Glycyrrhizin attenuates renal inflammation in a mouse Con A-hepatitis model via the IL-25/M2 axis.

Glycyrrhizin (GL) has immunoregulatory effects on various inflammatory diseases including hepatitis and nephritis. However, the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effect of GL on renal inflammation are not fully understood. Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a functional acute renal impairment that occurs in severe liver disease, and we found that kidney injury also occurs in Con A-induced experimental hepatitis in mice. We previously found that GL can alleviate Con A-induced hepatitis by regulating the expression of IL-25 in the liver. We wanted to investigate whether GL can alleviate Con A-induced nephritis by regulating IL-25. IL-25 regulates inflammation by modulating type 2 immune responses, but the mechanism by which IL-25 affects kidney disease remains unclear. In this study, we found that the administration of GL enhanced the expression of IL-25 in renal tissues; the latter promoted the generation of type 2 macrophages (M2), which inhibited inflammation in the kidney caused by Con A challenge. IL-25 promoted the secretion of the inhibitory cytokine IL-10 by macrophages but inhibited the expression of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1ß by macrophages. Moreover, IL-25 downregulated the Con A-mediated expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 on macrophages. By comparing the roles of TLR2 and TLR4, we found that TLR4 is required for the immunoregulatory effect of IL-25 on macrophages. Our data revealed that GL has anti-inflammatory effects on Con A-induced kidney injury and that the GL/IL-25/M2 axis participates in the anti-inflammatory process. This study suggested that GL is a potential therapeutic for protecting against acute kidney injury.

15-Lipoxygenase worsens renal fibrosis, inflammation, and metabolism in a murine model of ureteral obstruction.

15-Lipoxygenase (15-LO) is a nonheme iron-containing dioxygenase that has both pro- and anti-inflammatory roles in many tissues and disease states. 15-LO is thought to influence macrophage phenotype, and silencing 15-LO reduces fibrosis after acute inflammatory triggers. The goal of the present study was to determine whether altering 15-LO expression influences inflammation and fibrogenesis in a murine model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). C57BL/6J mice, 15-LO knockout (Alox15-/-) mice, and 15-LO transgenic overexpressing (15LOTG) mice were subjected UUO, and kidneys were analyzed at 3, 10, and 14 days postinjury. Histology for fibrosis, inflammation, cytokine quantification, flow cytometry, and metabolomics were performed on injured tissues and controls. PD146176, a specific 15-LO inhibitor, was used to complement experiments involving knockout animals. Compared with wild-type animals undergoing UUO, Alox15-/- mouse kidneys had less proinflammatory, profibrotic message along with less fibrosis and macrophage infiltration. PD146176 inhibited 15-LO and resulted in reduced fibrosis and macrophage infiltration similar to Alox15-/- mice. Flow cytometry revealed that Alox15-/- UUO-injured kidneys had a dynamic change in macrophage phenotype, with an early blunting of CD11bHiLy6CHi "M1" macrophages and an increase in anti-inflammatory CD11bHiLy6CInt "M2c" macrophages and reduced expression of the fractalkine receptor chemokine (C-X3-C motif) receptor 1. Many of these findings were reversed when UUO was performed on 15LOTG mice. Metabolomics analysis revealed that wild-type kidneys developed a glycolytic shift postinjury, while Alox15-/- kidneys exhibited increased oxidative phosphorylation. In conclusion, 15-LO manipulation by genetic or pharmacological means induces dynamic changes in the inflammatory microenvironment in the UUO model and appears to be critical in the progression of UUO-induced fibrosis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY 15-Lipoxygenase (15-LO) has both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions in leukocytes, and its role in kidney injury and repair is unexplored. Our study showed that 15-LO worsens inflammation and fibrosis in a rodent model of chronic kidney disease using genetic and pharmacological manipulation. Silencing 15-LO promotes an increase in M2c-like wound-healing macrophages in the kidney and alters kidney metabolism globally, protecting against anaerobic glycolysis after injury.

Catalpol Alleviates Ang II-Induced Renal Injury Through NF-κB Pathway and TGF-ß1/Smads Pathway.

ABSTRACT: Catalpol is an iridoid glycoside obtained from Rehmannia glutinosa, which in previous studies showed various pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antitumor, and dopaminergic neurons protecting effects. Here, we examined the effect of catalpol on renal injury induced by angiotensin II (Ang II) and further to explore its latent molecular mechanisms. We used an in vivo model of Ang II-induced renal injury mice; catalpol (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) was administered for 28 days. Mouse glomerular mesangial cells (SV40 MES 13), rat kidney interstitial fibroblasts cells (NRK-49F), and human proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) were induced by Ang II (10 µM) in the presence or absence of catalpol (1, 5, and 10 µM) and incubated for 48 hours in vitro. In our study, periodic acid-Schiff and Masson staining of renal tissue showed that catalpol reduced Ang II-induced renal injury in a concentration-dependent manner. The positive expressions of collagen IV and TGF-ß1 were observed to decrease sharply after catalpol treatment. In renal tissue, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6 were evidently decreased after catalpol intervention. Catalpol can relieve Ang II-induced renal injury by inactivating NF-κB and TGF-ß1/Smads signaling pathways. Therefore, catalpol may act as a potential drug to treat Ang II-induced renal injury.

The combination of ursolic acid and empagliflozin relieves diabetic nephropathy by reducing inflammation, oxidative stress and renal fibrosis.

Studies have shown that ursolic acid (UA) and empagliflozin (EM) exert therapeutic effects in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy (DN), but both drugs have disadvantages. This study explores the effect of combining these drugs compared to that of either monotherapy. A diabetic rat model was established by feeding a high-fat diet (HFD) with high-sugar content and administering a low dose of streptozotocin (STZ) via intraperitoneal injection. UA (50 mg/kg/day, po), EM (10 mg/kg/day, po) or both were administered for 8 weeks. The development of DN was determined by observing increases in urine protein, serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, and uric acid and abnormal changes in kidney morphology. UA and EM either alone or in combination can alleviate the increases in blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, blood lipid levels, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6), oxidation factors (SOD, MDA, GSH, CAT, NO), renal fibrosis and pro-fibrosis factors (FN, E-cad, MMP-9, TIMP-1, SMA-α, TGF-ß1, SMAD, MAPK). The treatments could also ameliorate DN by preventing the abnormal proliferation of glomerular mesangial cells under high-glucose conditions, aberrant apoptosis and excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, UA reduces the increase in LDL-L, reverses abnormal bladder morphology and mitigates the increase in colony count caused by EM, and the combination treatment can overcome the disadvantages of the slow hypoglycaemic effect of UA. In short, UA combined with empagliflozin is more effective than either monotherapy in the treatment of DN and can cancel the adverse effects of each other. The protective effect of this regimen on the kidney may be related to reducing inflammation, oxidative stress and renal fibrosis.

Ulinastatin Attenuates LPS-Induced Inflammation and Inhibits Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Apoptosis in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells via Regulation of the TLR4/NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 Pathways.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most common diseases in patients treated in intensive care units. This study was intended to explore the underlying mechanism by which ulinastatin (UTI) influenced the inflammation and apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells, HK-2.The effects of UTI on the cell viability of HK-2 cells were first measured by MTT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) detection kit. The apoptosis and inflammation of HK-2 cells were then determined by TUNEL, western blot, ELISA, and RT-qPCR. Then, the proteins in the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) signaling pathways were measured by western blot for confirming the relationship between UTI and these pathways. Finally, Nrf-2 inhibitor ML385 and TLR4 activator CCL-34 were respectively used on LPS-induced HK-2 cells exposed to UTI for the conduction of gain-of-function and loss-of-function assays.UTI treatment boosted the cell viability of HK-2 cells damaged by LPS. Furthermore, UTI exposure cut down the apoptosis rate and inhibited the expression inflammatory factors of HK-2 cells induced by LPS. UTI treatment decreased the expression of proteins in the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, increased the HO-1 expression, and prompted the translocation of Nrf2 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. The alleviated effects of UTI on inflammation and apoptosis LPS-induced HK-2 cells were abolished by ML385 and TLR4, respectively.UTI attenuates LPS-induced inflammation and inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells by regulating TLR4/NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways.

Protective Effect of Opuntia dillenii (Ker Gawl.) Haw. Seed Oil on Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity: A Biochemical and Histological Analysis.

Opuntia dillenii is a medicinal plant with frequent usage in folk medicine to treat many illnesses. The present study aims to investigate the protective effect of Opuntia dillenii seed oil against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. The animals (rats) were randomly divided into three groups (i) the normal control group treated only with distilled water (10 mL/kg), (ii) the gentamicin group treated with distilled water (10 mL/kg) and received an intraperitoneal injection of gentamicin (80 mg/kg), and (iii) the group treated with the Opuntia dillenii seed oil (2 mL/kg) and also received an intraperitoneal injection of gentamicin (80 mg/kg). The rats received their following treatments for 14 consecutive days orally. Serum urea, creatinine, gamma-glutamyl transferase, albumin, and electrolyte levels were quantified as the markers of acute renal and liver failure. Besides, the kidney and liver relative weight, kidney malondialdehydes, and kidney histological analysis were determined. The results have shown that daily pretreatment with Opuntia dillenii seed oil (2 mL/kg) prevented severe alterations of biochemical parameters and disruptions of kidney tissue structures. In addition, the results of the present study showed for the first time that Opuntia dillenii seed oil reduced renal toxicity in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Therefore, Opuntia dillenii seed oil may represent a new therapeutic avenue to preserve and protect renal function in gentamicin-treated patients.

CDK9 inhibition improves diabetic nephropathy by reducing inflammation in the kidneys.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a chronic inflammatory renal disease induced by hyperglycemia. Recent studies have implicated cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) in inflammatory responses and renal fibrosis. In this study, we explored a potential role of CDK9 in DN by using cultured mouse mesangial cell line SV40 MES-13 and streptozotocin-induced type 1 mouse model of diabetes. We inhibited CDK9 in mice and in cultured cells by a highly selective CDK9 inhibitor, LDC000067 (LDC), and evaluated inflammatory and fibrogenic outcome by mRNA and protein analyses. Our studies show that treatment of diabetic mice with LDC significantly inhibits the levels of inflammatory cytokines and fibrogenic genes in kidney specimens. These reductions were associated with improved renal function. We also found that LDC treatment suppressed MAPK-AP1 activation. We then confirmed the involvement of CDK9 in cultured SV40 MES-13 cells and showed that deficiency in CDK9 prevents glucose-induced inflammatory and fibrogenic proteins. This protection was also afforded by suppression of MAPK-AP1. Taken together, our results how that hyperglycemia activates CDK9-MAPK-AP1 axis in kidneys to induce inflammation and fibrosis, leading to renal dysfunction. Our findings also suggest that CDK9 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for DN.

Protective role of DJ-1 in endotoxin-induced acute kidney injury.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication of sepsis and an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. A cornerstone of sepsis-associated AKI is dysregulated inflammation, leading to increased tissue oxidative stress and free radical formation, which leads to multiple forms of cell death. DJ-1 is a peroxiredoxin protein with multiple functions, including its ability to control cellular oxidative stress. Although DJ-1 is expressed prominently by renal tubules, its role in AKI has not been investigated. In the present study, we examined the effect of DJ-1 deficiency in a murine model of endotoxin-induced AKI. Endotoxemia induced greater kidney injury in DJ-1-deficient mice. Furthermore, DJ-1 deficiency increased renal oxidative stress associated with increased renal tubular apoptosis and with expression of death domain-associated protein (DAXX). Similar to the in vivo model, in vitro experiments using a medullary collecting duct cell line (mIMCD3) and cytotoxic serum showed that serum obtained from wild-type mice resulted in increased expression of s100A8/s100A9, DAXX, and apoptosis in DJ-1-deficient mIMCD3 cells. Our findings demonstrate a novel renal protective role for renal tubular DJ-1 during endotoxemia through control of oxidative stress, renal inflammation, and DAXX-dependent apoptosis.

Preventive Effect of Small Molecular Fraction of Irpex lacteus (Agaricomycetes) Fruiting Body against Chronic Nephritis in Mice and Identification of Active Compounds.

Previous study found that the fruit body of Irpex lacteus has an effect on the prevention and treatment of chronic nephritis. In this study, we systematically investigated the preventive effect of small molecular fraction (SMF) of the fungal fruit body against chronic nephritis. In addition, we analyzed, isolated, and identified the chemical constituents of SMF, and screened the activity of three small peptides isolated in vitro. The results showed SMF significantly reduced amounts of urine protein (UP), the content of urea (BUN), creatinine (Cr), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and maleic dialdehyde (MDA) in serum, and significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) level in renal tissue homogenate (P < 0.05). Moreover, the results of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson staining of renal tissues indicated that SMF has protective effects on renal tissues and prevents renal interstitial from fibrosis. The peptide sequences isolated from SMF were identified as WSMGPAPDSVH (SP1), QCTGNASCSPPC (SP2), and HYCCTAKYA (SP3), which were active compounds for the prevention of nephritis, and these new peptides were isolated for the first time. The cell proliferation assay showed that 10 µg/L transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) significantly induced the proliferation of human renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2), compared with the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01). However, when combined with three small peptides, respectively, the cell proliferation was significantly inhibited (P < 0.05). These results suggest that isolated peptides can maintain the morphological stability of HK-2 cells, inhibit cell proliferation induced by TGF-ß1 to some extent, and prevent cell fibrosis.

Pathophysiological Mechanisms by which Heat Stress Potentially Induces Kidney Inflammation and Chronic Kidney Disease in Sugarcane Workers.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease of non-traditional origin (CKDnt) is common among Mesoamerican sugarcane workers. Recurrent heat stress and dehydration is a leading hypothesis. Evidence indicate a key role of inflammation. METHODS: Starting in sports and heat pathophysiology literature, we develop a theoretical framework of how strenuous work in heat could induce kidney inflammation. We describe the release of pro-inflammatory substances from a leaky gut and/or injured muscle, alone or in combination with tubular fructose and uric acid, aggravation by reduced renal blood flow and increased tubular metabolic demands. Then, we analyze longitudinal data from >800 sugarcane cutters followed across harvest and review the CKDnt literature to assess empirical support of the theoretical framework. RESULTS: Inflammation (CRP elevation and fever) and hyperuricemia was tightly linked to kidney injury. Rehydrating with sugary liquids and NSAID intake increased the risk of kidney injury, whereas electrolyte solution consumption was protective. Hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia were associated with kidney injury. DISCUSSION: Heat stress, muscle injury, reduced renal blood flow and fructose metabolism may induce kidney inflammation, the successful resolution of which may be impaired by daily repeating pro-inflammatory triggers. We outline further descriptive, experimental and intervention studies addressing the factors identified in this study.

Nuclear Activation Function 2 Estrogen Receptor α Attenuates Arterial and Renal Alterations Due to Aging and Hypertension in Female Mice.

Background The cardiovascular protective effects of estrogens in premenopausal women depend mainly on estrogen receptor α (ERα). ERα activates nuclear gene transcription regulation and membrane-initiated signaling. The latter plays a key role in estrogen-dependent activation of endothelial NO synthase. The goal of the present work was to determine the respective roles of the 2 ERα activities in endothelial function and cardiac and kidney damage in young and old female mice with hypertension, which is a major risk factor in postmenopausal women. Methods and Results Five- and 18-month-old female mice lacking either ERα (ERα-/-), the nuclear activating function AF2 of ERα (AF2°), or membrane-located ERα (C451A) were treated with angiotensin II (0.5 mg/kg per day) for 1 month. Systolic blood pressure, left ventricle weight, vascular reactivity, and kidney function were then assessed. Angiotensin II increased systolic blood pressure, ventricle weight, and vascular contractility in ERα-/- and AF2° mice more than in wild-type and C451A mice, independent of age. In both the aorta and mesenteric resistance arteries, angiotensin II and aging reduced endothelium-dependent relaxation in all groups, but this effect was more pronounced in ERα-/- and AF2° than in the wild-type and C451A mice. Kidney inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as blood urea and creatinine levels, were also more pronounced in old hypertensive ERα-/- and AF2° than in old hypertensive wild-type and C451A mice. Conclusions The nuclear ERα-AF2 dependent function attenuates angiotensin II-dependent hypertension and protects target organs in aging mice, whereas membrane ERα signaling does not seem to play a role.

Trehalose attenuates renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by enhancing autophagy and inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation.

Renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is one of the most common acute kidney injuries, but there is still a lack of effective treatment in the clinical setting. Trehalose (Tre), a natural disaccharide, has been demonstrated to protect against oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. However, whether it could protect against IR-induced renal injury needs to be investigated. In an in vivo experiment, C57BL/6J mice were pretreated with or without Tre (2 g/kg) through a daily single intraperitoneal injection from 3 days before renal IR surgery. Renal function, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation were analyzed to evaluate kidney injury. In an in vitro experiment, mouse proximal tubular cells were treated with or without Tre under a hypoxia/reoxygenation condition. Western blot analysis, autophagy flux detection, and apoptosis assay were performed to evaluate the level of autophagy and antiapoptotic effect of Tre. The in vivo results showed that the renal damage induced by IR was ameliorated by Tre treatment, as renal histology and renal function were improved and the enhanced protein levels of kidney injury molecule-1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin were blocked. Moreover, autophagy was activated by Tre pretreatment along with inhibition of the IR injury-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. The in vitro results showed that Tre treatment activated autophagy and protected against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced tubular cell apoptosis and oxidative stress. Our results demonstrated that Tre protects against IR-induced renal injury, possibly by enhancing autophagy and blocking oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, suggesting its potential use for the clinical treatment of renal IR injury.

P-Coumaric Acid Mitigates Doxorubicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity Through Suppression of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Apoptosis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: P-Coumaric acid (PCA) is one the compound that has free radical scavenging effects. This study investigates the protective effect of PCA on tissue damage in DOX-induced nephrotoxicity. METHODS: Thirty two Wistar rats were divided into control, PCA, DOX (15 mg/kg, i.p.) and DOX plus PCA (100 mg/kg, orally) groups. DOX-induced nephrotoxicity was indicated by marked increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Cr) compared to controls. DOX group also showed elevations in lipid peroxidation and reductions in enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT). Expression of renal inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß) and apoptosis were also elevated in the DOX group. RESULTS: PCA significantly reversed, nephrotoxicity induced by DOX via lowering BUN, serum Cr and improving histopathological scores as compared to the DOX group. PCA also decreased lipid peroxidation, increased activities of GPx, SOD and CAT, to levels relatively comparable to control. Significant reductions in expression of TNF-α, IL-1ß and apoptosis were also observed following Co-administration of PCA relative to the DOX group. CONCLUSIONS: Results describe a protective effect of PCA against DOX-induced nephrotoxicity. This effect is likely facilitated through inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis.

α2A-Adrenoceptors Modulate Renal Sympathetic Neurotransmission and Protect against Hypertensive Kidney Disease.

BACKGROUND: Increased nerve activity causes hypertension and kidney disease. Recent studies suggest that renal denervation reduces BP in patients with hypertension. Renal NE release is regulated by prejunctional α2A-adrenoceptors on sympathetic nerves, and α2A-adrenoceptors act as autoreceptors by binding endogenous NE to inhibit its own release. However, the role of α2A-adrenoceptors in the pathogenesis of hypertensive kidney disease is unknown. METHODS: We investigated effects of α2A-adrenoceptor-regulated renal NE release on the development of angiotensin II-dependent hypertension and kidney disease. In uninephrectomized wild-type and α2A-adrenoceptor-knockout mice, we induced hypertensive kidney disease by infusing AngII for 28 days. RESULTS: Urinary NE excretion and BP did not differ between normotensive α2A-adrenoceptor-knockout mice and wild-type mice at baseline. However, NE excretion increased during AngII treatment, with the knockout mice displaying NE levels that were significantly higher than those of wild-type mice. Accordingly, the α2A-adrenoceptor-knockout mice exhibited a systolic BP increase, which was about 40 mm Hg higher than that found in wild-type mice, and more extensive kidney damage. In isolated kidneys, AngII-enhanced renal nerve stimulation induced NE release and pressor responses to a greater extent in kidneys from α2A-adrenoceptor-knockout mice. Activation of specific sodium transporters accompanied the exaggerated hypertensive BP response in α2A-adrenoceptor-deficient kidneys. These effects depend on renal nerves, as demonstrated by reduced severity of AngII-mediated hypertension and improved kidney function observed in α2A-adrenoceptor-knockout mice after renal denervation. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reveal a protective role of prejunctional inhibitory α2A-adrenoceptors in pathophysiologic conditions with an activated renin-angiotensin system, such as hypertensive kidney disease, and support the concept of sympatholytic therapy as a treatment.

Preventive Effect of Tonsillectomy on Recurrence of Henoch-Schönlein Purpura Nephritis after Intravenous Methylprednisolone Pulse Therapy.

Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is regarded as a benign and self-limiting vasculitis characterized by purpura, arthritis, and gastrointestinal symptoms; however, about one third of the patients develop HSP nephritis (HSPN), the most serious long-term complication. Since 2013, we have proposed that tonsillectomy in addition to intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy (IVMP) be performed in all patients with HSPN, similar to immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) patients because both diseases are considered to a share common pathogenesis. Herein, we retrospectively reviewed the clinical courses of 71 Japanese children with HSPN (34 boys; median age at diagnosis, 6.7 years; median follow-up period, 5.6 years) who had received initial treatment with IVMP (15-20 mg/kg; on 3 consecutive days/week for 3 weeks) followed by oral prednisolone (initially 1 mg/kg; tapered off within 12 months) and achieved clinical remission (i.e., disappearance of both proteinuria and hematuria). The patients were divided into two groups: 31 patients receiving tonsillectomy after IVMP between 2013 and 2017 (tonsillectomy group) and 40 patients receiving IVMP monotherapy between 2003 and 2012 (IVMP group). For the 2 years after IVMP therapy, the rate of HSPN recurrence (i.e., persistent proteinuria combined with hematuria requiring additional treatments) after clinical remission was significantly lower in the tonsillectomy group than the IVMP group (0% vs. 19%, P < 0.05). Despite the short follow-up period in the tonsillectomy group, this study provides the evidence that tonsillectomy may be beneficial for preventing recurrence of HSPN from clinical remission with IVMP therapy in Japanese children.

Renal Dopamine Oxidation and Inflammation in High Salt Fed Rats.

Background Oxidative stress and high salt intake could be independent or intertwined risk factors in the origin of hypertension. Kidneys are the major organ to regulate sodium homeostasis and blood pressure and the renal dopamine system plays a pivotal role in sodium regulation during sodium replete conditions. Oxidative stress has been implicated in renal dopamine dysfunction and development of hypertension, especially in salt-sensitive animal models. Here we show the nexus between high salt intake and oxidative stress causing renal tubular dopamine oxidation, which leads to mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction and subsequently causes renal inflammation and hypertension. Methods and Results Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into the following groups, vehicle (V)-tap water, high salt (HS)-1% NaCl, L-buthionine-sulfoximine (BSO), a prooxidant, and HS plus BSO without and with antioxidant resveratrol (R) for 6 weeks. Oxidative stress was significantly higher in BSO and HS+BSO-treated rat compared with vehicle; however, blood pressure was markedly higher in the HS+BSO group whereas an increase in blood pressure in the BSO group was modest. HS+BSO-treated rats had significant renal dopamine oxidation, lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased renal inflammation; however, HS alone had no impact on organelle function or inflammation. Resveratrol prevented oxidative stress, dopamine oxidation, organelle dysfunction, inflammation, and hypertension in BSO and HS+BSO rats. Conclusions These data suggest that dopamine oxidation, especially during increased sodium intake and oxidative milieu, leads to lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction and renal inflammation with subsequent increase in blood pressure. Resveratrol, while preventing oxidative stress, protects renal function and mitigates hypertension.

Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonism Improves Nephrotoxic Serum Nephritis by Inhibiting T-Cell Proliferation.

Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 analogs such as liraglutide improved albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes in large randomized controlled trials. One of the suspected mechanisms is the anti-inflammatory potential of GLP-1 receptor (Glp1r) agonism. Thus, the anti-inflammatory action of Glp1r agonism was tested in a nondiabetic, T-cell-mediated murine model of nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NTS). The role of Glp1r in NTS was evaluated by using Glp1r-/- mice or C57BL/6 mice treated with liraglutide. In vitro, murine T cells were stimulated in the presence of liraglutide or vehicle. Glp1r-/- mice displayed increased renal infiltration of neutrophils and T cells after induction of NTS. Splenocyte proliferation and TH1 cytokine transcription were increased in spleen and lymph nodes of Glp1r-/- mice. Liraglutide treatment significantly improved the renal outcome of NTS in C57BL/6 mice by decreasing renal infiltration and proliferation of T cells, which resulted in decreased macrophage infiltration. In vitro, T cells stimulated in the presence of liraglutide showed decreased proliferation of TH1 and TH17 cells. Liraglutide blocked glycolysis in T cells and decreased their Glut1 mRNA expression. Together, Glp1r agonism protects mice from a T-cell-dependent glomerulonephritis model by inhibition of T-cell proliferation, possibly by interacting with their metabolic program. This mechanism may explain in part the renoprotective effects of Glp1r agonism in diabetic nephropathy.

PPARα contributes to protection against metabolic and inflammatory derangements associated with acute kidney injury in experimental sepsis.

Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) is a significant problem in critically ill children and adults resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. Fundamental mechanisms contributing to sepsis-associated AKI are poorly understood. Previous research has demonstrated that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) expression is associated with reduced organ system failure in sepsis. Using an experimental model of polymicrobial sepsis, we demonstrate that mice deficient in PPARα have worse kidney function, which is likely related to reduced fatty acid oxidation and increased inflammation. Ultrastructural evaluation with electron microscopy reveals that the proximal convoluted tubule is specifically injured in septic PPARα deficient mice. In this experimental group, serum metabolomic analysis reveals unanticipated metabolic derangements in tryptophan-kynurenine-NAD+ and pantothenate pathways. We also show that a subgroup of children with sepsis whose genome-wide expression profiles are characterized by repression of the PPARα signaling pathway has increased incidence of severe AKI. These findings point toward interesting associations between sepsis-associated AKI and PPARα-driven fatty acid metabolism that merit further investigation.

Silymarin protects against radiocontrast-induced nephropathy in mice.

Silymarin, an extract from Silybum marianum (milk thistle) containing a standardized mixture of flavonolignans that ameliorates some types of liver disease and, more recently, kidney damage, could be used for the ROS-scavenging effect of these antioxidants. Furthermore, contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is an iatrogenic impairment of renal function in patients subjected to angiographic procedures for which there is not yet a successful preventative treatment. Recent evidence has shown that this event is related to tubular/vascular injury activated mainly by oxidative stress. However, whether this bioavailable and pharmacologically safe extract protects against CIN is not clear. We proposed to evaluate the possible protective role of the antioxidant silymarin in an experimental model of CIN. Adult male Swiss mice were separated into 6 groups and pretreated orally with silymarin (50, 200 and 300 mg/kg), N-acetylcysteine (200 mg/kg) or vehicle for 5 days before the CIN and control groups. Renal function was analyzed by plasma creatinine, urea and cystatin C levels. Additionally, blood reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated using ROS bioavailability, protein oxidation and DNA damage. Renal oxidative damage was evaluated using apoptosis/cell viability assays and histological analysis. We showed that silymarin preserved renal function and decreased systemic and renal oxidative damage (antigenotoxic and antiapoptotic properties, respectively) in a dose-dependent manner and was superior to conventional treatment with N-acetylcysteine. Histologically, silymarin treatment also had beneficial effects on renal glomerular and tubular injuries. Therefore, silymarin prophylaxis may be an interesting strategy for the prevention of CIN.