RESUMEN
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents an aggressive subtype of breast cancer, with a bad prognosis and lack of targeted therapeutic options. Characterized by the absence of estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and HER2 expression, TNBC is often associated with a significantly lower survival rate compared to other breast cancer subtypes. Our study aimed to explore the prognostic significance of 83 immune-related genes, by using transcriptomic data from the TCGA database. Our analysis identified the Poliovirus Receptor-Like 3 protein (PVRL3) as a critical negative prognostic marker in TNBC patients. Furthermore, we found that the Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2), a well-known epigenetic regulator, plays a pivotal role in modulating PVRL3 levels in TNBC cancer cell lines expressing EZH2 along with high levels of PVRL3. The elucidation of the EZH2-PVRL3 regulatory axis provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying TNBC aggressiveness and opens up potential pathways for personalized therapeutic intervention.
Asunto(s)
Proteína Potenciadora del Homólogo Zeste 2 , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Neoplasias de la Mama Triple Negativas , Humanos , Neoplasias de la Mama Triple Negativas/genética , Neoplasias de la Mama Triple Negativas/patología , Neoplasias de la Mama Triple Negativas/metabolismo , Pronóstico , Proteína Potenciadora del Homólogo Zeste 2/metabolismo , Proteína Potenciadora del Homólogo Zeste 2/genética , Femenino , Línea Celular Tumoral , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Nectinas/metabolismo , Nectinas/genéticaRESUMEN
Drugs that target immune checkpoint have become the most popular weapon in cancer immunotherapy, yet only have practical benefits for a small percentage of patients. Tumor cells constantly interact with their microenvironment, which is made up of a variety of immune cells as well as endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Immune checkpoint expression and blocked signaling of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are key to tumor progression. In this study, we perform deliberation convolution on the TCGA database for human lung, breast, and colorectal cancer to infer crosstalk between immune checkpoint receptors (ICRs) and ligands (ICLs) in TME of pan-carcinogenic solid tumor types, validated by flow cytometry. Analysis of immune checkpoints showed that there was little variation between different tumor types. It showed that CD160, LAG3, TIGIT were found to be highly expressed in CD8+ T cells instead of CD4+ T cells, PD-L1, PD-L2, CD86, LGALS9, TNFRSF14, LILRB4 and other ligands were highly expressed on macrophages, FVR, NECTIN2, FGL1 were highly expressed on Epithelial cells, CD200 was highly expressed in Endothelial cells, and CD80 was highly expressed in CD8 High expression on T cells. Overall, our study provides a new resource for the expression of immune checkpoints in TME on various types of cells. Significance: This study provides immune checkpoint expression of immune cells of multiple cancer types to infer immune mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment and provide ideas for the development of new immune checkpoint-blocking drugs.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Punto de Control Inmunitario , Microambiente Tumoral , Humanos , Microambiente Tumoral/inmunología , Proteínas de Punto de Control Inmunitario/metabolismo , Proteínas de Punto de Control Inmunitario/genética , Ligandos , Receptores Inmunológicos/metabolismo , Receptores Inmunológicos/genética , Neoplasias/inmunología , Neoplasias/patología , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/inmunología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Antígenos CD/genética , Nectinas/metabolismo , Nectinas/genética , Neoplasias de la Mama/inmunología , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Neoplasias de la Mama/metabolismo , Proteína del Gen 3 de Activación de Linfocitos , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Antígeno B7-H1/genética , Neoplasias Colorrectales/inmunología , Neoplasias Colorrectales/metabolismo , Neoplasias Colorrectales/patología , Neoplasias Colorrectales/genética , Proteína 2 Ligando de Muerte Celular Programada 1/metabolismo , Proteína 2 Ligando de Muerte Celular Programada 1/genética , Macrófagos/inmunología , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Células Endoteliales/inmunología , Células Endoteliales/metabolismo , FemeninoRESUMEN
In recent years, immunotherapy has emerged as a crucial component of cancer treatment. However, its efficacy remains limited across various cancer types, highlighting unmet needs. Poliovirus receptor-related 2 (PVRL2) and Poliovirus receptor (PVR) are members of the Nectin and Nectin-like Molecules family, known for their role as cell-cell adhesion molecules. With the development of immunotherapy, their involvement in tumor immune mechanisms as immune checkpoint factors has garnered significant attention. PVRL2 and PVR are predominantly expressed on tumor cells and antigen-presenting cells, binding to PVRIG and TIGIT, respectively, which are primarily found on T and NK cells, thereby suppressing antitumor immunity. Notably, gynecological cancers such as ovarian and endometrial cancers exhibit high expression levels of PVRL2 and PVR, with similar trends observed in various other solid and hematologic tumors. Targeting these immune checkpoint pathways offers a promising therapeutic avenue, potentially in combination with existing treatments. However, the immunomodulatory mechanism involving these bindings, known as the DNAM-1 axis, is complex, underscoring the importance of understanding it for developing novel therapies. This article comprehensively reviews the immunomodulatory mechanisms centered on PVRL2 and PVR, elucidating their implications for various cancer types.
Asunto(s)
Inmunoterapia , Nectinas , Neoplasias , Receptores Virales , Humanos , Neoplasias/terapia , Neoplasias/inmunología , Nectinas/metabolismo , Nectinas/inmunología , Inmunoterapia/métodos , Animales , Receptores Virales/inmunología , Receptores Virales/metabolismo , Ligandos , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/inmunología , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/metabolismo , Receptores Inmunológicos/metabolismo , Receptores Inmunológicos/inmunologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Despite extensive research, the identification of effective biomarkers for early prediction of preterm birth (PTB) continues to be a challenging endeavor. This study aims to identify amniotic fluid (AF) protein biomarkers useful for the early diagnosis of PTB. METHODS: We initially identified the protein expression profiles in the AF of women with PTB (n = 22) and full-term birth (FTB, n = 22), from the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province who underwent amniocentesis from November 2019 to February 2020, using mass spectrometry employing the data-independent acquisition (DIA) technique, and then analyzed differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Subsequently, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and random forest analysis were employed to further screen the key proteins for PTB biomarker identification. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, calibration plots, and decision curve analyses (DCA) were utilized to assess the discrimination and calibration of the key biomarkers. RESULTS: A total of 25 DEPs were identified between the PTB and FTB groups, comprising 13 up-regulated and 12 down-regulated proteins. Three key protein biomarkers for early PTB diagnosis were identified: IL1RL1 (interleukin-1 receptor-like 1), APOE (apolipoprotein E), and NECTIN4 (nectin cell adhesion molecule 4). The results of the ROC analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of the three proteins combined as a biomarker for early diagnosis of PTB was 0.913 (95% CI: 0.823-1.000), with a sensitivity of 0.864 and a specificity of 0.955, both superior to those of the individual biomarkers. Bootstrap internal validation revealed a concordance index (C-index) of 0.878, with a sensitivity of 0.812 and a specificity of 0.773, indicating the robust predictive performance of these biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS: We identified three previously unexplored yet potentially useful protein biomarkers in AF for early PTB diagnosis: IL1RL1, APOE, and NECTIN4.
Asunto(s)
Líquido Amniótico , Apolipoproteínas E , Biomarcadores , Nacimiento Prematuro , Proteómica , Humanos , Femenino , Nacimiento Prematuro/diagnóstico , Nacimiento Prematuro/metabolismo , Embarazo , Adulto , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/análisis , Proteómica/métodos , Líquido Amniótico/metabolismo , Líquido Amniótico/química , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/análisis , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/metabolismo , Nectinas/metabolismo , Curva ROC , AmniocentesisRESUMEN
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a novel type of targeted cancer therapy combining the specificity of monoclonal antibodies with the cytotoxicity of conventional chemotherapy. Recently, ADCs have demonstrated practice-changing efficacy across diverse solid cancers. The anti-NECTIN-4 ADC enfortumab vedotin (EV) has just been approved for patients with urothelial cancer and is currently under investigation for patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC e.g. Phase II ENCORE trial). Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of EV in established prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines and to examine the membranous NECTIN-4 expression in primary tumours (PRIM) and distant metastases (MET). NECTIN-4 was heterogeneously expressed in the panel of PCa cell lines. EV led to growth inhibition in NECTIN-4 expressing PCa cells (22Rv1 and LNCaP), whereas the NECTIN-4-negative PC-3 cells were significantly less responsive to EV, emphasizing the dependence of EV response on its target expression. Immunohistochemical staining revealed moderate membranous NECTIN-4 expression only in a small subgroup of CRPC patients with lung and peritoneal MET [n = 3/22 with H-score ≥100, median H-score 140 (IQR 130-150)], while 100% of PRIM (n = 48/48) and 86.4% of common MET sites (n = 19/22), including lymph node, bone and liver MET, were NECTIN-4 negative. In summary, EV may be effective in NECTIN-4-positive PCa. However, our findings demonstrate that the tumoural NECTIN-4 expression is predominantly low in metastatic PCa, which suggests that EV may only be effective in a biomarker-stratified subgroup.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Monoclonales , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular , Neoplasias de la Próstata , Humanos , Masculino , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/metabolismo , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/genética , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/farmacología , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/uso terapéutico , Línea Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias de la Próstata/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Próstata/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Próstata/patología , Neoplasias de la Próstata/genética , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Inmunoconjugados/farmacología , Inmunoconjugados/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias de la Próstata Resistentes a la Castración/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Próstata Resistentes a la Castración/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Próstata Resistentes a la Castración/patología , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , NectinasRESUMEN
Nectin-4 (Nectin cell adhesion molecule 4), a type I transmembrane cell adhesion protein, was demonstrated to be overexpressed in a variety of tumors, making it an attractive antigen for targeted therapies such as antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Of great note, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approval of the first Nectin-4-directed ADC, enfortumab vedotin (EV), in urothelial cancer (UC) not only introduced Nectin-4 as a clinically validated and reliable target antigen but also confirmed the evolving role of Nectin-4-directed ADCs as novel and promising cancer therapeutics. In addition to EV, there have been or are currently being seven and eleven Nectin-4-directed ADCs, respectively, in various stages of clinical trials and preclinical development, offering a promising future for the treatment of Nectin-4-positive cancer patients. This study reviewed clinical- and preclinical-stage Nectin-4-directed ADCs.
Asunto(s)
Moléculas de Adhesión Celular , Inmunoconjugados , Humanos , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/inmunología , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/metabolismo , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/antagonistas & inhibidores , Inmunoconjugados/uso terapéutico , Inmunoconjugados/farmacología , Animales , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias/inmunología , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/uso terapéutico , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/farmacología , NectinasRESUMEN
Most cases of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis (HSE) remain unexplained1,2. Here, we report on two unrelated people who had HSE as children and are homozygous for rare deleterious variants of TMEFF1, which encodes a cell membrane protein that is preferentially expressed by brain cortical neurons. TMEFF1 interacts with the cell-surface HSV-1 receptor NECTIN-1, impairing HSV-1 glycoprotein D- and NECTIN-1-mediated fusion of the virus and the cell membrane, blocking viral entry. Genetic TMEFF1 deficiency allows HSV-1 to rapidly enter cortical neurons that are either patient specific or derived from CRISPR-Cas9-engineered human pluripotent stem cells, thereby enhancing HSV-1 translocation to the nucleus and subsequent replication. This cellular phenotype can be rescued by pretreatment with type I interferon (IFN) or the expression of exogenous wild-type TMEFF1. Moreover, ectopic expression of full-length TMEFF1 or its amino-terminal extracellular domain, but not its carboxy-terminal intracellular domain, impairs HSV-1 entry into NECTIN-1-expressing cells other than neurons, increasing their resistance to HSV-1 infection. Human TMEFF1 is therefore a host restriction factor for HSV-1 entry into cortical neurons. Its constitutively high abundance in cortical neurons protects these cells from HSV-1 infection, whereas inherited TMEFF1 deficiency renders them susceptible to this virus and can therefore underlie HSE.
Asunto(s)
Encéfalo , Encefalitis por Herpes Simple , Herpesvirus Humano 1 , Proteínas de la Membrana , Internalización del Virus , Animales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Encéfalo/citología , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/virología , Encefalitis por Herpes Simple/virología , Encefalitis por Herpes Simple/metabolismo , Herpesvirus Humano 1/patogenicidad , Herpesvirus Humano 1/fisiología , Homocigoto , Interferón Tipo I/metabolismo , Interferón Tipo I/inmunología , Proteínas de la Membrana/deficiencia , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Nectinas/genética , Nectinas/metabolismo , Neuronas/citología , Neuronas/metabolismo , Neuronas/virología , Células Madre Pluripotentes/citología , Replicación Viral , Preescolar , Adulto Joven , LinajeRESUMEN
The brain is highly sensitive to damage caused by infection and inflammation1,2. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus and the cause of herpes simplex encephalitis3. It is unknown whether neuron-specific antiviral factors control virus replication to prevent infection and excessive inflammatory responses, hence protecting the brain. Here we identify TMEFF1 as an HSV-1 restriction factor using genome-wide CRISPR screening. TMEFF1 is expressed specifically in neurons of the central nervous system and is not regulated by type I interferon, the best-known innate antiviral system controlling virus infections. Depletion of TMEFF1 in stem-cell-derived human neurons led to elevated viral replication and neuronal death following HSV-1 infection. TMEFF1 blocked the HSV-1 replication cycle at the level of viral entry through interactions with nectin-1 and non-muscle myosin heavy chains IIA and IIB, which are core proteins in virus-cell binding and virus-cell fusion, respectively4-6. Notably, Tmeff1-/- mice exhibited increased susceptibility to HSV-1 infection in the brain but not in the periphery. Within the brain, elevated viral load was observed specifically in neurons. Our study identifies TMEFF1 as a neuron-specific restriction factor essential for prevention of HSV-1 replication in the central nervous system.
Asunto(s)
Factores de Restricción Antivirales , Encéfalo , Herpes Simple , Herpesvirus Humano 1 , Proteínas de la Membrana , Neuronas , Internalización del Virus , Replicación Viral , Animales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Factores de Restricción Antivirales/metabolismo , Encéfalo/citología , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patología , Encéfalo/virología , Muerte Celular , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas/genética , Herpes Simple/inmunología , Herpes Simple/metabolismo , Herpes Simple/virología , Herpesvirus Humano 1/crecimiento & desarrollo , Herpesvirus Humano 1/inmunología , Herpesvirus Humano 1/fisiología , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/deficiencia , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Neuronas/virología , Neuronas/metabolismo , Carga Viral , Nectinas/metabolismo , Miosina Tipo IIA no Muscular/metabolismo , Miosina Tipo IIB no Muscular/metabolismo , Interferón Tipo I , Enfermedades Neuroinflamatorias/inmunología , Enfermedades Neuroinflamatorias/metabolismo , Enfermedades Neuroinflamatorias/patología , Enfermedades Neuroinflamatorias/prevención & control , Enfermedades Neuroinflamatorias/virologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Improved survival rates have been observed in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) due to advancements in treatment options. However, individuals with brain metastases still have limited therapeutic options and an unfavorable prognosis. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore new therapeutic avenues, such as antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), which have demonstrated significant clinical activity against active brain metastases in solid tumors. Our objective was to determine the expression levels of the ADC targets Trop-2 and NECTIN-4 in cerebral metastasized CRPC (mCRPC). METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining of Trop-2 and NECTIN-4 with evaluation of H-score was performed in CRPC brain metastases (n = 31). Additionally, we examined Trop-2 protein expression in prostate cancer cell lines and studied their responsiveness to the anti-Trop-2 ADC Sacituzumab govitecan (SG) in vitro. RESULTS: Our analysis revealed that most patients exhibited moderate to strong Trop-2 expression [n = 27/31 with H-score ≥100, median H-score 220 (IQR 180-280)], while NECTIN-4 was absent in all cerebral metastases. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that the efficacy of SG depends on Trop-2 expression levels in vitro. Overexpression of Trop-2 in Trop-2-negative PC-3 cells led to sensitization to SG, whereas CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockdown of Trop-2 in Trop-2-expressing DU-145 cells conferred resistance to SG. CONCLUSION: The substantial expression of Trop-2 in cerebral metastases, along with our preclinical in vitro results, supports the efficacy of SG in treating cerebral mCRPC. Thus, our results extend the understanding of the potential of ADCs in prostate cancer treatment and provide an additional treatment strategy for the challenging subset of patients with cerebral metastases.
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Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados , Antígenos de Neoplasias , Neoplasias Encefálicas , Camptotecina , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular , Inmunoconjugados , Neoplasias de la Próstata Resistentes a la Castración , Masculino , Humanos , Neoplasias de la Próstata Resistentes a la Castración/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Próstata Resistentes a la Castración/patología , Inmunoconjugados/uso terapéutico , Inmunoconjugados/farmacología , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/metabolismo , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/genética , Antígenos de Neoplasias/inmunología , Neoplasias Encefálicas/secundario , Neoplasias Encefálicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados/uso terapéutico , Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados/farmacología , Camptotecina/análogos & derivados , Camptotecina/uso terapéutico , Camptotecina/farmacología , Línea Celular Tumoral , NectinasRESUMEN
Antibody-drug conjugates have transformed treatment for urothelial cancer (UC). Enfortumab vedotin is the new standard of care in the first-line setting for advanced UC. A personalised approach targeting HER2 in UC is currently being explored.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Monoclonales , Carcinoma de Células Transicionales , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular , Receptor ErbB-2 , Humanos , Receptor ErbB-2/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Transicionales/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Transicionales/patología , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/uso terapéutico , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/metabolismo , Neoplasias Urológicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Urológicas/patología , Inmunoconjugados/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/patología , NectinasRESUMEN
Tigilanol tiglate (TT, also known as EBC-46) is a novel, plant-derived diterpene ester possessing anticancer and wound-healing properties. Here, we show that TT-evoked PKC-dependent S985 phosphorylation of the tyrosine kinase MET leads to subsequent degradation of tyrosine phosphorylated p-Y1003 and p-Y1234/5 MET species. PKC inhibition with BIM-1 blocked S985 phosphorylation of MET and led to MET cell surface accumulation. Treatment with metalloproteinase inhibitors prevented MET-ECD release into cell culture media, which was also blocked by PKC inhibitors. Furthermore, unbiased secretome analysis, performed using TMT-technology, identified additional targets of TT-dependent release of cell surface proteins from H357 head and neck cancer cells. We confirm that the MET co-signalling receptor syndecan-1 was cleaved from the cell surface in response to TT treatment. This was accompanied by rapid cleavage of the cellular junction adhesion protein Nectin-1 and the nerve growth factor receptor NGFRp75/TNFR16. These findings, that TT is a novel negative regulator of protumorigenic c-MET and NGFRp75/TNFR16 signalling, as well as regulating Nectin-1-mediated cell adhesion, further contribute to our understanding of the mode of action and efficacy of TT in the treatment of solid tumours.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-met , Humanos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-met/metabolismo , Fosforilación/efectos de los fármacos , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/metabolismo , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/patología , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/genética , Línea Celular Tumoral , Secretoma/metabolismo , Diterpenos/farmacología , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Sindecano-1/metabolismo , Nectinas/metabolismo , Proteína Quinasa C/metabolismoRESUMEN
HSV infects keratinocytes in the epidermis of skin via nectin-1. We established a human foreskin explant infection model to investigate HSV entry and spread. HSV1 entry could only be achieved by the topical application of virus via high density microarray projections (HD-MAPs) to the epidermis, which penetrated beyond one third of its thickness, simulating in vivo microtrauma. Rapid lateral spread of HSV1 to a mean of 13 keratinocytes wide occurred after 24 hours and free virus particles were observed between keratinocytes, consistent with an intercellular route of spread. Nectin-1 staining was markedly decreased in foci of infection in the epidermis and in the human keratinocyte HaCaT cell line. Nectin-1 was redistributed, at the protein level, in adjacent uninfected cells surrounding infection, inducible by CCL3, IL-8 (or CXCL8), and possibly CXCL10 and IL-6, thus facilitating spread. These findings provide the first insights into HSV1 entry and spread in human inner foreskin in situ.
Asunto(s)
Quimiocinas , Prepucio , Herpes Simple , Herpesvirus Humano 1 , Queratinocitos , Nectinas , Humanos , Masculino , Queratinocitos/virología , Queratinocitos/metabolismo , Prepucio/virología , Prepucio/citología , Nectinas/metabolismo , Herpes Simple/virología , Herpes Simple/metabolismo , Quimiocinas/metabolismo , Herpesvirus Humano 1/fisiología , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/metabolismo , Internalización del VirusRESUMEN
Cancer-associated fibroblasts play a crucial role within the tumor microenvironment. However, a comprehensive characterization of CAF in colorectal cancer (CRC) is still missing. We combined scRNA-seq and spatial proteomics to decipher fibroblast heterogeneity in healthy human colon and CRC at high resolution. Analyzing nearly 23,000 fibroblasts, we identified 11 distinct clusters and verified them by spatial proteomics. Four clusters, consisting of myofibroblastic CAF (myCAF)-like, inflammatory CAF (iCAF)-like and proliferating fibroblasts as well as a novel cluster, which we named "T cell-inhibiting CAF" (TinCAF), were primarily found in CRC. This new cluster was characterized by the expression of immune-interacting receptors and ligands, including CD40 and NECTIN2. Co-culture of CAF and T cells resulted in a reduction of the effector T cell compartment, impaired proliferation, and increased exhaustion. By blocking its receptor interaction, we demonstrated that NECTIN2 was the key driver of T cell inhibition. Analysis of clinical datasets showed that NECTIN2 expression is a poor prognostic factor in CRC and other tumors. In conclusion, we identified a new class of immuno-suppressive CAF with features rendering them a potential target for future immunotherapies.
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Fibroblastos Asociados al Cáncer , Neoplasias Colorrectales , Transducción de Señal , Humanos , Fibroblastos Asociados al Cáncer/metabolismo , Fibroblastos Asociados al Cáncer/patología , Fibroblastos Asociados al Cáncer/inmunología , Proliferación Celular , Técnicas de Cocultivo , Neoplasias Colorrectales/patología , Neoplasias Colorrectales/metabolismo , Neoplasias Colorrectales/genética , Neoplasias Colorrectales/inmunología , Nectinas/metabolismo , Nectinas/genética , Proteómica/métodos , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Microambiente TumoralRESUMEN
Nectins are adhesion molecules that play a crucial role in the organization of epithelial and endothelial junctions and function as receptors for the entry of herpes simplex virus. However, the role of Nectin4 remains poorly understood in fish. In this study, nectin4 gene was cloned from medaka (OlNectin4). OlNectin4 was located on chromosome 18 and contained 11 exons, with a total genome length of 25754 bp, coding sequences of 1689 bp, coding 562 amino acids and a molecular weight of 65.5 kDa. OlNectin4 contained four regions, including an Immunoglobulin region, an Immunoglobulin C-2 Type region, a Transmembrane region and a Coiled coil region. OlNectin4 shared 47.18 % and 25.00 % identity to Paralichthys olivaceus and Mus musculus, respectively. In adult medaka, the transcript of nectin4 was predominantly detected in gill. During red spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) infection, overexpression of OlNectin4 in GE cells significantly increased viral gene transcriptions. Meanwhile, Two mutants named OlNectin4â³4 (+4 bp) and OlNectin4â³7 (-7 bp) medaka were established using CRISPR-Cas9 system. Nectin4-KO medaka had higher mortality than WT after infected with RGNNV. Moreover, the expression of RGNNV RNA2 gene in different tissues of the Nectin4-KO were higher than WT medaka after challenged with RGNNV. The brain and eye of Nectin4-KO medaka which RGNNV mainly enriched, exhibited significantly higher expression of interferon signaling genes than in WT. Taken together, the OlNectin4 plays a complex role against RGNNV infection by inducing interferon responses for viral clearance.
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Enfermedades de los Peces , Proteínas de Peces , Nectinas , Nodaviridae , Oryzias , Infecciones por Virus ARN , Animales , Oryzias/genética , Oryzias/inmunología , Nodaviridae/fisiología , Infecciones por Virus ARN/veterinaria , Infecciones por Virus ARN/inmunología , Nectinas/genética , Nectinas/inmunología , Proteínas de Peces/genética , Proteínas de Peces/inmunología , Proteínas de Peces/química , Enfermedades de los Peces/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Peces/virología , Filogenia , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Inmunidad Innata/genética , Alineación de Secuencia/veterinaria , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/inmunología , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica/veterinariaRESUMEN
Effective diagnosis and understanding of the mechanism of intrapulmonary metastasis (IM) from multiple primary lung cancers (MPLC) aid clinical management. However, the actual detection panels used in the clinic are variable. Current research on tumor microenvironment (TME) of MPLC and IM is insufficient. Therefore, additional investigation into the differential diagnosis and discrepancies in TME between two conditions is crucial. Two hundred and fourteen non-small cell lung cancer patients with multiple tumors were enrolled and 507 samples were subjected to DNA sequencing (NGS 10). Then, DNA and RNA sequencing (master panel) were performed on the specimens from 32 patients, the TME profiles between tumors within each patient and across patients and the differentially expressed genes were compared. Four patients were regrouped with NGS 10 results. Master panel resolved the classifications of six undetermined patients. The TME in MPLC exhibited a high degree of infiltration by natural killer (NK) cells, CD56dim NK cells, endothelial cells, etc., Pâ <â 0.05. Conversely, B cells, activated B cells, regulatory cells, immature dendritic cells, etc., Pâ <â 0.001, were heavily infiltrated in the IM. NECTIN4 and LILRB4 mRNA were downregulated in the MPLC (Pâ <â 0.0001). Additionally, NECTIN4 (Pâ <â 0.05) and LILRB4 were linked to improved disease-free survival in the MPLC. In conclusion, IM is screened from MPLC by pathology joint NGS 10 detections, followed by a large NGS panel for indistinguishable patients. A superior prognosis of MPLC may be associated with an immune-activating TME and the downregulation of NECTIN4 and LILRB4 considered as potential drug therapeutic targets.
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Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Transcriptoma , Microambiente Tumoral , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento/métodos , Masculino , Femenino , Microambiente Tumoral/genética , Persona de Mediana Edad , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/genética , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/patología , Anciano , Neoplasias Primarias Múltiples/genética , Neoplasias Primarias Múltiples/patología , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Pronóstico , Genómica/métodos , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Nectinas/genética , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer represents a highly lethal malignancy with an elevated mortality rate among cancer patients, coupled with a suboptimal postoperative survival prognosis. Nectin-4, an overexpressed oncological target for various cancers, has been exploited to create antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) to treat solid tumors. However, there is limited research on Nectin-4 ADCs specifically for gastric cancer, and conventional immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based ADCs frequently encounter binding site barriers. Based on the excellent tumor penetration capabilities inherent in nanobodies (Nbs), we developed Nectin-4-targeting Nb drug conjugates (NDCs) for the treatment of gastric cancer. RESULTS: An immunized phage display library was established and employed for the selection of Nectin-4-specific Nbs using phage display technology. Subsequently, these Nbs were engineered into homodimers to enhance Nb affinity. To prolong in vivo half-life and reduce immunogenicity, we fused an Nb targeting human serum albumin (HSA), resulting in the development of trivalent humanized Nbs. Further, we site-specifically conjugated a monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) at the C-terminus of the trivalent Nbs, creating Nectin-4 NDC (huNb26/Nb26-Nbh-MMAE) with a drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of 1. Nectin-4 NDC demonstrated excellent in vitro cell-binding activities and cytotoxic efficacy against cells with high Nectin-4 expression. Subsequent administration of Nectin-4 NDC to mice bearing NCI-N87 human gastric cancer xenografts demonstrated rapid tissue penetration and high tumor uptake through in vivo imaging. Moreover, Nectin-4 NDC exhibited noteworthy dose-dependent anti-tumor efficacy in in vivo studies. CONCLUSION: We have engineered a Nectin-4 NDC with elevated affinity and effective tumor uptake, further establishing its potential as a therapeutic agent for gastric cancer.
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Antineoplásicos , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular , Inmunoconjugados , Ratones Desnudos , Anticuerpos de Dominio Único , Neoplasias Gástricas , Neoplasias Gástricas/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Animales , Anticuerpos de Dominio Único/química , Anticuerpos de Dominio Único/farmacología , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Ratones , Inmunoconjugados/química , Inmunoconjugados/farmacología , Inmunoconjugados/farmacocinética , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/química , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Femenino , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de Xenoinjerto , Oligopéptidos/química , Oligopéptidos/farmacología , NectinasRESUMEN
Nectin cell adhesion molecule 4 (nectin-4) is a transmembrane protein overexpressed on a variety of cancers and plays an important role in oncogenic and metastatic processes. The nectin-4-targeted antibody-drug conjugate enfortumab vedotin has been approved for treating locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer, but the efficacy in other types of cancer remains to be explored. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of nectin-4-targeted PET imaging with 68Ga-N188 as a noninvasive method to quantify membranous nectin-4 expression in multiple tumor types-an approach that may provide insight for patient stratification and treatment selection. Methods: Sixty-two patients with 16 types of cancer underwent head-to-head 68Ga-N188 and 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging for initial staging or detection of recurrence and metastases. Correlation between lesion SUVmax and nectin-4 expression determined by immunohistochemistry staining was analyzed in 36 of 62 patients. Results: The SUVmax of 68Ga-N188 had a positive correlation with membranous nectin-4 expression in the various tumor types tested (r = 0.458; P = 0.005), whereas no association was observed between the SUVmax and cytoplasmic nectin-4 expression. The detection rates for patient-based analysis of 68Ga-N188 and 18F-FDG PET/CT examinations were comparable (95.00% [57/60] vs. 93.33% [56/60]). In patients with pancreatic cancer, 68Ga-N188 exhibited a potential advantage for detecting residual or locally recurrent tumors; this advantage may assist in clinical decision-making. Conclusion: The correlation between nectin-4-targeted 68Ga-N188 PET imaging and membranous nectin-4 expression indicates the potential of 68Ga-N188 as an effective tool for selecting patients who may benefit from enfortumab vedotin treatment. The PET imaging results provided evidence to explore nectin-4-targeted therapy in a variety of tumors. 68Ga-N188 may improve the restaging of pancreatic cancer but requires further evaluation in a powered, prospective setting.
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Moléculas de Adhesión Celular , Tomografía Computarizada por Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones , Humanos , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/metabolismo , Femenino , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Neoplasias/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Adulto , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/uso terapéutico , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Investigación Biomédica Traslacional , NectinasRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The anti-NECTIN4 antibody-drug conjugate enfortumab vedotin (EV) is approved for patients with metastatic urothelial cancer (mUC). However, durable benefit is only achieved in a small, yet uncharacterized patient subset. NECTIN4 is located on chromosome 1q23.3, and 1q23.3 gains represent frequent copy number variations (CNVs) in urothelial cancer. Here, we aimed to evaluate NECTIN4 amplifications as a genomic biomarker to predict EV response in patients with mUC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We established a NECTIN4-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay to assess the predictive value of NECTIN4 CNVs in a multicenter EV-treated mUC patient cohort (mUC-EV, n = 108). CNVs were correlated with membranous NECTIN4 protein expression, EV treatment responses, and outcomes. We also assessed the prognostic value of NECTIN4 CNVs measured in metastatic biopsies of non-EV-treated mUC (mUC-non-EV, n = 103). Furthermore, we queried The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data sets (10,712 patients across 32 cancer types) for NECTIN4 CNVs. RESULTS: NECTIN4 amplifications are frequent genomic events in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (TCGA bladder cancer data set: approximately 17%) and mUC (approximately 26% in our mUC cohorts). In mUC-EV, NECTIN4 amplification represents a stable genomic alteration during metastatic progression and associates with enhanced membranous NECTIN4 protein expression. Ninety-six percent (27 of 28) of patients with NECTIN4 amplifications demonstrated objective responses to EV compared with 32% (24 of 74) in the nonamplified subgroup (P < .001). In multivariable Cox analysis adjusted for age, sex, and Bellmunt risk factors, NECTIN4 amplifications led to a 92% risk reduction for death (hazard ratio, 0.08 [95% CI, 0.02 to 0.34]; P < .001). In the mUC-non-EV, NECTIN4 amplifications were not associated with outcomes. TCGA Pan-Cancer analysis demonstrated that NECTIN4 amplifications occur frequently in other cancers, for example, in 5%-10% of breast and lung cancers. CONCLUSION: NECTIN4 amplifications are genomic predictors of EV responses and long-term survival in patients with mUC.
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Moléculas de Adhesión Celular , Amplificación de Genes , Humanos , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/genética , Masculino , Femenino , Anciano , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/uso terapéutico , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/genética , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/patología , Hibridación Fluorescente in Situ , Variaciones en el Número de Copia de ADN , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Neoplasias Urológicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Urológicas/genética , Neoplasias Urológicas/patología , NectinasRESUMEN
Force transmission at cell-cell junctions critically regulates embryogenesis, tissue homeostasis, and diseases including cancer. The cadherin-catenin linkage has been considered the keystone of junctional force transmission, but new findings challenge this paradigm, arguing instead that the nectin-afadin linkage plays the more important role in mature junctions in the intestinal epithelium.
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Uniones Intercelulares , Proteínas de Microfilamentos , Nectinas , Cadherinas/metabolismo , Cateninas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Microfilamentos/metabolismo , Nectinas/metabolismo , Uniones Intercelulares/química , HumanosRESUMEN
Nectin and nectin-like (Necl) co-receptor axis, comprised of receptors DNAM-1, TIGIT, CD96, PVRIG, and nectin/Necl ligands, is gaining prominence in immuno-oncology. Within this axis, the inhibitory receptor PVRIG recognizes Nectin-2 with high affinity, but the underlying molecular basis remains unknown. By determining the crystal structure of PVRIG in complex with Nectin-2, we identified a unique CC' loop in PVRIG, which complements the double-lock-and-key binding mode and contributes to its high affinity for Nectin-2. The association of the corresponding charged residues in the F-strands explains the ligand selectivity of PVRIG toward Nectin-2 but not for Necl-5. Moreover, comprehensive comparisons of the binding capacities between co-receptors and ligands provide innovative insights into the intra-axis immunoregulatory mechanism. Taken together, these findings broaden our understanding of immune recognition and regulation mediated by nectin/Necl co-receptors and provide a rationale for the development of immunotherapeutic strategies targeting the nectin/Necl axis.