Phenomenological patterns and aetiological spectrum in patients visiting a tertiary care Movement disorders service in India: An observational study.

OBJECTIVE: Although previous studies have described phenomenological diagnoses, they lacked description of aetiological spectrum in patients visiting movement disorders (MD) service. Herein, we classify the MD phenomenology and describe aetiology wise distribution of each phenomenology in patients visiting a tertiary care movement disorders service. METHODS: Collected information included demographic profile (age of onset, age at presentation, gender, duration of illness before presentation), predominant MD phenomenology [such as parkinsonism, dystonia, ataxia, tremor, chorea, ballism, myoclonus, tics, stereotypy, restless legs syndrome (RLS) and others], diagnostic evaluations and detected aetiology. RESULTS: This observational study included 1140 MD patients over a span of 5 years. The median (IQR) age of onset was 49 (35-60) years and age at presentation was 54 (40-65) years, with median duration of illness being 36 (18-72) months. Nearly two-third of patients were males (M:F=731:409). Parkinsonism (n=494, 43.3 %) was the most common MD phenomenology observed, followed by dystonia (n=219, 19.2 %), ataxia (n=125, 11 %), tremor (n=118, 10.4 %), myoclonus (n=73, 6.4 %), chorea (n=40, 3.5 %), spasticity (n=22, 1.9 %), tics (n=8, 0.7 %), and RLS (n=8, 0.7 %). Thirty-three (2.9 %) patients were grouped under miscellaneous MDs. Overall, neurodegenerative disorders (57.4 %) were the most common cause of MDs. Parkinson's disease, genetic dystonia, essential tremor, genetic ataxias, hemifacial spasm, and Huntington's disease were the most common aetiologies for parkinsonism, dystonia, tremor, ataxia, myoclonus, and chorea, respectively. CONCLUSION: Parkinsonism was the most common phenomenology observed in MD patients, and was followed by dystonia, ataxia and tremor. Neurodegenerative disorders were the most common aetiology detected.

Progressive Encephalomyelitis With Rigidity and Myoclonus With Glycine Receptor and GAD65 Antibodies: Case Report and Potential Mechanisms.

OBJECTIVES: Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM) is a severe form of stiff-person spectrum disorder that can be associated with antibodies against surface antigens (glycine receptor (GlyR), dipeptidyl-peptidase-like-protein-6) and intracellular antigens (glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65), amphiphysin). METHODS: We report clinico-pathologic findings of a PERM patient with coexisting GlyR and GAD65 antibodies. RESULTS: A 75-year-old man presented with myoclonus and pain of the legs, subsequently developed severe motor symptoms, hyperekplexia, a pronounced startle reflex, hallucinations, dysautonomia, and died 10 months after onset despite extensive immunotherapy, symptomatic treatment, and continuous intensive care support. Immunotherapy comprised corticosteroids, IVIG, plasmapheresis, immunoadsorption, cyclophosphamide, and bortezomib. Intensive care treatment and permanent isoflurane sedation was required for more than 20 weeks. CNS tissue revealed neuronal loss, astrogliosis and microgliosis, representing a pallido-nigro-dentato-bulbar-spinal degeneration pattern, specifically along GlyR and GAD expression sites. Neurons showed pSTAT1, MHC class I, and GRP78 upregulation. Inflammation was moderate and characterized by CD8+ T cells and single CD20+/CD79a+ B/plasma cells. Focal tau-positive thread-like deposits were detected in gliotic brainstem areas. In the spinal cord, GlyR, glycine transporter-2, and GAD67 expression were strongly reduced. DISCUSSION: A possible potentiating effect of pathogenic GlyR antibodies together with T cells directed against neurons may have led to the severe and progressive clinical course.

Diaphragmatic myoclonus post cerebellar hemorrhage: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Diaphragmatic myoclonus is a rare motor disorder that affects muscle tone. It is characterized by involuntary movements of the abdominal wall and rhythmic, repetitive contractions of the accessory or respiratory muscles, all of which are innervated by the cervical nerve roots. CASE DESCRIPTION: We reviewed the case of a 57-year-old male patient who underwent surgery for a left cerebellar hemorrhage. He exhibited persistent myoclonus in the palate, jaw, and thoracoabdominal region. Following treatment, there was a significant reduction in flutter amplitude in these areas. CONCLUSION: The clinical rarity and variability of presentations often make diagnosis challenging and delayed. It is believed that this condition stems from abnormal excitation within the central nervous system or neural pathways that involve the phrenic nerve. Another potential mechanism is the direct irritation of the diaphragm. Ultrasound, chest fluoroscopy, and electromyography (EMG) can support the diagnosis. Various pharmacological and surgical treatments have been tried, yet specific treatment guidelines are still lacking.

Early-onset palatal myoclonus in Wernekinck commissure syndrome secondary to caudal paramedian midbrain infarction: A case report and a mini review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: Wernekinck commissure syndrome (WCS) is an extremely rare midbrain syndrome, which selectively destroys the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle and the central tegmental tract, which commonly presents with bilateral cerebellar ataxia, dysarthria, and internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Palatal myoclonus in Wernekinck commissure syndrome is uncommon and often occurs as a late phenomenon due to hypertrophic degeneration of bilateral inferior olivary nuclei. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A patient with WCS, admitted to our hospital from December 2023, was chosen for this study, and the syndrome's clinical manifestations, imaging features, and etiology were retrospectively analyzed based on the literature. A 68-year-old right-handed East Asian man presented with dizziness, slurred speech, difficulty with swallowing and walking, and rhythmic contractions of the soft palate. He had several risk factors for ischemic cerebrovascular diseases (age, sex, dyslipidemia, hypertension and smoking history). Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed hyperintensity of DWI and hypointensity of ADC at the caudal midbrain which was around the paramedian mesencephalic tegmentum anterior to the aqueduct of midbrain. RESULTS: He was diagnosed with Wernekinck commissure syndrome (WCS) secondary to caudal paramedian midbrain infarction. He was started on dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin and clopidogrel) and intensive statin therapy. Blood pressure and glucose were also adjusted. His symptoms improved rapidly, and he walked steadily and speak clearly after 7 days of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Palatal myoclonus is known to occur as a late phenomenon due to hypertrophic degeneration of bilateral inferior olivary nuclei. However, Our case suggests that palatal myoclonus can occur in the early stages in WCS.

Successful Synergistic Use of Gabapentin With Other Antiepileptic Drugs in the Management of Lance-Adams Syndrome Complicated by Alcohol Withdrawal Seizures: A Case Report.

OBJECTIVE: Lance-Adams syndrome is a rare and debilitating disorder characterized by successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation resulting in myoclonus activity. Alcohol withdrawal seizures from alcohol use disorder may further exacerbate Lance-Adams syndrome. We aim to present a case of Lance-Adams syndrome complicated by alcohol withdrawal seizures and successfully treated with a combination of valproate, clonazepam, and gabapentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patient's electronic medical record, direct patient care experiences, and a comprehensive literature search were used for this case report. We report a 41-year-old male patient with Lance-Adams syndrome with concurrent alcohol use disorder. Treatment was improved when adding gabapentin for alcohol use disorder treatment, alongside combination antiepileptic therapy. A PubMed search was conducted to examine Lance-Adams syndrome case reports of successful combination antiepileptic therapy, with a secondary evaluation of patients with concurrent alcohol use disorder. RESULTS: The literature search yielded 18 articles, which resulted in 21 individual cases in which combination antiepileptic drug therapy was successful in treating myoclonus secondary to Lance-Adams syndrome; however, none of the case reports utilized gabapentin synergistically. One case described Lance-Adams syndrome complicated by alcohol consumption and similar to our patient, the patient used alcohol to abolish myoclonic activity. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report documenting a patient with Lance-Adams syndrome and concurrent alcohol use disorder, with a positive effect of gabapentin use. Gabapentin, when used for alcohol use disorder treatment, may be an appropriate adjunct agent in the management of patients receiving combination antiepileptic therapy for the treatment of Lance-Adams syndrome.

Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus: a pediatric case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM) is a rare and life-threatening autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. So far, only ten cases of PERM have been reported in children worldwide, including the one in this study. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of an 11-year-old boy with PERM with an initial presentation of abdominal pain, skin itching, dysuria, urinary retention, truncal and limb rigidity, spasms of the trunk and limbs during sleep, deep and peripheral sensory disturbances, and dysphagia. A tissue-based assay using peripheral blood was positive, demonstrated by fluorescent staining of mouse cerebellar sections. He showed gradual and persistent clinical improvement after immunotherapy with intravenous immunoglobulin, steroids, plasmapheresis and rituximab. CONCLUSIONS: We summarized the diagnosis and treatment of a patient with PERM and performed a literature review of pediatric PERM to raise awareness among pediatric neurologists. A better comprehension of this disease is required to improve its early diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.

Are the seizures under control or unnoticed? Electroclinical evaluation of epilepsy with eyelid myoclonia.

PURPOSE: In this study, patients with epilepsy with eyelid myoclonia (E-EM) were evaluated according to their EEG findings, seizure outcomes, and their consistency with the final ictal EEG findings. We also investigated the possible prognostic factors. METHODS: Patients with E-EM and at least two years of follow-up in our clinic were included in the study. We analyzed the presence of eyelid myoclonia, absence and myoclonic seizures, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures for the prior two years and then verified with the latest ictal EEG features. Video-EEGs were analyzed according to the background activity, the existence of generalized spike-wave discharge or polyspike-wave complexes, focal spike-wave discharge, photoparoxysmal responses, and fast activity. RESULTS: 21 patients were involved in this study. In six patients, the seizures were undetected on the first EEGs, whereas they were detected on subsequent ones. The seizures were captured on the first EEGs of six patients; however, they disappeared on subsequent ones. Only one patient had seizures detected on every EEG. The consistency of the seizures was variable in eight patients. At the final follow-up, seizures were reported as being under control for more than two years in 12 patients, according to patients and their parents' reports. However, ictal EEG findings were detected in six of these patients. No electroclinical feature was associated with seizure freedom. CONCLUSION: This study provides further evidence that seizure freedom in E-EM patients is overestimated. The patients and their parents may not be aware of the seizures. Therefore, video-EEG monitorization is essential during follow-up.

Movement Disorders in Patients with Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a complication of measles, occurring after a latency of 4-10 years. It continues to occur in developing countries although resurgence is being reported from developed countries. Characteristic features include progressive neuropsychiatric issues, myoclonus, seizures, movement disorders and visual impairment. Electroencephalography (EEG) typically shows periodic generalized discharges, and elevated CSF anti-measles antibodies are diagnostic. Movement disorders are being increasingly recognized as part of the clinical spectrum, and range from hyperkinetic (chorea, dystonia, tremor, tics) to hypokinetic (parkinsonism) disorders and ataxia. OBJECTIVES: This article aims to comprehensively review the spectrum of movement disorders associated with SSPE. METHODS: A literature search was conducted in PubMed and EMBASE databases in December 2023 and articles were identified for review. RESULTS: Movement disorders reported in SSPE included hyperkinetic (chorea, dystonia, tremor and tics), hypokinetic (parkinsonism), ataxia and extraocular movement disorders. Myoclonus, a core clinical feature, was the most frequent "abnormal movement." Movement disorders were observed in all clinical stages, and could also be a presenting feature, even sans myoclonus. Hyperkinetic movement disorders were more common than hypokinetic movement disorders. An evolution of movement disorders was observed, with ataxia, chorea and dystonia occurring earlier, and parkinsonism later in the disease. Neuroradiological correlates of movement disorders remained unclear. CONCLUSION: A wide spectrum of movement disorders was observed throughout the clinical stages of SSPE. Most data were derived from case reports and small case series. Multicentric longitudinal studies are required to better delineate the spectrum and evolution of movement disorders in SSPE.

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis presenting as severe depression in an adult.

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a fatal disorder that occurs as a rare complication of childhood measles. Symptoms typically manifest between the ages of 5 and 15. While the incidence of SSPE is declining globally, it is still prevalent in regions where measles remains common and vaccination rates are low due to poverty and lack of health education. Diagnosing SSPE can be challenging, particularly when patients exhibit unusual symptoms. A thorough clinical evaluation, including vaccination history, physical examination, electroencephalogram (EEG) and Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, can help in making a diagnosis. We present the case of a young woman in her early 20s who initially experienced depressive symptoms, followed by myoclonus, dementia and visual impairment. The patient was ultimately diagnosed with SSPE based on characteristic EEG findings, neuroimaging results, CSF analysis and elevated serum measles antibody levels.

Myoclonus improvement after seizures in progressive myoclonic epilepsy type 7: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsy (PME) is a group of rare diseases that are difficult to differentiate from one another based on phenotypical characteristics. CASE REPORT: We report a case of PME type 7 due to a pathogenic variant in KCNC1 with myoclonus improvement after epileptic seizures. DISCUSSION: Myoclonus improvement after seizures may be a clue to the diagnosis of Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsy type 7.

COVID 19 and myoclonus, do hemodialysis patients have more risk?

We discuss two recent cases from our hospital in which two patients with ESKD receiving periodical hemodialysis (HD) and SarS-Cov-2 infection suffered movement disorders, being the onset related to the HD sessions in both. First case is a 78 year-old woman who is admitted with generalized myoclonic status epilepticus and second case is a 46 year-old male who starts repeatedly suffering myoclonus during his hemodialysis sessions on day +10 after testing positive (asymptomatic infection). There are two main hypotheses when it comes to myoclonus and CNS disorders in COVID19, post-hypoxic origin and inmunomediated postinfectious origin. We wonder if they could both be interacting in patients with kidney disease, and especially in those who receive hemodialysis, maximizing the risk of suffering this type of disorders.

Spinal Segmental Myoclonus in Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis.

Background: A wide variety of associated movement disorders has been described in multiple sclerosis. Phenomenology Shown: A 57-year-old woman with primary progressive multiple sclerosis developed spinal segmental myoclonus associated with focal myelitis. Educational Value: Movement disorders in multiple sclerosis are phenomenologically diverse and have varied pathophysiological mechanisms, making it essential to identify them to initiate appropriate treatment.

Tensor Tympani and Stapedial Tendon Reconstruction for Postoperative Hyperacusis after Tendon Lysis for Middle Ear Myoclonus.

OBJECTIVE: To present a method for repair of the stapedial and tensor tympani tendons in a patient with hyperacusis after a tendon lysis procedure. PATIENTS: A 71-year-old professional musician who presented to clinic with debilitating hyperacusis following a tensor tympani and stapedial tendon lysis procedure to treat middle ear myoclonus. INTERVENTIONS: A novel procedure for reapproximation of the tensor tympani and stapedial tendons into their native insertion points using periosteal grafts and nitinol wire. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Stapedial reflex measurements, uncomfortable loudness level, and subjective patient experience. RESULTS: Postoperatively, the patient had objective improvement in hyperacusis with return of acoustic reflexes in the affected ear and durable improvements in their frequency-specific uncomfortable loudness levels. CONCLUSIONS: This case describes the debilitating complication of hyperacusis following tendon lysis and highlights the importance of maximizing behavioral and medical measures prior to undergoing surgical intervention for middle ear myoclonus.