Benchtop NMR Coupled with Chemometrics: A Workflow for Unveiling Hidden Drug Ingredients in Honey-Based Supplements.

Recently, benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers utilizing permanent magnets have emerged as versatile tools with applications across various fields, including food and pharmaceuticals. Their efficacy is further enhanced when coupled with chemometric methods. This study presents an innovative approach to leveraging a compact benchtop NMR spectrometer coupled with chemometrics for screening honey-based food supplements adulterated with active pharmaceutical ingredients. Initially, fifty samples seized by French customs were analyzed using a 60 MHz benchtop spectrometer. The investigation unveiled the presence of tadalafil in 37 samples, sildenafil in 5 samples, and a combination of flibanserin with tadalafil in 1 sample. After conducting comprehensive qualitative and quantitative characterization of the samples, we propose a chemometric workflow to provide an efficient screening of honey samples using the NMR dataset. This pipeline, utilizing partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models, enables the classification of samples as either adulterated or non-adulterated, as well as the identification of the presence of tadalafil or sildenafil. Additionally, PLS regression models are employed to predict the quantitative content of these adulterants. Through blind analysis, this workflow allows for the detection and quantification of adulterants in these honey supplements.

Brood indicators are an early warning signal of honey bee colony loss-a simulation-based study.

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are exposed to multiple stressors such as pesticides, lack of forage, and diseases. It is therefore a long-standing aim to develop robust and meaningful indicators of bee vitality to assist beekeepers While established indicators often focus on expected colony winter mortality based on adult bee abundance and honey reserves at the beginning of the winter, it would be useful to have indicators that allow detection of stress effects earlier in the year to allow for adaptive management. We used the established honey bee simulation model BEEHAVE to explore the potential of different indicators such as population size, number of capped brood cells, flight activity, abundance of Varroa mites, honey stores and a brood-bee ratio. We implemented two types of stressors in our simulations: 1) parasite pressure, i.e. sub-optimal Varroa treatment by the beekeeper (hereafter referred as Biotic stress) and 2) temporal forage gaps in spring and autumn (hereafter referred as Environmental stress). Neither stressor type could be detected by bee abundance or honey reserves at the end of the first year. However, all response variables used in this study did reveal early warning signals during the course of the year. The most reliable and useful measures seem to be related to brood and the abundance of Varroa mites at the end of the year. However, while in the model we have full access to time series of variables from stressed and unstressed colonies, knowledge of these variables in the field is challenging. We discuss how our findings can nevertheless be used to develop practical early warning indicators. As a next step in the interactive development of such indicators we suggest empirical studies on the importance of the number of capped brood cells at certain times of the year on bee population vitality.

Stingless bee honey: Nutritional, physicochemical, phytochemical and antibacterial validation properties against wound bacterial isolates.

With the rise of AMR the management of wound infections are becoming a big challenge. This has been attributed to the fact that most wound bacterial isolates have been found to possess various virulence factors like enzymes, toxins & biofilms production. Therefore, need for discovery of new lead compounds is paramount as such factors make these microbes to be resistant to already existing arsenal of antibiotics or even the immune system. This study aimed at documenting the nutritional, physicochemical, phytochemical and antibacterial properties of stingless bee honey. Isolation and characterization of bacterial isolates from 34 samples obtained from wounds of outpatients and surgical wards of Nakuru County Referral Hospital, Kenya was done. Various bacterial isolates (43) were isolated Staphylococcus aureus (34.8%) being predominant, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27.9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (23.3%) and Escherichia coli (14.0%). A total of 36 out of the total isolates were genotypically characterized using molecular techniques detecting the prevalence of the following virulence genes; 16 srRNA (756 bp), hla (229 bp), cnf1 (426 bp), cnf2 (543 bp), hlyA (1011 bp), rmpA (461 bp), lasL (600 bp), gyrB (411 bp), khe (77 bp) and magA (128 bp). An assessment of the in vitro antibacterial activity of 26 stingless bee honey samples collected from their cerumen egg-shaped pots in Marigat sub-County, Baringo County, Kenya was done. Antibacterial properties of the stingless bee honey was done with varying susceptibility patterns being observed at different concentrations of honey impregnated discs (10x104, 20x104, 50x104 and 75x104 ml µg/ ml) giving mean inhibition diameters of 18.23 ± 0.4 mm (Staphylococcus aureus), 17.49 ± 0.3 mm (Pseudomonas aeruginosa), 16.05 ± 0.6 mm (Klebsiella pneumoniae) and 10.19 ± 0.5 mm (Escherichia coli) with a mean range of 14.54 ± 2.0 mm to 17.58 ± 3 mm. Higher susceptibility to honey was recorded across all the bacterial isolates compared to conventional antibiotics while the mean MIC and MBC of the honey were recorded at 62.5 ml µg/ ml and 250 ml µg/ ml respectively. Control bacterial isolates Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 27736 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27858 were used in the analysis. The stingless bee honey was found to be rich in various nutritive components like sugar (89.85 ± 5.07 g/100 g) and moisture (81.75 ± 10.35 mg/g) with a significant difference of P <0.05 as the main antibacterial components. Additionally, the stingless honey did possess water soluble vitamins, proteins and minerals of which potassium was the most dominant one. In regard to phytochemicals, on our preliminary analysis phenolic, flavonoid and carotenoid compounds were found to be present with phenolic compounds being the most dominant one. Stingless bee honey from Marigat, has antimicrobial properties which could be attributed to the rich phytochemicals it possesses and its physicochemical properties in addition to its high nutritive value.

Antibacterial activity of Hungarian varietal honeys against respiratory pathogens as a function of storage time.

Today, antibiotic therapies that previously worked well against certain bacteria due to their natural sensitivity, are becoming less effective. Honey has been proven to inhibit the biofilm formation of some respiratory bacteria, however few data are available on how the storage time affects the antibacterial effect. The activity of black locust, goldenrod, linden and sunflower honeys from three consecutive years (2020, 2021, 2022) was analyzed in 2022 against Gram-negative (Haemophilus influenzae, H. parainfluenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (Streptococcus pneumoniae) bacteria using in vitro microbiological methods. After determining the physicochemical parameters of honey, broth microdilution was applied to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of each honey type against each bacterium, and crystal violet assay was used to test their antibiofilm effect. The possible mechanism of action was explored with membrane degradation test, while structural changes were illustrated with scanning electron microscopy. Honeys stored for one or two years were darker than fresh honeys, while older honeys had significantly lower antibacterial activity. The most remarkable inhibitory effect was exerted by linden and sunflower honeys, and P. aeruginosa proved to be the most resistant bacterium. Based on our results, honey intended for medicinal purposes should be used as fresh as possible during a treatment.

A Ce2MgMoO6 double perovskite decorated on a functionalized carbon nanofiber nanocomposite for quantification of ciprofloxacin in milk and honey samples: Density functional theory interpretation.

In this study, a novel Ce2MgMoO6/CNFs (cerium magnesium molybdite double perovskite decorated on carbon nanofibers) nanocomposite was developed for selective and ultra-sensitive detection of ciprofloxacin (CFX). Physical characterization and analytical techniques were used to explore the morphology, structure, and electrocatalytic characteristics of the Ce2MgMoO6/CNFs nanocomposite. The sensor has a wide linear range (0.005-7.71 µM and 9.75-77.71 µM), a low limit of detection (0.012 µM), high sensitivity (0.807 µA µM-1 cm-2 nM), remarkable repeatability, and an appreciable storage stability. Here, we used density functional theory to investigate CFX and oxidized CFX as well as the locations of the energy levels and electron transfer sites. Furthermore, the Ce2MgMoO6/CNFs-modified electrode was successfully tested in food samples (milk and honey), indicating an acceptable response with a recovery percentage and relative standard deviation of less than 4%, which is comparable to that of GC-MS. Finally, the developed sensor exhibited high selectivity and stability for CFX detection.

Comprehensive analysis of the microbiome in Apis cerana honey highlights honey as a potential source for the isolation of beneficial bacterial strains.

Background: Honey is a nutritious food made by bees from nectar and sweet deposits of flowering plants and has been used for centuries as a natural remedy for wound healing and other bacterial infections due to its antibacterial properties. Honey contains a diverse community of bacteria, especially probiotic bacteria, that greatly affect the health of bees and their consumers. Therefore, understanding the microorganisms in honey can help to ensure the quality of honey and lead to the identification of potential probiotic bacteria. Methods: Herein, the bacteria community in honey produced by Apis cerana was investigated by applying the next-generation sequencing (NGS) method for the V3-V4 hypervariable regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. In addition, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the honey sample were also isolated and screened for in vitro antimicrobial activity. Results: The results showed that the microbiota of A. cerana honey consisted of two major bacterial phyla, Firmicutes (50%; Clostridia, 48.2%) and Proteobacteria (49%; Gammaproteobacteria, 47.7%). Among the 67 identified bacterial genera, the three most predominant genera were beneficial obligate anaerobic bacteria, Lachnospiraceae (48.14%), followed by Gilliamella (26.80%), and Enterobacter (10.16%). Remarkably, among the identified LAB, Lactobacillus kunkeei was found to be the most abundant species. Interestingly, the isolated L. kunkeei strains exhibited antimicrobial activity against some pathogenic bacteria in honeybees, including Klebsiella spp., Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. This underscores the potential candidacy of L. kunkeei for developing probiotics for medical use. Taken together, our results provided new insights into the microbiota community in the A. cerana honey in Hanoi, Vietnam, highlighting evidence that honey can be an unexplored source for isolating bacterial strains with potential probiotic applications in honeybees and humans.

Impact of floral and geographical origins on honey quality parameters in Saudi Arabian regions.

This article examined the effect of geographical (different climate conditions) and floral origins on some quality parameters of honey including the activity of diastase enzyme. Moreover, some non-quality parameters were investigated such as the pH, fructose, glucose, ratio of fructose/glucose and invertase. The honey samples were collected from Asir (cold climate) and Jazan (hot climate) regions at the southwestern part of Saudi Arabia. The geographical origin significantly affected the mean value moisture of the Acacia honey (p-value = 0.02), conductivity of the polyfloral honey (p-value = 0.03), sucrose of the Acacia honey (p-value = 0.02), diastase activity of the Acacia (p-value = 0.001), Ziziphus (p-value = 0.046) and polyfloral honey (p-value ≤ 0.001), fructose of the Acacia honey (p-value = 0.01), glucose of the Ziziphus honey (p-value = 0.03), fructose/ glucose ratio of the Ziziphus honey (p-value = 0.035), and invertase activity of the polyfloral honey (p-value ≤ 0.001). Regarding the effect of the floral origin of the honey from Asir region, the sucrose percentage of the Acacia honey was significantly more than that of the polyfloral honey (p- value = 0.003), the diastase activity of the Acacia honey was significantly more than its activity in the Ziziphus honey (p- value = 0.044), glucose percentage of the Ziziphus honey was significantly more the glucose percentage of the Acacia honey (p-value = 0.009) and the fructose/ glucose ratio of the Ziziphus honey was significantly more than that of the Acacia and polyforal honeys (p-value = 0.011 and p-value = 0.045, respectively). Concerning the significant effects of the floral origin on the quality parameters of the honey samples from Jazan region, the moisture of the Ziziphus honey was significantly increased when compared to the moisture of the Acacia honey (p-value = 0.038), the acidity of the polfloral honey was significantly more than the acidity of the Acacia honey (p-value = 0.049), the sum of fructose and glucose of the polyfloral honey was significantly increased compared to that of the Acacia honey (p-value = 0.015), the pH of the Ziziphus hiney was significantly more than the pH of the polyfloral honey (0.011) and the fructose of the polfloral honey was significantly more than that of the Acacia honey (p-value = 0.031). The effect of the geographical origin of the honey samples on their quality parameters depends on their floral origin and the effect of their floral origin differs according to their geographical origin. This article suggests considering collectively the geographical and floral origins effect when developing honey standards. However, the Codex standards for honey started considering this issue when it changed the standard concentration of HMF in honey from not more than 80-40 mg/Kg for honeys from cold climate and 80 mg/Kg for honeys from hot climates.

The relationship between oxidative stress and apoptosis of histopathological changes in the ovary made by mad honey containing grayanotoxin.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of grayanotoxin in mad honey on ovarian tissue folliculogenesis in terms of cell death and nitric oxide expression. Three groups of 18 female Sprague-Dawley rats were formed. The first group received mad honey (80 mg/kg), the second group received normal honey (80 mg/kg), and the third group was the control. The first and second groups received normal and mad honey by oral gavage for 30 days before being sacrificed under anesthesia. Caspase 3 immunostaining showed a moderate to strong response, particularly in the mad honey group. In the mad honey group, immunostaining for caspase 8 and caspase 9 revealed a moderate immunoreaction in the granulosa cells of the Graaf follicles. The majority of Graaf follicles exhibited TUNEL positive in the mad honey group. The iNOS immunoreaction revealed a high level of expression in the mad honey group. In all three groups, eNOS immunostaining showed weak reactivity. According to the findings of apoptotic and nitric oxide marker expression, it was determined that mad honey may result in an increase in follicular atresia in ovarian follicles when compared to normal honey and control groups.

Development of a LC-QTOF-MS based dilute-and-shoot approach for the botanical discrimination of honeys.

Honeys of particular botanical origins can be associated with premium market prices, a trait which also makes them susceptible to fraud. Currently available authenticity testing methods for botanical classification of honeys are either time-consuming or only target a few "known" types of markers. Simple and effective methods are therefore needed to monitor and guarantee the authenticity of honey. In this study, a 'dilute-and-shoot' approach using liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS) was applied to the non-targeted fingerprinting of honeys of different floral origin (buckwheat, clover and blueberry). This work investigated for the first time the impact of different instrumental conditions such as the column type, the mobile phase composition, the chromatographic gradient, and the MS fragmentor voltage (in-source collision-induced dissociation) on the botanical classification of honeys as well as the data quality. Results indicated that the data sets obtained for the various LC-QTOF-MS conditions tested were all suitable to discriminate the three honeys of different floral origin regardless of the mathematical model applied (random forest, partial least squares-discriminant analysis, soft independent modelling by class analogy and linear discriminant analysis). The present study investigated different LC-QTOF-MS conditions in a "dilute and shoot" method for honey analysis, in order to establish a relatively fast, simple and reliable analytical method to record the chemical fingerprints of honey. This approach is suitable for marker discovery and will be used for the future development of advanced predictive models for honey botanical origin.

Ethno-medicinal uses and cultural importance of stingless bees and their hive products in several ethnic communities of Bhutan.

BACKGROUND: Indigenous and non-indigenous people in subtropical and temperate areas of Bhutan share an intricate relationship with stingless bees for diverse purposes including ethno-medicinal uses. Stingless bees hold significant importance in the realms of social, economic, cultural, and spiritual aspects. Bhutan's cultural traditions demonstrate a strong bond with the environment, exemplified by the regular use of honey from stingless bees for remedies such as treating the common cold, cough, and sore throat. METHODS: Ethnographic research was conducted to document the ethno-medicinal uses and cultural importance of stingless in Bhutan. We deployed semi-structured interviews with stingless beekeepers and honey collectors including traditional healers who perform religious rituals for curing and preventing physical and mental illness. RESULTS: We documented 22 different uses of stingless bee honey in food, medicine, veterinary medicine, crafts, beliefs, and religious purposes. The relative cultural importance (RCI) of stingless bees among Bhutan's ethnic communities was assessed through our calculations. It was determined that these bees hold notably greater significance for the Lhotshampa communities compared to other ethnic groups in Bhutan. This finding demonstrates the dependence of Hindu ethnic communities on natural resources in their everyday life. All participant communities largely exploit these bees through destructive extraction practices. They often find the natural nests in nearby forests, transfer them as a log hive to their backyards, and practice traditional meliponiculture. CONCLUSION: The ethnic communities of Bhutan use stingless bees for various purposes and the local knowledge are persistent. However, significant efforts should be made to address the ethno-medicinal, ecological, biological, and commercial perspectives of meliponiculture in Bhutan.

Honey in Alleviating Severe Oral Mucositis Among Head and Neck Cancer Patients Undergoing Radiation Therapy.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Aiming to resolve debates on honey's efficacy for radiotherapy-induced severe oral mucositis in head and neck cancer, we conducted a meta-analysis focused on randomized trials, primarily assessing severe mucositis incidence. Secondary outcomes included weight loss, pain management, and honey types. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, WOS, and the Cochrane Library up to December 2023. The analysis concentrated on randomized controlled trials that assessed the efficacy of honey, targeting the incidence of mucositis as the main outcome. Additional outcomes explored were weight loss, intolerable pain, and the specific types of honey used in interventions. Data analysis was performed using CMA software, and a funnel plot was employed to identify publication bias. RESULTS: The analysis of 176 records resulted in the inclusion of 10 studies with 599 patients receiving radiotherapy. The research showed that honey significantly reduced the occurrence of grade 3-4 mucositis (severe mucositis), provided significant pain relief, and had a positive effect on reducing weight loss. Regarding the type of honey used, no significant differences were found in their effectiveness in alleviating severe mucositis. CONCLUSION: Honey serves as an effective intervention for individuals with oral mucositis. It can be considered as an adjuvant in the management of clinical radiotherapy-associated oral mucositis, particularly for patients requiring prolonged use of anti-analgesic or antifungal medications.

Prevention and Treatment of Oral Mucositis in Pediatric Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Oral mucositis (OM) is a common and serious side effect of cancer treatment. The incidence of chemotherapy-induced OM in pediatric patients can reach up to 91.5% and has a major impact on patients' quality of life. The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of current interventions and agents for the management of OM in children undergoing chemo/radiotherapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic search of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted in the MEDLINE and Scopus databases from January 2000 until March 2023. Thirty-four randomized studies meeting the inclusion criteria were identified and five RCTs investigating the efficacy of Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) intervention or the agent honey were included in the meta-analysis. RESULTS: The meta-analysis of two RCTs indicated that topical application of honey on oral mucosa was effective in shortening the mean duration of hospital stay in children with severe OM (MD=-4.33, p=0.002). However, LLLT was not found to be effective for the prevention or treatment of OM grade ≥II (RR=0.99, p=0.99). Moreover, the therapeutic application of LLLT did not show significant benefit for lower risk of OM grade ≥II (RR=0.48, p=0.58). CONCLUSION: Various interventions and agents were examined in the present study for the management of OM. Honey could be a promising candidate for the treatment of OM in pediatric patients. Further high-quality RCTs are required to enhance our findings.

Speciation analysis of arsenic in honey using HPLC-ICP-MS and health risk assessment of water-soluble arsenic.

It is well known that arsenic is one of the most toxic elements. However, measuring total arsenic content is not enough, as it occurs in various forms that vary in toxicity. Since honey can be used as a bioindicator of environmental pollution, in the present study the concentration of arsenic and its species (As(III), As(V), DMA, MMA and AsB) was determined in honey samples from mostly Poland and Ukraine using HPLC-ICP-MS hyphenated technique. The accuracy of proposed methods of sample preparation and analysis was validated by analyzing certified reference materials. Arsenic concentration in honey samples ranged from 0.12 to 13 µg kg-1, with mean value of 2.3 µg kg-1. Inorganic arsenic forms, which are more toxic, dominated in honey samples, with Polish honey having the biggest mean percentage of inorganic arsenic species, and Ukrainian honey having the lowest. Furthermore, health risks resulting from the consumption of arsenic via honey were assessed. All Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) values, for total water-soluble arsenic and for each form, were below 1, and all Carcinogenic Risk (CR) values were below 10-4, which indicates no potential health risks associated with consumption of arsenic via honey at average or recommended levels.

Physicochemical and antioxidant properties of Apis cerana honey from Lombok and Bali Islands.

Limited honey production worldwide leads to higher market prices, thus making it prone to adulteration. Therefore, regular physicochemical analysis is imperative for ensuring authenticity and safety. This study describes the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of Apis cerana honey sourced from the islands of Lombok and Bali, showing their unique regional traits. A comparative analysis was conducted on honey samples from Lombok and Bali as well as honey variety from Malaysia. Moisture content was found slightly above 20% in raw honey samples from Lombok and Bali, adhering to the national standard (SNI 8664:2018) of not exceeding 22%. Both honey types displayed pH values within the acceptable range (3.40-6.10), ensuring favorable conditions for long-term storage. However, Lombok honey exhibited higher free acidity (78.5±2.14 meq/kg) than Bali honey (76.0±1.14 meq/kg), surpassing Codex Alimentarius recommendations (≤50 meq/kg). The ash content, reflective of inorganic mineral composition, was notably lower in Lombok (0.21±0.02 g/100) and Bali honey (0.14±0.01 g/100) compared to Tualang honey (1.3±0.02 g/100). Electric conductivity, indicative of mineral content, revealed Lombok and Bali honey with lower but comparable values than Tualang honey. Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) concentrations in Lombok (14.4±0.11 mg/kg) and Bali (17.6±0.25 mg/kg) were slightly elevated compared to Tualang honey (6.4±0.11 mg/kg), suggesting potential processing-related changes. Sugar analysis revealed Lombok honey with the highest sucrose content (2.39±0.01g/100g) and Bali honey with the highest total sugar content (75.21±0.11 g/100g). Both honeys exhibited lower glucose than fructose content, aligning with Codex Alimentarius guidelines. The phenolic content, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity were significantly higher in Lombok and Bali honey compared to Tualang honey, suggesting potential health benefits. Further analysis by LC-MS/MS-QTOF targeted analysis identified various flavonoids/flavanols and polyphenolic/phenolic acid compounds in Lombok and Bali honey. The study marks the importance of characterizing the unique composition of honey from different regions, ensuring quality and authenticity in the honey industry.

Rapid Apta-Chromogenic Detection Method for Nitrofuran Metabolite Determination.

Nitrofuran (NF) contamination in food products is a global problem resulting in the banned utilization and importation of nitrofuran contaminated products. A novel chromogenic detection method using a specific DNA aptamer with high affinity and specificity to nitrofurans was developed. Single-stranded DNA aptamers specific to nitrofuran metabolites, including 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), 3-amino-5-methylmorpholino-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), and 1-aminohydantoin (AHD), were isolated using magnetic bead-SELEX. The colorimetric detection of nitrofurans using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) exhibited an AOZ detection range of 0.01-0.06 ppb with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.03 ppb. At the same time, this system could detect AMOZ and AHD at a range of 0.06 ppb and 10 ppb, respectively. The fast nitrofuran extraction method was optimized for food, such as fish tissues and honey, adjusted to be completed within 3-6 h. This novel apta-chromogenic detection method could detect NF metabolites with a sensitivity below the minimum required performance limit (MPRL). This analysis will be valuable for screening, with a shortened time of detection for aquaculture products such as shrimp and fish muscle tissues.

Changes in health-promoting metabolites associated with high-altitude adaptation in honey.

The levels of metabolites in honey are influenced by floral origin, production region, and bee species. However, how environmental factors affect honey quality remains unclear. Based on untargeted metabolomics and using UPLC Q-Orbitrap MS, we analyzed 3596 metabolites in 51 honey samples from Yunnan and Shennongjia. Comparative analysis revealed that geniposidic acid, kynurenic acid and caffieine accumulated at significantly different levels between Shennongjia and Yunnan honey. Based on cluster structure analysis, 36 Yunnan honey samples were divided into two distinct groups by altitude. Notably, quercetin, hyperoside, taxifolin, rutin, tryptophan, astragalin and phenylalanine were higher levels in high-altitude honey (>1700 m), whereas abscisic acid was higher levels in low-altitude honey (≤1700 m). Among these, significantly elevated levels of hyperoside, taxfolin, astragalin, and tryptophan were observed in honey collected from high-altitude areas in Shennongjia. Our findings highlight the effect of altitude on honey health-promoting components, providing valuable insights into honey quality.

Dynamic variation in the aroma characteristics of Rhus chinensis honey at different stages after capping.

The ripening characteristics after capping of honey are favourable for improving its quality. However, research on the variation and formation of aroma characteristics of honey in this process is lacking. Therefore, the present study was carried out with different stages of Rhus chinensis honeys (RCHs) after capping and identified 192 volatiles with varying levels of concentration. "Fruity" was the main aroma characteristic of RCHs at different stages after capping, mainly contributed by (E)-ß-damascenone. Methyl salicylate might be a potential indicator for differentiating RCHs at different stages after capping. The metabolic pathway analyses revealed that the aroma compounds in RCHs undergo transformation at different stages after capping, which subsequently affects its aroma characteristics formation. This work is the first to study the dynamic changes in honey aroma characteristics after capping from multiple perspectives, and the results are of great significance for understanding the aroma characteristics after capping and quality control of honey.

Exploring the Formation of Chemical Markers in Chaste Honey by Comparative Metabolomics: From Nectar to Mature Honey.

Identification of chemical markers is important to ensure the authenticity of monofloral honey; however, the formation of chemical markers in honey has received little attention. Herein, using comparative metabolomics, we first identified chemical markers in chaste honey and then explored their formation and accumulation from nectar to mature honey. We identified agnuside and p-hydroxybenzoic acid glucosides as chemical markers for chaste honey. Besides, we developed an UHPLC-MS/MS method for quantifying these markers and found that their levels varied significantly across sample sources. We compared the presence of these compounds in chaste nectar and mature honey. The outcomes underscore that these characteristic compounds are not simply delivered from nectar to mature honey, and activities of honeybees (collecting and processing) play a pivotal role in their formation and accumulation. These observations shed light on how mature honey can form its unique qualities with a rich assortment of natural bioactive compounds, potentially supporting health benefits.