Proinflammatory activity of VEGF-targeted treatment through reversal of tumor endothelial cell anergy.

PURPOSE: Ongoing angiogenesis renders the tumor endothelium unresponsive to inflammatory cytokines and interferes with adhesion of leukocytes, resulting in escape from immunity. This process is referred to as tumor endothelial cell anergy. We aimed to investigate whether anti-angiogenic agents can overcome endothelial cell anergy and provide pro-inflammatory conditions. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Tissues of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients treated with VEGF pathway-targeted drugs and control tissues were subject to RNAseq and immunohistochemical profiling of the leukocyte infiltrate. Analysis of adhesion molecule regulation in cultured endothelial cells, in a preclinical model and in human tissues was performed and correlated to leukocyte infiltration. RESULTS: It is shown that treatment of RCC patients with the drugs sunitinib or bevacizumab overcomes tumor endothelial cell anergy. This treatment resulted in an augmented inflammatory state of the tumor, characterized by enhanced infiltration of all major leukocyte subsets, including T cells, regulatory T cells, macrophages of both M1- and M2-like phenotypes and activated dendritic cells. In vitro, exposure of angiogenic endothelial cells to anti-angiogenic drugs normalized ICAM-1 expression. In addition, a panel of tyrosine kinase inhibitors was shown to increase transendothelial migration of both non-adherent and monocytic leukocytes. In primary tumors of RCC patients, ICAM-1 expression was found to be significantly increased in both the sunitinib and bevacizumab-treated groups. Genomic analysis confirmed the correlation between increased immune cell infiltration and ICAM-1 expression upon VEGF-targeted treatment. CONCLUSION: The results support the emerging concept that anti-angiogenic therapy can boost immunity and show how immunotherapy approaches can benefit from combination with anti-angiogenic compounds.

Construction of a Vero Cell Line Expressing Human ICAM1 for the Development of Rhinovirus Vaccines.

Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are small non-enveloped RNA viruses that belong to the Enterovirus genus within the Picornaviridae family and are known for causing the common cold. Though symptoms are generally mild in healthy individuals, the economic burden associated with HRV infection is significant. A vaccine could prevent disease. The Vero-cell-based viral vaccine platform technology was considered for such vaccine development. Unfortunately, most HRV strains are unable to propagate on Vero cells due to a lack of the major receptor of HRV group A and B, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM1, also known as CD54). Therefore, stable human ICAM1 expressing Vero cell clones were generated by transfecting the ICAM1 gene in Vero cells and selecting clones that overexpressed ICAM1 on the cell surface. Cell banks were made and expression of ICAM1 was stable for at least 30 passages. The Vero_ICAM1 cells and parental Vero cells were infected with four HRV prototypes, B14, A16, B37 and A57. Replication of all four viruses was detected in Vero_ICAM1, but not in the parental Vero cells. Altogether, Vero cells expressing ICAM1 could efficiently propagate the tested HRV strains. Therefore, ICAM1-expressing cells could be a useful tool for the development and future production of polyvalent HRV vaccines or other viruses that use ICAM1 as a receptor.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ferula assafoetida Oleo-Gum-Resin (Asafoetida) against TNF-α-Stimulated Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs).

Inflammation is the body's biological reaction to endogenous and exogenous stimuli. Recent studies have demonstrated several anti-inflammatory properties of Ferula species. In this paper, we decided to study the anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic extract of Ferula assafoetida oleo-gum-resin (asafoetida) against TNF-α-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). HUVECs were cultured in a flat-bottom plate and then treated with ethanolic extract of asafoetida (EEA, 0-500 µg/ml) and TNF-α (0-100 ng/ml) for 24 h. We used the MTT test to assess cell survival. In addition, the LC-MS analysis was performed to determine the active substances. HUVECs were pretreated with EEA and then induced by TNF-α. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and adhesion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to HUVECs were evaluated with DCFH-DA and CFSE fluorescent probes, respectively. Gene expression of intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin and surface expression of ICAM-1 protein were measured using real-time PCR and flow cytometry methods, respectively. While TNF-α significantly increased intracellular ROS formation and PBMC adhesion to TNF-α-induced HUVECs, the pretreatment of HUVECs with EEA (125 and 250 µg/ml) significantly reduced the parameters. In addition, EEA pretreatment decreased TNF-α-induced mRNA expression of VCAM-1 and surface protein expression of ICAM-1 in the target cells. Taken together, the results indicated that EEA prevented ROS generation, triggered by TNF-α, and inhibited the expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, leading to reduced PBMC adhesion. These findings suggest that EEA can probably have anti-inflammatory properties.

MiR-150-5p regulates the functions of type 2 innate lymphoid cells via the ICAM-1/p38 MAPK axis in allergic rhinitis.

Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) exert an increasingly important influence on the pathological process of allergic rhinitis (AR), which is affected by microRNAs-mediated post-transcriptional regulation. This study aims to investigate the function of miR-150-5p in AR patients and the mouse model of AR. The mouse model of AR was established using the OVA challenge. The expressions of miR-150-5p, ICAM-1, p-p38 and p-GATA-3 were evaluated via RT-qPCR and western blot analysis. The level of ILC2s was examined with flow cytometry. Concentrations of OVA-specific IgE, IL-13 and IL-5 in serum were evaluated using ELISA. Histopathological examination was conducted through H&E staining. The interplay between ICAM-1 and miR-150-5p was determined through the DLR assay. The decreased miR-150-5p expression and increased ICAM-1, p-p38 and p-GATA-3 expressions and ILC2s levels were detected in AR patients and AR mice compared with controls. Treatment with miR-150-5p lentivirus alleviated AR symptoms (sneezing, rubbing, mucosa inflammation, serum type 2 cytokines and OVA-specific IgE) and lowered the ILC2s level in AR mice. MiR-150-5p was found to directly bind to 3'-UTR of ICAM-1 and downregulate ICAM-1 expression, thereby descending the level of p-p38, p-GATA-3 and suppressing ILC2s function to alleviate AR symptoms. Treatment with Lenti-ICAM-1 counteracted these protective effects of miR-150-5p. Upregulation of miR-150-5p repressed the ICAM-1/p38 axis which was vital to ILC2s development and function, thereby alleviating allergic symptoms of AR.

Hspa8 and ICAM-1 as damage-induced mediators of γδ T cell activation.

Tissue-resident γδ T cells form the first line of defense at barrier surfaces where they survey host tissue for signs of stress or damage. Following recognition of injury, γδ T cells play a crucial role in the wound-healing response through the production of growth factors and cytokines that promote proliferation in surrounding epithelial cells. To initiate this response, γδ T cells require interactions with a variety of epithelial-expressed costimulatory molecules in addition to primary signaling through their TCR. In the epidermis these signals include the coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR), histocompatibility antigen 60c (H60c), and plexin B2, which interact with γδ T cell-expressed junctional adhesion molecule-like protein (JAML), NKG2D, and CD100, respectively. Here we identify heat shock protein family A member 8 (Hspa8) and ICAM-1 as two additional keratinocyte-expressed costimulatory molecules for epidermal resident γδ T cells (termed DETC). These molecules were rapidly up-regulated in the epidermis following wounding in both mouse and human tissue. Both Hspa8 and ICAM-1 had a costimulatory effect on DETC, inducing proliferation, CD25 up-regulation, and IL-2 production. We also provide evidence that DETC can be activated through the potential ICAM-1 and Hspa8 receptors LFA-1 and CD316. Finally, knockdown of Hspa8 in keratinocytes reduced their ability to activate DETC in culture and ICAM-1-/- mice exhibited impaired rates of healing in skin-organ culture suggesting a role for these proteins in the DETC-mediated damage response. Together with previous work on CAR, H60c, and plexin B2, these results add to a picture of a complex keratinocyte wound signature that is required for efficient DETC activation.

Potentiality of α-fetoprotein (AFP) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) in prognosis prediction and immunotherapy response for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

ABSTRCTThe α-fetoprotein (AFP) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) have certain diagnostic value, but their potential value in prognosis prediction, especially immunotherapy response prediction, remains unclear in liver cancer. Through the tumor-free survival (TFS) and overall survival (OS) rates analyses of serum AFP and sICAM-1 levels in 87 patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the patients whose AFP and sICAM-1 levels were normal (AFP < 20 µg/L or sICAM-1 < 1000 µg/L) before surgery or recovered to normal after surgery exhibited a lower tumor recurrence rate and better OS than patients with elevated serum levels of the two markers. Combined analysis showed that patients with synchronously elevated levels of AFP and sICAM-1 showed the lowest TFS and OS. In addition, the RNA-seq data and clinical information of The Cancer Genome Atlas Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma were collected to analyze the predictive values of AFP and ICAM-1 in the diagnosis, prognosis and immunotherapy of HCC. The results indicated that the combined application of the two indicators had higher accuracy in both the diagnosis and prognostic prediction of HCC by receiver operating characteristic curves. AFP and ICAM-1 were significantly correlated with multiple immune cells in HCC samples but not in normal samples. The patients with low expression of the two indicators were most likely to benefit from the immune checkpoint blockade therapy. In conclusion, AFP and ICAM-1 play vital roles in the diagnosis, prognostic prediction, and immunotherapy of HCC, suggesting that they are considered as prognostic predictors in clinical practice.

Anti-inflammatory and Anti-thrombotic Efficacy of Targeted Ultrasound Microbubbles on LPS-induced HUVEC Cells.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The early stage of atherosclerosis (AS) demonstrates a lipid-driven inflammatory cytokine increase. In the present study, we aimed to use ultrasound-targeted microbubble delivery (UTMD) therapy with the Endostar-loaded target microbubbles (MBs) to reduce AS-related inflammatory response. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Normal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were placed in a parallel-plate flow chamber. MBs were perfused through the parallel-plate flow chamber to mimic physiological blood flow. Five groups were set up: G1: Negative control (normal HUVECs); G2: LPS control (LPS induced HUVECs); G3: ICAM-1-loaded-MBs (MBi); G4: Endostar-loaded-MBs (MBe) and G5: Endostar-ICAM-1-loaded-MBs (MBei). mRNA expression of inflammatory factors and release of inflammatory cytokines were detected by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS: After treatment with MBei, the mRNA expression of cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31) (p=0.004), endothelin-1 (ET-1) (p=0.010), von willebrand factor (vWF) (p=0.018), extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) (p=0.046) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) (p=0.003) were significantly reduced compared to LPS-induced HUVECs. Release of inflammatory cytokines including tissue factor (TF) (p=0.033), tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TF-PI) (p=0.019), ET-1 (p=0.014), vWF (p=0.030) and blood-coagulation factor VIIα (FVIIα) (p=0.000) were also significantly reduced compared to LPS-induced HUVECs. CONCLUSION: UTMD therapy can inhibit the inflammatory response by reducing atherosclerotic-related inflammatory factors, suggesting a potential treatment at the early-stage of AS.

Gene regulation of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1): A molecule with multiple functions.

Intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) is one of the most extensively studied inducible cell adhesion molecules which is responsible for several immune functions like T cell activation, extravasation, inflammation, etc. The molecule is constitutively expressed over the cell surface and is regulated up / down in response to inflammatory mediators like cellular stress, proinflammatory cytokines, viral infection. These stimuli modulate the expression of ICAM-1 primarily through regulating the ICAM-1 gene transcription. On account of the presence of various binding sites for NF-κB, AP-1, SP-1, and many other transcription factors, the architecture of the ICAM-1 promoter become complex. Transcription factors in union with other transcription factors, coactivators, and suppressors promote their assembly in a stereospecific manner on ICAM-1 promoter which mediates ICAM-1 regulation in response to different stimuli. Along with transcriptional regulation, epigenetic modifications also play a pivotal role in controlling ICAM-1 expression on different cell types. In this review, we summarize the regulation of ICAM-1 expression both at the transcriptional as well as post-transcriptional level with an emphasis on transcription factors and signaling pathways involved.

ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 Are Differentially Expressed and Up-Regulated on Inflamed Pulmonary Epithelium, but Neither ICAM-2 nor LFA-1: ICAM-1 Are Required for Neutrophil Migration Into the Airways In Vivo.

Neutrophil migration into the airways is an important process to fight infection and is mediated by cell adhesion molecules. The intercellular adhesion molecules, ICAM-1 (CD54) and ICAM-2 (CD102) are known ligands for the neutrophil integrins, lymphocyte function associated antigen (LFA)-1 (αLß2; CD11a/CD18), and macrophage-1 antigen (Mac-1;αMß2;CD11b/CD18) and are implicated in leukocyte migration into the lung. However, it is ill-defined how neutrophils exit the lung and the role for ICAMs in trans-epithelial migration (TEpM) across the bronchial or alveolar epithelium. We found that human and murine alveolar epithelium expressed ICAM-1, whilst the bronchial epithelium expressed ICAM-2, and both were up-regulated during inflammatory stimulation in vitro and in inflammatory lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis. Although ß2 integrins interacting with ICAM-1 and -2 mediated neutrophil migration across human bronchial epithelium in vitro, neither ICAM-2 nor LFA-1 binding of ICAM-1 mediated murine neutrophil migration into the lung or broncho-alveolar space during LPS-induced inflammation in vivo. Furthermore, TEpM of neutrophils themselves resulted in increased epithelial junctional permeability and reduced barrier function in vitro. This suggests that although ß2 integrins interacting with ICAMs may regulate low levels of neutrophil traffic in healthy lung or early in inflammation when the epithelial barrier is intact; these interactions may be redundant later in inflammation when epithelial junctions are disrupted and no longer limit TEpM.

Molecular Characterization and Expression Analysis of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) Genes in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Response to Viral, Bacterial and Parasitic Challenge.

The intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), known as CD54, is a transmembrane cell surface glycoprotein that interacts with two integrins (i.e., LFA-1 and Mac-l) important for trans-endothelial migration of leukocytes. The level of ICAM-1 expression is upregulated in response to some inflammatory stimulations, including pathogen infection and proinflammatory cytokines. Yet, to date, our knowledge regarding the functional role of ICAM-1 in teleost fish remains largely unknown. In this study, we cloned and characterized the sequence of ICAM-1 in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) for the first time, which exhibited that the molecular features of ICAM-1 in fishes were relatively conserved compared with human ICAM-1. The transcriptional level of ICAM-1 was detected in 12 different tissues, and we found high expression of this gene in the head kidney, spleen, gills, skin, nose, and pharynx. Moreover, upon stimulation with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), Flavobacterium columnare G4 (F. columnare), and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) in rainbow trout, the morphological changes were observed in the skin and gills, and enhanced expression of ICAM-1 mRNA was detected both in the systemic and mucosal tissues. These results indicate that ICAM-1 may be implicated in the mucosal immune responses to viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections in teleost fish, meaning that ICAM-1 emerges as a master regulator of mucosal immune responses against pathogen infections in teleost fish.

Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-Infected Dendritic Cells Induce TNF-α-Dependent Cell Cluster Formation That Promotes Bacterial Dissemination through an In Vitro Model of the Blood-Brain Barrier.

CNS tuberculosis (CNSTB) is the most severe manifestation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis infection, but the mechanism of how mycobacteria cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is not well understood. In this study, we report a novel murine in vitro BBB model combining primary brain endothelial cells, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin-infected dendritic cells (DCs), PBMCs, and bacterial Ag-specific CD4+ T cells. We show that mycobacterial infection limits DC mobility and also induces cellular cluster formation that has a similar composition to pulmonary mycobacterial granulomas. Within the clusters, infection from DCs disseminates to the recruited monocytes, promoting bacterial expansion. Mycobacterium-induced in vitro granulomas have been described previously, but this report shows that they can form on brain endothelial cell monolayers. Cellular cluster formation leads to cluster-associated damage of the endothelial cell monolayer defined by mitochondrial stress, disorganization of the tight junction proteins ZO-1 and claudin-5, upregulation of the adhesion molecules VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, and increased transmigration of bacteria-infected cells across the BBB. TNF-α inhibition reduces cluster formation on brain endothelial cells and mitigates cluster-associated damage. These data describe a model of bacterial dissemination across the BBB shedding light on a mechanism that might contribute to CNS tuberculosis infection and facilitate treatments.

Endothelial STING controls T cell transmigration in an IFNI-dependent manner.

The stimulator of IFN genes (STING) protein senses cyclic dinucleotides released in response to double-stranded DNA and functions as an adaptor molecule for type I IFN (IFNI) signaling by activating IFNI-stimulated genes (ISG). We found impaired T cell infiltration into the peritoneum in response to TNF-α in global and EC-specific STING-/- mice and discovered that T cell transendothelial migration (TEM) across mouse and human endothelial cells (EC) deficient in STING was strikingly reduced compared with control EC, whereas T cell adhesion was not impaired. STING-/- T cells showed no defect in TEM or adhesion to EC, or immobilized endothelial cell-expressed molecules ICAM1 and VCAM1, compared with WT T cells. Mechanistically, CXCL10, an ISG and a chemoattractant for T cells, was dramatically reduced in TNF-α-stimulated STING-/- EC, and genetic loss or pharmacologic antagonisms of IFNI receptor (IFNAR) pathway reduced T cell TEM. Our data demonstrate a central role for EC-STING during T cell TEM that is dependent on the ISG CXCL10 and on IFNI/IFNAR signaling.

Lung Marginated and Splenic Murine Resident Neutrophils Constitute Pioneers in Tissue-Defense During Systemic E. coli Challenge.

The rapid response of neutrophils throughout the body to a systemic challenge is a critical first step in resolution of bacterial infection such as Escherichia coli (E. coli). Here we delineated the dynamics of this response, revealing novel insights into the molecular mechanisms using lung and spleen intravital microscopy and 3D ex vivo culture of living precision cut splenic slices in combination with fluorescent labelling of endogenous leukocytes. Within seconds after challenge, intravascular marginated neutrophils and lung endothelial cells (ECs) work cooperatively to capture pathogens. Neutrophils retained on lung ECs slow their velocity and aggregate in clusters that enlarge as circulating neutrophils carrying E. coli stop within the microvasculature. The absolute number of splenic neutrophils does not change following challenge; however, neutrophils increase their velocity, migrate to the marginal zone (MZ) and form clusters. Irrespective of their location all neutrophils capturing heat-inactivated E. coli take on an activated phenotype showing increasing surface CD11b. At a molecular level we show that neutralization of ICAM-1 results in splenic neutrophil redistribution to the MZ under homeostasis. Following challenge, splenic levels of CXCL12 and ICAM-1 are reduced allowing neutrophils to migrate to the MZ in a CD29-integrin dependent manner, where the enlargement of splenic neutrophil clusters is CXCR2-CXCL2 dependent. We show directly molecular mechanisms that allow tissue resident neutrophils to provide the first lines of antimicrobial defense by capturing circulating E. coli and forming clusters both in the microvessels of the lung and in the parenchyma of the spleen.

Optogenetic activation of local colonic sympathetic innervations attenuates colitis by limiting immune cell extravasation.

The sympathetic nervous system is composed of an endocrine arm, regulating blood adrenaline and noradrenaline, and a local arm, a network of fibers innervating immune organs. Here, we investigated the impact of the local arm of the SNS in an inflammatory response in the colon. Intra-rectal insertion of an optogenetic probe in mice engineered to express channelrhodopsin-2 in tyrosine hydroxylase cells activated colonic sympathetic fibers. In contrast to systemic application of noradrenaline, local activation of sympathetic fibers attenuated experimental colitis and reduced immune cell abundance. Gene expression profiling showed decreased endothelial expression of the adhesion molecule MAdCAM-1 upon optogenetic stimulation; this decrease was sensitive to adrenergic blockers and 6-hydroxydopamine. Antibody blockade of MAdCAM-1 abrogated the optogenetic effect on immune cell extravasation into the colon and the pathology. Thus, sympathetic fibers control colonic inflammation by regulating immune cell extravasation from circulation, a mechanism likely relevant in multiple organs.

A system-view of Bordetella pertussis booster vaccine responses in adults primed with whole-cell versus acellular vaccine in infancy.

The increased incidence of whooping cough worldwide suggests that current vaccination against Bordetella pertussis infection has limitations in quality and duration of protection. The resurgence of infection has been linked to the introduction of acellular vaccines (aP), which have an improved safety profile compared with the previously used whole-cell (wP) vaccines. To determine immunological differences between aP and wP priming in infancy, we performed a systems approach of the immune response to booster vaccination. Transcriptomic, proteomic, cytometric, and serologic profiling revealed multiple shared immune responses with different kinetics across cohorts, including an increase of blood monocyte frequencies and strong antigen-specific IgG responses. Additionally, we found a prominent subset of aP-primed individuals (30%) with a strong differential signature, including higher levels of expression for CCL3, NFKBIA, and ICAM1. Contrary to the wP individuals, this subset displayed increased PT-specific IgE responses after boost and higher antigen-specific IgG4 and IgG3 antibodies against FHA and FIM2/3 at baseline and after boost. Overall, the results show that, while broad immune response patterns to Tdap boost overlap between aP- and wP-primed individuals, a subset of aP-primed individuals present a divergent response. These findings provide candidate targets to study the causes and correlates of waning immunity after aP vaccination.

Pericytes regulate vascular immune homeostasis in the CNS.

Pericytes regulate the development of organ-specific characteristics of the brain vasculature such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and astrocytic end-feet. Whether pericytes are involved in the control of leukocyte trafficking in the adult central nervous system (CNS), a process tightly regulated by CNS vasculature, remains elusive. Using adult pericyte-deficient mice (Pdgfbret/ret ), we show that pericytes limit leukocyte infiltration into the CNS during homeostasis and autoimmune neuroinflammation. The permissiveness of the vasculature toward leukocyte trafficking in Pdgfbret/ret mice inversely correlates with vessel pericyte coverage. Upon induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), pericyte-deficient mice die of severe atypical EAE, which can be reversed with fingolimod, indicating that the mortality is due to the massive influx of immune cells into the brain. Additionally, administration of anti-VCAM-1 and anti-ICAM-1 antibodies reduces leukocyte infiltration and diminishes the severity of atypical EAE symptoms of Pdgfbret/ret mice, indicating that the proinflammatory endothelium due to absence of pericytes facilitates exaggerated neuroinflammation. Furthermore, we show that the presence of myelin peptide-specific peripheral T cells in Pdgfbret/ret ;2D2tg mice leads to the development of spontaneous neurological symptoms paralleled by the massive influx of leukocytes into the brain. These findings indicate that intrinsic changes within brain vasculature can promote the development of a neuroinflammatory disorder.

Deoxycholic acid enhancement of lymphocyte migration through direct interaction with the intestinal vascular endothelium.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The small intestine plays a central role in gut immunity, and enhanced lymphocyte migration is involved in the pathophysiology of various enteropathy. Bile acid (BA) is closely related to lipid metabolism and gut microbiota and essential for gut homeostasis. However, the effects of BA on gut immunity have not been studied in detail, especially on the small intestine and lymphocyte migration. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of BA on small intestinal lymphocyte microcirculation. METHODS: The effect of deoxycholic acid (DCA), taurocholic acid (tCA), or cholic acid (CA) on the indomethacin (IND)-induced small intestinal enteropathy in mice was investigated. Lymphocyte movements were evaluated after exposure to BA using intravital microscopy. The effects of BA on surface expression of adhesion molecules on the vascular endothelium and lymphocytes through BA receptors were examined in vitro. RESULTS: IND-induced small intestinal enteropathy was histologically aggravated by DCA treatment alone. The expression of adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 was significantly enhanced by DCA. Exposure to DCA increased lymphocyte adhesion in the microvessels of the ileum, which was partially blocked by anti-α4ß1 integrin antibody in vivo. The expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 was significantly enhanced by DCA in vitro, which was partially suppressed by the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) antagonist. The S1PR2 antagonist significantly ameliorated IND-induced and DCA-exaggerated small intestinal injury. CONCLUSION: DCA exacerbated IND-induced small intestinal enteropathy. DCA directly acts on the vascular endothelium and enhances the expression levels of adhesion molecules partially via S1PR2, leading to enhanced small intestinal lymphocyte migration.

L-Threoascorbic acid treatment promotes S. aureus-infected primary human endothelial cells survival and function, as well as intracellular bacterial killing, and immunomodulates the release of IL-1ß and soluble ICAM-1.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, AscH2) has been shown to enhance immunity. Here, we studied its immunomodulatory effect on human endothelial cells (ECs) during S. aureus infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The ex vivo effects of AscH2 were performed on primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) infected or not with S. aureus. RESULTS: AscH2 treatment induced a marked downregulation of nitric oxide (NO) production and a moderate upregulation of arginase activity in S. aureus-infected HUVECs (respectively, p < 0.05 and p > 0.05). Although the upregulated release levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecular 1 (sICAM-1/sCD54) and sE-selectin (sCD62E) molecules were not significantly different between treated and untreated S. aureus-infected HUVECs, AscH2 treatment induced reversing effect on sICAM-1 release when comparing to uninfected control HUVECs. Moreover, AscH2 treatment appears to have a significant effect on preventing HUVEC necrosis induced by S. aureus infection (p < 0.05). Furthermore, AscH2 treatment induced a significant upregulation of cell protective redox biomarker in S. aureus-infected, as shown by superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (p < 0.05), but not by catalase activity (p > 0.05). Additionally, S. aureus infection markedly downregulated total bound calcium ions (bCa2+) levels as compared to control HUVECs, whereas, AscH2 treatment induced a slight upregulation of bCa2+ levels in infected HUVECs as compared to infected and untreated HUVECs (p > 0.05). On the other hand, AscH2 treatment downregulated increased total cellular cholesterol content (tccCHOL) levels in HUVECs induced by S. aureus infection (p < 0.05). In addition, AscH2 treatment markedly reversed S. aureus effect on upregulation of intracellular glucose (iGLU) levels within infected HUVECs (p < 0.05). Moreover, AscH2 treatment significantly downregulated S. aureus growth (p < 0.05), and significantly upregulated bacterial internalization and intracellular killing by HUVECs (p < 0.05), as well as their cell cycle activation (p < 0.01). Finally, AscH2 treatment has a slight effect on the production of interleukin 6 (IL-6), but induced a marked downregulation of that of IL-1ß in S. aureus-infected HUVECs (respectively, p > 0.05, and p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our outcomes demonstrated that, during S. aureus infection, AscH2 treatment promotes human ECs survival and function, as well as prevents inflammatory response exacerbation, while inducing bactericidal activity.

Immunopathological Roles of Neutrophils in Virus Infection and COVID-19.

ABSTRACT: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been spread around the world and is currently affecting global public health. Clinical evidence indicates that the elevated number of peripheral neutrophils and higher ratio of neutrophils-to-lymphocytes are correlated with severe outcomes in COVID-19 patients, suggesting the possible immunopathological role of neutrophils during SARS-CoV-2 infection. As an abundant innate immune cell type, neutrophils are well known for their contributions to antimicrobial defense. However, their dysfunction is also associated with different inflammatory signatures during the pathogenesis of infection. Herein, in this mini-review, we summarize the recent progress on the potential role of neutrophils during COVID-19-associated inflammatory responses. In particular, we highlight the interactions between neutrophils and viruses as well as the relationship of neutrophils with cytokine storm and thrombosis in COVID-19 patients. Lastly, we discuss the importance of neutrophils as potential therapeutic targets for COVID-19.

Dendritic cell actin dynamics control contact duration and priming efficiency at the immunological synapse.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial for the priming of naive T cells and the initiation of adaptive immunity. Priming is initiated at a heterologous cell-cell contact, the immunological synapse (IS). While it is established that F-actin dynamics regulates signaling at the T cell side of the contact, little is known about the cytoskeletal contribution on the DC side. Here, we show that the DC actin cytoskeleton is decisive for the formation of a multifocal synaptic structure, which correlates with T cell priming efficiency. DC actin at the IS appears in transient foci that are dynamized by the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC). The absence of the WRC in DCs leads to stabilized contacts with T cells, caused by an increase in ICAM1-integrin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. This results in lower numbers of activated and proliferating T cells, demonstrating an important role for DC actin in the regulation of immune synapse functionality.