99mTc-AgNPs-ICG: nanoparticle for hybrid image / 99mTc-AgNPs-ICG: nanopartícula para imagem híbrida / 99mTc-AgNPs-ICG: nanopartícula para imagem híbrida

Introduction: Currently nanotechnology has radically changed the diagnosis of many human pathologies. The aim of this work is to obtain silver nanoparticles for hybrid imaging (99mTc-AgNPs-ICG) having potential clinical imaging applications. Materials and methods: We mixed 2 ml of ascorbic acid (1.7x10-4 M), 5 mCi of 99mTcO4- , 2 ml of citric acid (8.0x10-4 M) and 0.5 ml of silver nitrate (2.5x10-3 M). Solution pH was 5, and it was shaken for 20 minutes at 37º C. Afterwards, 2 µL of Indocyanine Green (1.3x10-3 M) was added (99mTc-AgNPs-ICG). Physiochemical properties of the solution were characterized by UV (λ1 = 420 nm, λ2 = 254 nm) and gamma detector. Fluorescence image, particle size and IR spectrum were evaluated. Results: Silver nanoparticles were obtained in aqueous solution a pH of 5. Their pH, color and spectrum were stable for seven days. Furthermore, the principal peak characterized by HPLC, UV and Gamma detector had similar retention times. Its UV spectrum showed an absorption band of 420 nm, which corresponds to the plasmon absorption band of these nanoparticles. The particle size was 46 nm ± 1.5 nm. The IR spectrum showed absorption bands in 3193, 2624, 1596 y 1212 cm-1. Conclusions: We describe for the first time in literature the synthesis of hybrid (radioactive and fluorescent) silver nanoparticles. Their physiochemical properties were characterized, being stable and their labelling was reproducible having potential biomedical applications.

Introducción: actualmente la nanotecnología ha cambiado radicalmente el diagnóstico de muchas patologías humanas. El objetivo de este trabajo es obtener nanopartículas de plata para imagen híbrida (99mTc-AgNPs-ICG) que tengan potenciales aplicaciones clínicas en imagen. Materiales y métodos: se mezclaron 2 ml de ácido ascórbico (1,7x10-4 M), 5 mCi de 99mTcO4- , 2 ml de ácido cítrico (8,0x10-4 M) y 0,5 ml de nitrato de plata (2,5x10-3 M). El pH de la solución fue 5, y se agitó durante 20 minutos a 37º C. A continuación, se añadieron 2 µl de verde de indocianina (1,3x10-3 M) (99mTc-AgNPs-ICG). Las propiedades fisicoquímicas de la solución se caracterizaron mediante UV (λ1 = 420 nm, λ2 = 254 nm) y detector gamma. Se evaluaron la imagen de fluorescencia, el tamaño de las partículas y el espectro IR. Resultados: se obtuvieron nanopartículas de plata en solución acuosa a un pH de 5. Su pH, color y espectro fueron estables durante siete días. Además, el pico principal caracterizado por HPLC, UV y detector Gamma tenía tiempos de retención similares. Su espectro UV mostró una banda de absorción de 420 nm, que corresponde a la banda de absorción plasmónica de estas nanopartículas. El tamaño de las partículas era de 46 nm ± 1,5 nm. El espectro IR mostró bandas de absorción en 3193, 2624, 1596 y 1212 cm-1. Conclusiones: describimos por primera vez en la literatura la síntesis de nanopartículas de plata híbridas (radioctivas y fluorescentes). Se caracterizaron sus propiedades fisicoquímicas, siendo estables y su etiquetado fue reproducible teniendo potenciales aplicaciones biomédicas.

Introdução: atualmente, a nanotecnologia mudou radicalmente o diagnóstico de muitas patologias humanas. O objetivo deste trabalho é obter nanopartículas de prata para imagens híbridas (99mTc-AgNPs-ICG) com possíveis aplicações de imagens clínicas. Materiais e métodos: misturamos 2 ml de ácido ascórbico (1,7x10-4 M), 5 mCi de 99mTcO4- , 2 ml de ácido cítrico (8,0x10-4 M) e 0,5 ml de nitrato de prata (2,5x10-3 M). O pH da solução era 5 e ela foi agitada por 20 minutos a 37º C. Em seguida, foram adicionados 2 µL de indocianina verde (1,3x10-3 M) (99mTc-AgNPs-ICG). As propriedades físico-químicas da solução foram caracterizadas por UV (λ1 = 420 nm, λ2 = 254 nm) e detector gama. A imagem de fluorescência, o tamanho das partículas e o espectro de infravermelho foram avaliados. Resultados: as nanopartículas de prata foram obtidas em solução aquosa com pH de 5. Seu pH, cor e espectro permaneceram estáveis por sete dias. Além disso, o pico principal caracterizado por HPLC, UV e detector gama teve tempos de retenção semelhantes. Seu espectro de UV mostrou uma banda de absorção de 420 nm, que corresponde à banda de absorção plasmônica dessas nanopartículas. O tamanho da partícula foi de 46 nm ± 1,5 nm. O espectro de IV mostrou bandas de absorção em 3193, 2624, 1596 e 1212 cm-1. Conclusões: descrevemos pela primeira vez na literatura a síntese de nanopartículas de prata híbridas (radioativas e fluorescentes). Suas propriedades físico-químicas foram caracterizadas, sendo estáveis e sua rotulagem foi reprodutível, com possíveis aplicações biomédicas.

99mTc-AgNPs-ICG: nanopartícula para imagen híbrida / 99mTc-AgNPs-ICG: nanoparticle for hybrid image / 99mTc-AgNPs-ICG: nanopartícula para imagem híbrida

Introducción: actualmente la nanotecnología ha cambiado radicalmente el diagnóstico de muchas patologías humanas. El objetivo de este trabajo es obtener nanopartículas de plata para imagen híbrida (99mTc-AgNPs-ICG) que tengan potenciales aplicaciones clínicas en imagen. Materiales y métodos: se mezclaron 2 ml de ácido ascórbico (1.7 x10-4 M), 5 mCi de 99mTcO4-, 2 ml de ácido cítrico (8.0 x 10-4 M) y 0.5 ml de nitrato de plata (2.5 x 10-3 M). El pH de la solución fue 5, y se agitó durante 20 minutos a 37º C. A continuación, se añadieron 2 µl de verde de indocianina (1.3 x 10-3 M) (99mTc-AgNPs-ICG). Las propiedades fisicoquímicas de la solución se caracterizaron mediante UV (λ1 = 420 nm, λ2 = 254 nm) y detector gamma. Se evaluaron la imagen de fluorescencia, el tamaño de las partículas y el espectro IR. Resultados: se obtuvieron nanopartículas de plata en solución acuosa a un pH de 5. Su pH, color y espectro fueron estables durante siete días. Además, el pico principal caracterizado por HPLC, UV y detector Gamma tenía tiempos de retención similares. Su espectro UV mostró una banda de absorción de 420 nm, que corresponde a la banda de absorción plasmónica de estas nanopartículas. El tamaño de las partículas era de 46 nm ± 1,5 nm. El espectro IR mostró bandas de absorción en 3193, 2624, 1596 y 1212 cm-1. Conclusiones: describimos por primera vez en la literatura la síntesis de nanopartículas de plata híbridas (radioactivas y fluorescentes). Se caracterizaron sus propiedades fisicoquímicas, siendo estables y su etiquetado fue reproducible teniendo potenciales aplicaciones biomédicas.

Introduction: Currently nanotechnology has radically changed the diagnosis of many human pathologies. The aim of this work is to obtain silver nanoparticles for hybrid imaging (99mTc-AgNPs-ICG) having potential clinical imaging applications. Materials and methods: We mixed 2 ml of ascorbic acid (1.7x10-4 M), 5 mCi of 99mTcO4-, 2 ml of citric acid (8.0 x 10-4 M) and 0.5 ml of silver nitrate (2.5 x 10-3 M). Solution pH was 5, and it was shaken for 20 minutes at 37º C. Afterwards, 2 µL of Indocyanine Green (1.3 x 10-3 M) was added (99mTc-AgNPs-ICG). Physiochemical properties of the solution were characterized by UV (λ1 = 420 nm, λ2 = 254 nm) and gamma detector. Fluorescence image, particle size and IR spectrum were evaluated. Results: Silver nanoparticles were obtained in aqueous solution a pH of 5. Their pH, color and spectrum were stable for seven days. Furthermore, the principal peak characterized by HPLC, UV and Gamma detector had similar retention times. Its UV spectrum showed an absorption band of 420 nm, which corresponds to the plasmon absorption band of these nanoparticles. The particle size was 46 nm ± 1.5 nm. The IR spectrum showed absorption bands in 3193, 2624, 1596 y 1212 cm-1. Conclusions: We describe for the first time in literature the synthesis of hybrid (radioactive and fluorescent) silver nanoparticles. Their physiochemical properties were characterized, being stable and their labelling was reproducible having potential biomedical applications.

Introdução: Atualmente, a nanotecnologia mudou radicalmente o diagnóstico de muitas patologias humanas. O objetivo deste trabalho é obter nanopartículas de prata para imagens híbridas (99mTc-AgNPs-ICG) com possíveis aplicações de imagens clínicas. Materiais e métodos: Misturamos 2 ml de ácido ascórbico (1.7 x 10-4 M), 5 mCi de 99mTcO4-, 2 ml de ácido cítrico (8.0 x 10-4 M) e 0.5 ml de nitrato de prata (2.5 x 10-3 M). O pH da solução era 5 e ela foi agitada por 20 minutos a 37º C. Em seguida, foram adicionados 2 µL de indocianina verde (1,3x10-3 M) (99mTc-AgNPs-ICG). As propriedades físico-químicas da solução foram caracterizadas por UV (λ1 = 420 nm, λ2 = 254 nm) e detector gama. A imagem de fluorescência, o tamanho das partículas e o espectro de infravermelho foram avaliados. Resultados: As nanopartículas de prata foram obtidas em solução aquosa com pH de 5. Seu pH, cor e espectro permaneceram estáveis por sete dias. Além disso, o pico principal caracterizado por HPLC, UV e detector gama teve tempos de retenção semelhantes. Seu espectro de UV mostrou uma banda de absorção de 420 nm, que corresponde à banda de absorção plasmônica dessas nanopartículas. O tamanho da partícula foi de 46 nm ± 1,5 nm. O espectro de IV mostrou bandas de absorção em 3193, 2624, 1596 e 1212 cm-1. Conclusões: Descrevemos pela primeira vez na literatura a síntese de nanopartículas de prata híbridas (radioativas e fluorescentes). Suas propriedades físico-químicas foram caracterizadas, sendo estáveis e sua rotulagem foi reprodutível, com possíveis aplicações biomédicas.

Anti-plasmodial activity of aqueous neem leaf extract mediated green synthesis-based silver nitrate nanoparticles.

The objective of this study is to synthesize neem-silver nitrate nanoparticles (neem-AgNPs) using aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica A. Juss for malaria therapy. Neem leaves collected from FRIM Malaysia were authenticated and extracted using Soxhlet extraction method. The extract was introduced to 1 mM of silver nitrate solution for neem-AgNPs synthesis. Synthesized AgNPs were further characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and the electron-scanning microscopy. Meanwhile, for the anti-plasmodial activity of the neem-AgNPs, two lab-adapted Plasmodium falciparum strains, 3D7 (chloroquine-sensitive), and W2 (chloroquine-resistant) were tested. Red blood cells hemolysis was monitored to observe the effects of neem-AgNPs on normal and parasitized red blood cells. The synthesized neem-AgNPs were spherical in shape and showed a diameter range from 31-43 nm. When compared to aqueous neem leaves extract, the half inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the synthesized neem-AgNPs showed a four-fold IC50 decrease against both parasite strains with IC50 value of 40.920 µg/mL to 8.815 µg/mL for 3D7, and IC50 value of 98.770 µg/mL to 23.110 µg/mL on W2 strain. The hemolysis assay indicates that the synthesized neem-AgNPs and aqueous extract alone do not have hemolysis activity against normal and parasitized red blood cells. Therefore, this study shows the synthesized neem-AgNPs has a great potential to be used for malaria therapy.

Silver oxynitrate gel formulation for enhanced stability and antibiofilm efficacy.

Topical semi-solid formulations are ubiquitous in personal care and pharmaceutical applications. For centuries, these topical formulations have facilitated delivery of active ingredients such as botanical oils, medicinal extracts and more recently antibiotics and biologics. Numerous strategies exist for the stabilization and release of these active ingredients from semi-solid formulations, namely, inclusion of anti-oxidants and surfactants to extend shelf life and facilitate delivery respectively. However, in the instance where the active ingredient itself is an oxidizing agent, traditional strategies for formulation have limited utility. Recent evidence has highlighted the exceptional efficacy and safety of highly oxidizing silver compounds, containing Ag2+ and Ag3+. These higher oxidation states of silver provide antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity without impairing healing. However, as strong oxidizing agents, their application in medical device and pharmaceutical formulations such as semi-solid formulations are limited. The present study reports on the development of a silicone-based gel formulation of silver oxynitrate (Ag7NO11), a higher oxidation state silver complex. In this study the chemical stability of silver oxynitrate was examined through solid state characterization with X-ray diffraction, formulation stability and microstructure of the semi-solid gel evaluated through various rheological techniques, therapeutic functionality of the semi-solid formulation investigated through in-vitro planktonic and biofilm antimicrobial studies, and biocompatibility assessed though in-vitro mammalian fibroblast and in-vivo porcine wound healing models. Enhanced stability of silver oxynitrate within the semi-solid formulation was observed over a four-month X-ray diffraction study. At the end of the study, silver oxynitrate was identified as the principal diffraction pattern in the semi-solid formulation where argentic oxide diffraction peaks were observed to be dominant in silver oxynitrate powders alone. Viscoelastic or gel-like behavior of the formulation was observed under dynamic rheological study where the storage modulus (G' = 1.77 ± 0.02 × 104 Pa) significantly exceeded the loss modulus (G″ = 4.89 ± 3.72 × 102 Pa) (p < 0.0001). No significant (p = 0.84) change was observed in the apparent viscous response within the last three months of the study period indicative that the formulation approached a steady rheological state. The silver oxynitrate semi-solid formulation provided sustained in-vitro antimicrobial activity (>99.99% kill) over seven days with a significant reduction in biofilm within 6 h (p < 0.001). In-vitro mammalian fibroblast studies demonstrated the formulation to be non-cytotoxic and 100% epithelialization was observed within a six-day in-vivo porcine deep partial-thickness wound. The improved chemical stability, biocompatibility and efficacy results indicate that silicone gel semi-solid formulation may be a promising medicinal configuration to facilitate expansion of the clinical use of silver oxynitrate.

Nanoparticles synthesis by Agaricus soil basidiomycetes.

We examined the effect of various concentrations of HAuCl4, AgNO3, Na2SeO3, Na2SiO3, and GeO2 on mycelial growth of the soil basidiomycetes Agaricus bisporus and A. arvensis in submerged and solid media. Fungal mycelial extracts and cell-free culture filtrates were able to reduce ions of Au, Ag, Se, Si, and Ge compounds, forming Au0, Ag0, Se0, Si0/SiO2 and Ge0/GeO2 nanoparticles. The physical characteristics of the mycogenic nanoparticles differed depending on the species of Agaricus and the type of extract. Au nanospheres obtained with cell-free culture filtrates were of 2-5 nm diameter in A. bisporus and of 2-10 nm in A. arvensis. Nanoparticles produced by extracts of mycelia were several times larger and highly heterogenous. Ag nanoparticles produced by cell-free culture filtrates were spherical or irregular-shaped and agglomerated, whereas with extracts of mycelia, small homogenous nanospheres of 1-10 nm were formed. Se nanospheres obtained with cell-free culture filtrates were of 100-250 nm diameter in A. bisporus and of 150-550 nm diameter in A. arvensis. The particles synthesized with extracts of mycelia were of 40-140 nm in A. bisporus and of 100-250 nm in A. arvensis. Incubation of Na2SiO3 with cell-free culture filtrates resulted in porous Si nanoparticles of 30-65 nm in A. bisporus and of 50-200 nm in A. arvensis. Ge nanoparticles synthesized by both Agaricus species were mostly spheres of 50-250 nm diameter.