Efficacy of music therapy for pain control of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies.

INTRODUCTION: Music therapy may have some potential in the pain control of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, and this meta-analysis aims to study the analgesic efficacy of music therapy for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. METHODS: We have searched several databases including PubMed, EMbase, Web of Science, EBSCO and Cochrane Library databases, and selected the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the efficacy of music therapy for pain control of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. This meta-analysis was conducted using the random-effect or fixed-effect model based on the heterogeneity. RESULTS: Ten RCTs and 879 patients were included in this meta-analysis. Compared with routine care for extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, music therapy was associated with substantially reduced pain scores (standard mean difference [SMD] = -1.00; 95% CI = -1.57 to -0.42; P = .0007), improved patient satisfaction (SMD = 1.61; 95% CI = 0.45 to 2.77; P = .006) and willingness to repeat (SMD = 2.06; 95% CI = 0.40 to 3.72; P = .01), but had no influence on analgesic consumption (SMD = -3.11; 95% CI = -7.07 to 0.85; P = .12) or adverse events (OR = 1.66; 95% CI = 0.20 to 14.10; P = .64). CONCLUSIONS: Music therapy was effective to control the pain of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.

The impact of different music genres on pain tolerance: emphasizing the significance of individual music genre preferences.

Music is a promising (adjunctive) treatment for both acute and chronic pain, reducing the need for pharmacological analgesics and their side effects. Yet, little is known about the effect of different types of music. Hence, we investigated the efficacy of five music genres (Urban, Electronic, Classical, Rock and Pop) on pain tolerance. In this parallel randomized experimental study, we conducted a cold pressor test in healthy volunteers (n = 548). The primary outcome was pain tolerance, measured in seconds. No objective (tolerance time) or subjective (pain intensity and unpleasantness) differences were found among the five genres. Multinomial logistic regression showed that overall genre preference positively influenced pain tolerance. In contrast, the music genres that participants thought would help for pain relief did not. Our study was the first to investigate pain tolerance at genre level and in the context of genre preference without self-selecting music. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that listening to a favored music genre has a significant positive influence on pain tolerance, irrespective of the kind of genre. Our results emphasize the importance of individual music (genre) preference when looking at the analgesic benefits of music. This should be considered when implementing music in the clinical setting.

Salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase as stress markers to evaluate an individualized music intervention for people with dementia: feasibility and pilot analyses.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated salivary biomarkers of stress, more specifically, cortisol and alpha-amylase, to evaluate effects of individualized music listening (IML) in people with dementia. METHOD: Participants were N = 64 nursing home residents with dementia (meanage = 83.53 ± 7.71 years, 68.8% female). Participants were randomly assigned to either listening to their favorite music every other day for a period of six weeks (intervention), or standard care (control). Using the Saliva Children`s Swab (SCS), saliva was collected before, after, and 20 min after IML sessions at the beginning and end of the intervention period for the analysis of salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol. RESULTS: Using the SCS was feasible in people with dementia. Nevertheless, there was no effect of IML on salivary stress markers. DISCUSSION: Although using SCS was feasible, active patient engagement is required. Future studies need to corroborate findings in larger samples. TRIAL REGISTRATION: German Clinical Trials Register: DRKS00015641, ISRCTN registry: ISRCTN59052178.

Relieving effect of jiao-tune of 5-element music on negative emotions in patients with decompensated hepatitis B virus cirrhosis: A randomized and controlled experiment study.

BACKGROUND: Depression and anxiety are common in patients with decompensated hepatitis B virus (HBV) cirrhosis. This study aimed to evaluate the relieving effects of the jiao-tune of 5-element music on negative emotions in patients with decompensated HBV cirrhosis. METHODS: The patients were randomly allocated into the control group (standard nursing care) and the jiao-tune group (standard nursing care plus a 2-month course of music therapy with the jiao-tune of 5-element music). The negative emotions of patients were assessed before intervention treatment and at the end of the 2-month follow-up using the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). RESULTS: The analysis included 209 patients, with 102 in the control group and 107 in the jiao-tune group, all of whom returned their completed questionnaires. Baseline clinical characteristics and length of hospital stay were comparable between 2 groups. Before intervention treatment, there were no significant differences in SAS score (55.78 ±â€…5.64 vs 56.47 ±â€…3.28) and SDS score (65.13 ±â€…3.12 vs 64.48 ±â€…4.47) between the jiao-tune group and control group. After 2-month follow-up, the jiao-tune group had a significantly lower SAS score (53.17 ±â€…5.61) and SDS score (61.28 ±â€…1.52) compared with the control group (55.49 ±â€…3.37 and 63.08 ±â€…2.76), there were significant differences between 2 groups (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The jiao-tune of 5-element music can relieve the negative emotions in patients with decompensated HBV cirrhosis.

Effectiveness of acupuncture plus music therapy for post-stroke depression: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a prevalent complication of stroke that adversely affects patient outcomes. The etiology of PSD is complex, and no universally effective treatment exists. Acupuncture, with its historical use, combined with music therapy, presents a novel approach for PSD treatment. This study aims to systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy of combining acupuncture with music therapy for PSD through a meta-analysis. METHODS: We systematically searched both Chinese and English literature in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, and the Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database (VIP Database) for randomized controlled trials evaluating acupuncture combined with music therapy for PSD. Two independent evaluators conducted quality assessments and data extraction. Statistical analyses were performed using RevMan 5.4 and Stata 18.0 software. RESULTS: This article contains 11 studies, involving a total of 698 patients. The results of the meta-analysis showed that, compared with the control group, the test group showed significant improvement on multiple outcome measures: HAMD score [mean difference (MD) = -3.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) (-3.61, -2.76), P < .00001], Self-Rating Depression Scale score [MD = -5.12, 95% CI (-6.61, -3.63), P < .00001], Pittsburgh sleep quality index score [MD = -2.40, 95% CI (-2.96, -1.84), P < .00001], BI score [MD = 14.16, 95% CI (4.37, 23.94), P = .005] were all significantly lower, significantly higher effectiveness [risk ratio = 1.21, 95% CI (1.11, 1.33), P < .0001]. These differences were also statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The use of acupuncture combined with music therapy is effective in reducing depression in PSD patients.

The effects of aromatherapy and music on pain, anxiety, and stress levels in palliative care patients.

AIM: Pain and anxiety levels in palliative care patients negatively impact their quality of life, highlighting the need for research on non-pharmacological methods. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of music and aromatherapy interventions on pain, anxiety, and stress levels in these patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The research was designed as a single-blind, four-group, randomized controlled trial. The sample consisted of 88 patients hospitalized in a palliative care center (receiving palliative care services with terminal or advanced diseases). Patients were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 22, music, aromatherapy, music and aromatherapy, and control group). Patients in the experimental groups received the intervention to which they were assigned for 20 min each day for three consecutive days: music, aromatherapy, or music accompanied by aromatherapy. No intervention was applied to the control group. The patients' levels of pain, anxiety, and stress were assessed before and after the intervention using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), the Facial Anxiety Scale (FAS), and the Distress Thermometer. RESULTS: No significant differences were found in the demographic characteristics of the groups (p > 0.05). The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank and Kruskal-Wallis tests indicated statistically significant differences in pre- and post-intervention scores for VAS, FAS, and Distress across all experimental groups on all follow-up days (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Implementing music, aromatherapy, and their combination effectively reduced pain, anxiety, and stress levels in palliative care patients, suggesting these non-pharmacological interventions can improve their quality of life. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrails.gov (Registration number: NCT06024954) at 05-SEP-2024.

Digital music and movement intervention to improve health and wellbeing in older adults in care homes: a pilot mixed methods study.

BACKGROUND: Low physical activity among older adults is related to adverse health outcomes such as depression and loneliness, poor physical function and increased risk of falls. This study was designed to increase physical activity through a digital, group-based, physical activity and music intervention and to examine its effectiveness on social, mental and physical health outcomes. METHODS: Participants were 34 older adults (65 years +) recruited across four care homes in Scotland to a pilot study. Surveys were administered at baseline and post-intervention, comprising measures of fear of falling, depression and anxiety, loneliness, sleep satisfaction and quality of life. A battery of physical function tests and saliva sampling for cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone hormone analysis were also conducted at each time point. Additionally, process evaluation measures (recruitment, intervention fidelity, attendance, retention rates and safety) were monitored. The intervention comprised 12 weeks of three prescribed digital sessions per week: movement and music (n = 2) and music-only (n = 1), delivered by an activity coordinator in the care home. Post-intervention interviews with staff and participants were conducted to gain qualitative data on the acceptability of the intervention. RESULTS: An average of 88% of prescribed sessions were delivered. Pre- to post-intervention intention-to-treat analysis across all participants revealed significant improvements in anxiety, salivary DHEA, fear of falling and loneliness. There were no significant improvements in health-related quality of life, perceived stress, sleep satisfaction or physical function tests, including handgrip strength. Qualitative analysis highlighted benefits of and barriers to the programme. CONCLUSIONS: The digital movement and music intervention was deemed acceptable and delivered with moderate fidelity, justifying progression to a full-scale trial. Although a proper control group would have yielded more confident causal relationships, preliminary psychosocial and biological effects were evident from this trial. To show significant improvements in physical function, it is likely that a bigger sample size providing sufficient power to detect significant changes, greater adherence, longer intervention and/or higher exercise volume may be necessary. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT05601102 on 01/11/2022.

Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy for sleep quality and perceived stress in patients with spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of the mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) practice on sleep quality and perceived stress in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). METHOD: A total of 104 patients with SCI (diagnosed via imaging and clinical symptoms) admitted to our hospital between January 2020 and December 2022 were selected as the study participants. The patients were randomly divided into two groups: the MBSR (observation) group and the control group. The observation group received MBSR therapy and routine nursing, and the control group received music training therapy and routine nursing. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to evaluate sleep quality, and the perceived stress score was used to evaluate stress experienced by the patients at three timepoints: before intervention, 4 weeks and 8weeks after intervention. RESULTS: Compared with before intervention, the PSQI scores of both the control group and intervention group participants significantly decreased after intervention(P < 0.01). Compared with the 4 weeks after intervention, the PSQI scores of both groups of participants decreased in the 8 weeks after intervention(P < 0.01). There was a significant difference in PSQI scores between the two groups of participants at 4 and 8 weeks after intervention(P < 0.01). Compared with before intervention, the average perceived stress score of both the control group and intervention group participants significantly decreased after intervention(P < 0.05). Compared with the 4 weeks after intervention, the average perceived stress score of both groups of participants decreased in the 8 weeks after intervention(P < 0.01). There was a significant difference in average perceived stress score between the two groups of participants at 4(P < 0.05) and 8 weeks(P < 0.01) after intervention(P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The use of MBSR therapy could effectively improve patient sleep quality and reduce perceived stress.

Everyday Uses of Music Listening and Music Technologies by Caregivers and People With Dementia: Survey and Focus Group Study.

BACKGROUND: Music has long been identified as a nonpharmacological tool that can provide benefits for people with dementia, and there is considerable interest in designing technologies to support the use of music in dementia care. However, to ensure that music technologies are appropriately designed for supporting caregivers and people living with dementia, there remains a need to better understand how music is currently used in everyday dementia care at home. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to understand how people living with dementia and their caregivers use music and music technologies in everyday caring, as well as the challenges they experience using music and technology. METHODS: This study used a mixed methods design. First, a survey was administered to 13 people living with dementia and 64 caregivers to understand their use of music and technology. Subsequently, 18 survey respondents (family caregivers: n=12, 67%; people living with dementia: n=6, 33%) participated in focus groups regarding their experiences of using music and technology in care. Interview transcripts were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS: Most of the survey respondents (people living with dementia: 9/13, 69%; family caregivers: 47/63, 75%) reported using music often or very often in their daily lives. Participants reported a range of technologies used for listening to music, such as CDs, radio, and streaming services. Focus groups highlighted the benefits and challenges of using music and music technologies in everyday care. Participants identified using music and music technologies to regulate mood, provide joy, facilitate social interaction and connection, encourage reminiscence, provide continuity of music use before and after the dementia diagnosis, and make caregiving easier. The challenges of using music technology in everyday caring included difficulties with staying up to date with evolving technology and low self-efficacy with technology for people living with dementia. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that people with a dementia diagnosis and their caregivers already use music and music technologies to support their everyday care needs. The results suggest opportunities to design technologies that enable easier access to music and to support people living with dementia with recreational and therapeutic music listening as well as music-based activities.

Effect Of Listening To Music On Mother's Non-Stress Test Results and Anxiety Levels.

Background: The non-stress test (NST) is one of the most common tests used to assess fetal well-being. The NST, based on the evaluation of a fetus's oxygenation status, is widely used because it is non-invasive and easy to interpret. Aim: The study was aimed at determining the effect of music listened to by pregnant women during the NST on their test results and anxiety levels. Methods: This randomized controlled study included 110 multiparous pregnant women. Of them, 55 were in the intervention group and 55 were in the control group. The pregnant women in the intervention group listened to music during the NST procedure. The data were collected using the Pregnant Woman Information Form and the NST Follow-up. The form was developed based on pertinent literature, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was used to measure the state anxiety levels of pregnant women before and after the NST procedure. Results: It was observed that music increased the acceleration number and reactive NST ratio of pregnant women and reduced their anxiety levels. Conclusions: It is recommended that midwives/nurses should play music in the follow-up and care of pregnant women in the clinic and NST polyclinic.

Effect of music-based interventions on anxiety and stress-related vital signs in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: This work aimed to evaluate the effect of music-based intervention (MBI) on anxiety and stress-related vital signs (heart rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure) in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. DESIGN: A systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase and CINAHL were systematically searched from inception to October 31, 2023. Two authors independently searched electronic databases, selected literature, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias according to the eligibility criteria. The Review Manager software (RevMan version 5.4.1) was used to perform meta-analysis. RESULTS: Eleven randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with adult patients (n = 1204) (passive music therapy, 8 studies; passive music listening, 3 studies) were enrolled and brought into qualitative assessment. Nine of these RCTs (n = 868) were taken into quantitative analysis. Meta-analysis using the random-effects model revealed that the difference in the pre-post anxiety level in the music group was significantly greater than that in the control group. However, meta-analysis results for heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure did not show significant differences. CONCLUSION: The findings suggested that MBI had a significant effect on reducing anxiety in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. However, the limited quantity and quality of included studies highlight the need for additional research to comprehensively analyze the influence of MBI on anxiety reduction in this patient population.

Effect of music intervention on perinatal depressive symptoms: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the effect of music intervention on perinatal depressive symptoms (PDS), especially the effectiveness of specific aspects of the intervention. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of music intervention and explore the role of different intervention features. METHODS: Six databases were searched from inception to May 21, 2024, to identify randomized controlled trials evaluating the effect of music intervention on PDS. The Cochrane Risk of Bias (RoB) 2.0 tool was used to assess RoB. RESULTS: The meta-analysis of 10 studies including 988 participants showed that music intervention significantly improved PDS (standardized mean difference (SMD): 0.61, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.91, -0.32), with statistical heterogeneity among the studies (I2 = 78%). Subgroup analysis showed significant effects on pregnant and postpartum women, and women with or without perinatal complications. Effects were also significant in low- and middle-income countries (SMD: 0.79, 95% CI: 1.16, -0.42), music medicine (SMD: 0.82, 95% CI: 1.17, -0.47), and total intervention length of less than 6 weeks (SMD: 0.85, 95% CI: 1.25, -0.45), but not in high-income countries, music therapy, or total intervention length of 6 weeks or more. Hospital intervention (SMD: 0.86, 95% CI: 1.41, -0.31) showed greater effects compared with home intervention and hospital combined with home intervention. Six studies had a high overall RoB and four had some concerns. CONCLUSIONS: Music intervention is effective in alleviating PDS. Interventions in low- and middle-income countries, music medicine, total intervention length of less than 6 weeks, and hospital intervention may be advisable.

Scientific Music Therapy Technologies in Mental Health Improving and Rehabilitation of Patients After Coronavirus Disease.

This article is devoted to the prospects of the Scientific Music Therapy (SMT) technologies utilized in mental health improving and rehabilitation of patients after COVID-19. Clinically detected that an expanded portion of patients have respiratory lacking and different symptoms of mental disorders, including stress, anxiety, depression, etc. The reason to present the SMT basics and technologies is their critical accomplishments in the optimizing the work of the nervous system and vital organs, also online, which is exceptionally real in pandemics. The article moreover presents the data of a clinical study about the utilized SMT innovations within the recovery of patients after COVID. That experience will be useful to improve the efficiency of the rehabilitation efforts of medical staff and psychologists.

Effect of music on hemodynamic fluctuations in women during induction of general anesthesia: A prospective randomized controlled multicenter trial.

BACKGROUND: The authors aim to investigate the effect of music on hemodynamic fluctuations during induction of general anesthesia and reducing preoperative anxiety for women who underwent elective non-cardiac surgery. METHODS: It is a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group clinical trial. Patients were randomized 1:1 to either a Music Intervention group (MI) or a Control group (Control). The MI participants listened to their preferred music for more than 30 minutes in the waiting area. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used to measure anxiety levels in the groups, and hemodynamic parameters (Heart Rate [HR], Mean Arterial Pressure [MAP]) were continuously recorded before induction (T0), at loss of consciousness (T1), immediately before intubation (T2), and after intubation (T3). Intubation-related adverse events were also recorded. The primary outcome was the incidence of MAP changes more than 20 % above baseline during T0-T2. RESULTS: A total of 164 patients were included in the final analyses. The incidence of MAP instability during T0-T2 was lower in the MI, and the 95 % Confidence Interval for the rate difference demonstrated the superiority of MI. HR instability was less frequent in MI participants both in T0-T2 and T2-T3. The overall incidence of preoperative anxiety was 53.7 % (88/164). After the music intervention, the mean score of STAI was significantly lower in the MI than in the Control, with a between-group difference of 8.01. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative music intervention effectively prevented hemodynamic instability during anesthesia induction and significantly reduced preoperative anxiety in women undergoing elective non-cardiac surgery.

Effects of a veterinary functional music-based enrichment program on the psychophysiological responses of farm pigs.

Intensification of swine production can predispose pigs to chronic stress, with adverse effects on the neuroendocrine and immune systems that can lead to health problems, poor welfare, and reduced production performance. Consequently, there is an interest in developing tools to prevent or eliminate chronic stress. Music is widely used as a therapeutic strategy for stress management in humans and may have similar benefits in non-human animals. This study evaluated the effects of a music-based auditory enrichment program in pigs from a multidimensional perspective by assessing psychophysiological responses. Two experimental groups of 20 pigs each were selected for the study: one enriched, exposed to a program of functional veterinary music designed for pigs, and a control group without auditory stimulation. Qualitative behavior assessment (QBA) and skin lesions indicative of agonistic behavior were used to evaluate the psychological determinants underlying the observed behaviors. Physiological assessment included hemograms, with the determination of the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio and daily measurements of cortisol and salivary alpha-amylase levels. The results demonstrated a positive effect of a music-based auditory program on psychophysiological responses. Therefore, this strategy developed for environmental enrichment may be beneficial in reducing stress and contributing to the welfare and health of pigs under production conditions.

The effectiveness of live music in reducing anxiety and depression among patients undergoing haemodialysis. A randomised controlled pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Anxiety and depression are highly prevalent disorders among individuals undergoing chronic haemodialysis. For patients with kidney disease, the haemodialysis process often exacerbates these conditions. This study aims to investigate the effects of listening to live classical music on anxiety and depression scales during haemodialysis sessions. METHODS: A randomised clinical trial was conducted with a group of patients who listened to live classical music during haemodialysis sessions, while the control group received treatment as usual. Anxiety and depression levels were assessed at baseline and after 4 weeks of listening to live music. The study comprised 90 patients. RESULTS: The results demonstrated a significant decrease in anxiety and depression among the intervention group, who listened to music, compared to the control group, who did not receive this intervention. Specifically, the intervention group, presented a decrease in score on the anxiety scale of -5.35 (p < 0.001) points on average and a decrease in score on the depression scale of -5.88 (p < 0.001) points on average, while in the control group the levels worsened with the progression of time. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that listening to live classical music during haemodialysis sessions reduces anxiety and depression levels in HD patients. This conclusion adds value to listening to live music in the hospital context, specifically in this case, in haemodialysis rooms.

The Effects of Music Intervention on Quality of Life, Anxiety, and Fatigue Among Patients With Breast Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of music intervention on quality of life, anxiety, and fatigue among patients with breast cancer. SAMPLE & SETTING: 170 individuals from the general surgery unit of Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. METHODS & VARIABLES: Individuals who had received a mastectomy were randomly assigned to a treatment group or control group. In the treatment group, participants received music intervention for an hour each week, totaling 12 hours during 12 consecutive weeks. The primary variable was quality of life, and secondary variables were anxiety and fatigue. RESULTS: Greater quality of life was seen in the treatment group at 12 weeks. In the treatment group, participants showed significant improvement in State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (trait), which was most significant at eight weeks. No statistically significant difference was observed in fatigue levels after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of music intervention. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Music intervention may improve anxiety and quality of life of patients with breast cancer. Music intervention could be established following mastectomy and continued throughout recovery.

Music Therapy and Music Intervention for NSCLC Patients Undergoing PET with Fear of Cancer Recurrence.

Background: Cancer and psychiatric symptoms are associated. Fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) is the most common psychological problem for cancer survivors. Pharmacological interventions can help, but also have major drawbacks. Music therapy and music interventions have been shown to be a safe and practical complementary treatment. Objective: This randomized, controlled trial aimed to investigate the effects of music therapy and music intervention in attenuating non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients' anxiety related to FCR. Methods: NSCLC patients with FCR were randomly allocated to a music therapy and intervention group (G1) and Control group (G2). Patients' anxiety was measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scores and heart rates. Primary outcome measure were PET scans. Secondary measures were salivary cortisol, salivary α-amylase levels and heart rate. Findings: Patients in G1 showed higher glucose metabolism of 18F-FDG in the superior frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate, superior temporal gyrus, and parahippocampal gyrus, compared to those in G2 (all P < .001). Heart rates and salivary α-amylase area under the curve (AUC) and relative variation (VAR) in G1 were significantly lower than those in G2 (all P < .05). State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scores and cortisol AUC in G1 were significantly lower than those in G2 (all P < .05). Conclusions: Music therapy and interventions can reduce anxiety and endocrinological responses and change glucose metabolism of 18F-FDG in fear-related brain regions.Trial registration: Registered retrospectively, ISRCTN Registry, www.isrctn.com, ISRCTN23276302Clinical Implications: Cancer treatment centers and physical examination centers should consider providing music therapy and intervention to the appropriate patients as a routine component of a comprehensive clinical care during medical examinations.

Non-Pharmacological Interventions in the Management of Dementia-Related Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: As populations age globally, there is an increasing prevalence of dementia, with an estimated 153 million living with dementia by 2050. Up to 70% of people with dementia experience dementia-related psychosis (D-RP). Antipsychotic medications are associated with many adverse effects in older people. This review aims to evaluate the evidence of non-pharmacological interventions in managing D-RP. METHOD: The search of Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Cochrane included randomised controlled trials that evaluated non-pharmacological interventions. Data extraction and assessment of quality were assessed independently by two researchers. Heterogenous interventions were pooled using meta-analysis. RESULTS: A total of 18 articles (n = 2040 participants) were included and categorised into: sensory-, activity-, cognitive- and multi-component-orientated. Meta-analyses showed no significant impact in reducing hallucinations or delusions but person-centred care, cognitive rehabilitation, music therapy, and robot pets showed promise in single studies. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Future interventions should be developed and evaluated with a specific focus on D-RP as this was not the aim for many of the included articles.