Simultaneous occurrence of splenic diffuse large B cell lymphoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumor in the stomach: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Although the primary malignant spleen tumor is relatively rare, lymphoma is the most common splenic malignancy. It can have quite different clinical manifestations that usually lead to relatively poor outcomes, and thus early and accurate diagnosis are of utmost importance. CASE PRESENTATION: The present study reports a case of a 67-year-old female with high fever, abnormal spleen (diagnosed by PET/CT) and no obvious lymph node enlargement. After being subjected to splenectomy, the patient was diagnosed with splenic diffuse large B cell lymphoma coexisting with gastrointestinal stromal tumor in the stomach. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, splenic lymphoma accompanied by gastrointestinal stromal tumor in the stomach is rarely reported. This case report discusses the diagnosis and case management of a patient referring to the existing literature.

Primary splenic angiosarcoma with liver metastasis: A case report and literature review.

Primary splenic angiosarcoma (PSA) is an unusual and highly malignant vascular tumour with a high rate of metastatic. Moreover, the research on prognosis of the disease is poor. The epidemiology, etiology, clinical diagnosis and treatment of the disease remain challenging, because case reports of the disease are few in number. In accordance with other malignant tumors, PSA is very aggressive, and the majority of patients in which this disease is found are at an advanced stage. Almost all patients die within 12 mo of diagnosis irrespective of treatment. We report here a woman who had complained of upper bellyache and anorexia for 10 d. Magnetic resonance imaging showed enlargement of the spleen with multiple heterogeneous masses in the lower pole of the spleen. A hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy was performed which allowed histopathologic diagnosis. The patient was diagnosed with PSA and liver metastasis, and succumbed to the disease 35 d after surgery. The literature was finished combined with the clinical features, diagnosis and management of PSA.

NOTCH1, TP53, and MAP2K1 Mutations in Splenic Diffuse Red Pulp Small B-cell Lymphoma Are Associated With Progressive Disease.

Splenic diffuse red pulp small B-cell lymphoma (SDRPL) is considered an indolent neoplasm and its pathogenesis is not well known. We investigated the molecular characteristics of 19 SDRPL patients, 5 of them with progressive disease. IGHV genes were mutated in 9/13 (69%). Cytogenetic and molecular studies identified complex karyotypes in 2 cases, and IGH rearrangements in 3, with PAX5 and potentially TCL1 as partners in each one of them. Copy number arrays showed aberrations in 69% of the tumors, including recurrent losses of 10q23, 14q31-q32, and 17p13 in 3, and 9p21 in 2 cases. Deletion of 7q31.3-q32.3 was present in only 1 case and no trisomies 3 or 18 were detected. NOTCH1 and MAP2K1 were mutated in 2 cases each, whereas BRAF, TP53, and SF3B1 were mutated each in single cases. No mutations were found in NOTCH2 or MYD88. Four of the 5 patients with aggressive disease had mutations in NOTCH1 (2 cases), TP53 (1 case), and MAP2K1 (1 case). The progression-free survival of patients with mutated genes was significantly shorter than in the unmutated (P=0.011). These findings show that SDRPL share some mutated genes but not chromosomal alterations, with other splenic lymphomas, that may confer a more aggressive behavior.

Multifocal sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of the spleen in a patient with simultaneous metachronous liver metastasis after colon cancer surgery: a first case report.

Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of the spleen (SANT) is a benign, extremely rare vascular lesion of the spleen with unknown pathogenesis. SANT is often discovered incidentally, and can sometimes be found in patients with a history of cancer. Based on absent definitive radiological signs and varying growth patterns, distinction from malignant processes such as metastasis can be very difficult. Therefore, surgical resection of the spleen is indicated in most cases of patients with history of cancer. We report a case of a bifocal manifestation of SANT in the spleen in a patient with history of colon cancer and newly-diagnosed metachronous liver metastases.

Case report of primary splenic angiosarcoma with hepatic metastases.

Primary splenic angiosarcoma (PSA) is the most unusual type of malignancy with early multifocal metastasis through hematogenous spread. PSA is generally believed to originate from splenic sinusoidal vascular endothelium with a high rate of metastasis and to have a poor prognosis. Its etiology and pathogenetic mechanisms have not yet been clearly described. Thus far, only approximately 200 cases have been reported. PSA has variable symptomatology with the potential to present with life-threatening complications. The diagnosis of PSA is challenging; and often late. PSA should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with splenomegaly and anemia of unknown etiology. Surgical treatment with splenectomy is considered the only curative intervention for potential long-term disease-free survival. Early diagnosis and treatment are very important. It is important that clinical doctors improve the understanding of PSA. Herein, we report one rare case of PSA with hepatic metastases, along with a review of the current literature.

Littoral cell angioma of the spleen: report of three cases and literature review.

Littoral cell angioma (LCA) is an extremely rare benign splenic tumor with typical histomorphologic features, which is difficult to be distinguished preoperatively from other benign or malignant splenic tumors. It is a unique vascular tumor of the spleen, with abdominal pain or as an incidental finding when undergoing physical examination. In this paper, we reported three cases of LCA treated in our hospital. Their clinical symptoms, pathological features, clinical treatment as well as the prognosis are discussed.

Distinctive immunohistochemical staining in littoral cell angioma using ERG and WT-1.

Littoral cell angioma (LCA) is a rare vascular tumor of the spleen. It has an immunohistochemical staining pattern that is somewhat distinctive but can still be occasionally confused with other vascular and stromal proliferations in the spleen. In this study, LCA was evaluated using Ets-related gene (ERG) and Wilms tumor-1 (WT-1), relatively recently described vascular markers. In addition, other vascular lesions including normal spleen, hemangiomas, hamartoma, peliosis, and sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation were evaluated using these stains. In LCA, ERG stains the endothelial cells of the tumor as expected. ERG also was uniformly positive in vascular elements of other lesions except peliosis. However, in contrast to most other vascular elements, LCA was negative for WT-1 staining. This staining pattern may prove useful in diagnosing LCA and may provide insight into the derivation of the distinctive tumor.

Rare presentation of secondary cutaneous involvement by splenic marginal zone lymphoma: report of a case and review of the literature.

Cutaneous lymphomas encompass a broad spectrum of malignancies, including both primary and secondary cutaneous lymphomas. Determining the exact subtype of cutaneous lymphoma offers prognostic importance and directs therapeutic decisions. We describe the case of a 67-year-old woman with cutaneous involvement of splenic marginal zone lymphoma successfully treated with rituximab and bendamustine. We discuss the diagnostic work-up, including the histopathologic findings and treatment of this disease.

Primary splenic angiosarcoma with fever and anemia: a case report and literature review.

Primary splenic angiosarcoma is an extremely rare and aggressive neoplasm. The prognosis of this disease is dismal, and the mean survival is less than 6 months after the diagnosis. This neoplasm typically presents with abdominal pain, splenomegaly, weight loss, and spontaneous splenic rupture. Fever is a very rare presentation of splenic angiosarcoma. Here we report the case of a 64-year-old man who presented with fever and anemia. A laparoscopic splenectomy was performed and revealed splenic angiosarcoma. The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient received 5 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy with ifosfamide plus epirubicin. He remained disease free at 9 months after surgery. This is the first case of splenic angiosarcoma with fever as the initial presentation that was treated with laparoscopic splenectomy to be reported in the English literature.

Clinicopathologic characteristics of inflammatory pseudotumor-like follicular dendritic cell sarcoma.

Inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT)-like follicular dendritic cell (FDC) sarcoma is a recently described rare tumor and considered a unique entity, with different histologic appearances and behavior from those of the classical FDC sarcoma. This study analyzed the clinical and pathological findings of two such cases that the authors encountered and 36 previously reported cases identified in the literature. Assessment of all 38 cases showed a slight female predominance (2.2:1) with a median age of 56.5 years. Seventeen patients complained of abdominal discomfort or pain, while fifteen patients had no clinical symptom. Almost all cases occurred in liver (n=20) or spleen (n=17). Except in one case, all patients underwent surgical resection of the tumor alone. Histologic features showed a mixture of chronic inflammatory cells and variable amounts of spindle cells with vesicular nuclei and distinct nucleoli. The tumor cells expressed conventional FDC markers such as CD21 (75%), CD35 (92%), CD23 (62%), clusterin (75%), and CNA.42 (100%). EBV was detected in thirty-five cases (92.1%) by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded RNA in situ hybridization, and EBV-latent membrane protein-1 was expressed in 90% of the cases. With a median follow-up of 21 months, 29 patients (85.3%) were alive and well, 4 (11.8%) were alive with disease, one patient (2.9%) died of disease. Only four patients with hepatic tumors underwent recurrence or metastasis after initial treatment. Epstein-Barr virus is thought to play a role in the development of the tumor; however, the pathogenesis of the disease and the origin of tumor cells remain unclear.

Primary splenic histiocytic sarcoma complicated with prolonged idiopathic thrombocytopenia and secondary bone marrow involvement: a unique surgical case presenting with splenomegaly but non-nodular lesions.

A 67-year-old Japanese female was followed up due to prolonged idiopathic thrombocytopenia with non-response to steroid therapy for 4 years, but recent progressive pancytopenia, hypo-albuminemia, and hypo-γ-globulinemia were presented. An abdominal CT scan revealed heterogeneously enhanced splenomegaly without any nodular lesions. A splenectomy was performed, and gross examination showed markedly hyperemic red pulp, weighing 760 g, accompanied by multiple foci of peripheral anemic infarction. Surprisingly, microscopic findings exhibited a diffuse proliferation of medium-sized to large tumor cells having pleomorphic nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, predominantly within the sinuses and cords of the red pulp, which occasionally displayed conspicuous hemophagocytosis and vascular permeation. In immunohistochemistry, these atypical cells were specifically positive for CD68 (KP-1), CD163, and lysozyme, which was consistent with histiocytic sarcoma (HS) of the spleen. Subsequently, section from the aspiration of bone marrow showed infiltration of the neoplastic cells associated with erythrophagocytosis 2 months after the operation, but never before it. Therefore, primary splenic HS presenting with secondary bone marrow involvement was conclusively diagnosed. Since early diagnosis and treatment are necessary for the HS patients with poor outcomes, splenic HS should be considered as a differential diagnosis in cases with chronic thrombocytopenia and splenomegaly. VIRTUAL SLIDES: The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1009474924812827.

Pancreas-preserving segmental duodenectomy for gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the duodenum and splenectomy for splenic angiosarcoma.

BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and occur rarely in the duodenum. Splenic angiosarcoma is an aggressive neoplasm with an extremely poor prognosis. METHODS: We report a case of a 70-year-old man hospitalized for abdominal pain in the upper quadrants, dyspepsia and nausea, previously treated for Hodgkin lymphoma 30 years ago. Abdominal CT showed a solid nodular lesion in the third portion of the duodenum, the presence of retropancreatic, aortic and caval lymph nodes, and four nodular splenic masses. (111)In-octreotide scintigraphy revealed pathological tissue accumulation in the duodenal region, and in the retropancreatic, retroduodenal, aortic and caval lymph nodes, suggesting a nonfunctioning neuroendocrine peripancreatic tumor. RESULTS: At exploratory laparotomy, an exophytic soft tumor was found originating from the third portion of the duodenum. Pancreas-preserving duodenectomy with duodenojejunostomy, splenectomy and lymphnodectomy of retropancreatic aortic and caval lymph nodes were performed. Pathological evaluation and immunohistochemical studies showed the presence of a duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumor with low mitotic activity and a well-differentiated angiosarcoma localized to the spleen and invading lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS: We speculated that the angiosarcoma and duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumors of this patient were due to the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma with radiotherapy 30 years ago. Pancreas-preserving segmental duodenectomy can be used to treat non-malignant neoplasms of the duodenum and avoid extensive surgery. Splenectomy is the treatment of choice for localized angiosarcomas but a strict follow-up is mandatory because of the possibility of recurrence.

Multifocal capillary hemangioma (hemangiomatosis) of the spleen.

BACKGROUND: The spleen is mainly affected by benign tumors that originate from the vascular endothelium. The most common is hemangioma, which presents as a small, localized lesion. Isolated diffuse hemangiomatosis of the spleen is a rare entity in which the entire splenic parenchyma is replaced by a proliferation of neoplastic blood vessels. Here we illustrate the case of a 26-year-old man presenting with splenomegaly due to diffuse hemangiomatosis of the white pulp who underwent a splenectomy. METHODS: Representative samples of the spleen were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and immunohistochemical analysis was performed for Mib-1, CD20, CD30, CD15, CD34, CD31, CD8, factor VIII, D2-40, CD68PGM1, and LMP1. RESULTS: Macroscopically, the splenic parenchyma contained multiple, red-brown nodules ranging from 0.4 to 1.5 cm. Microscopically, the nodules were roundish and confluent with an angiomatoid appearance and high positivity for CD34 and factor VIII, while they were negative for D2-40. CONCLUSIONS: The differential diagnosis of splenic tumors includes lymphangioma, lymphangiomatosis, peliosis, littoral cell angioma, hemangioendothelioma, hamartoma, angiomatoid transformation of the spleen, and angiosarcoma. It is debated whether diffuse hemangiomatosis is a malformation of the postsinusoidal venous system or a slowly growing neoplasm arising from the splenic sinuses. The positivity of the cavernous vessels for CD8 seems to be in favor of the malformative nature of the tumor.

Relevance of a scoring system including CD11c expression in the identification of splenic diffuse red pulp small B-cell lymphoma (SRPL).

'Splenic red pulp lymphoma with numerous basophilic villous lymphocytes' (SRPL), recently described, is characterized by clinical, morphologic, immunologic, cytogenetic and molecular features distinct from SMZL/SLVL and HCL. In particular, the intensity of CD11c staining (expressed as fluorescence intensity -RFI-) in SRPL is significantly different from the RFI in SMZL/SLVL and HCL. Moreover the use of a scoring system based on the expression of CD11c, CD22, CD76, CD38 and CD27 appears to improve the differential diagnosis between SRPL and SMZL/SLVL and emphasizes that SRPL is an entity closed to but distinct from SMZL/SLVL.

Primary splenic peripheral nerve sheath tumour in a dog.

An 8-year-old crossbred dog was presented with a one-month history of progressive weakness, respiratory impairment and abdominal distension. Surgical exploration revealed the presence of a splenic mass that infiltrated the mesentery and was adherent to the stomach and pancreas. The mass was composed of highly cellular areas of spindle-shaped cells arranged in interlacing bundles, streams, whorls and storiform patterns (Antoni A pattern) and less cellular areas with more loosely arranged spindle to oval cells (Antoni B pattern). The majority of neoplastic cells expressed vimentin, S-100 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), but did not express desmin, alpha-smooth muscle actin or factor VIII. These morphological and immunohistochemical findings characterized the lesion as a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (PNST). Primary splenic PNST has not been documented previously in the dog.