGF: increased up-regulation of MMP-1, 3 and 7 was observed with increasing EGF concentrations, except for MMP-11 that exhibited greater up-regulation at the lower EGF concentration. The gene expression of MMP-2, TIMP-1 and 2 was not affected by EGF (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that EGF regulates expression for MMP-1, 3, 7 and 11 in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that EGF may play a role in periodontal destruction and wound repair.