RESUMEN
Herein, we present the synthesis of several fluorinated pomalidomide derivatives and their thionated counterparts with subsequent biological evaluation against classical markers of cellular inflammation. Treatment in LPS-challenged cells effected varying reductions in levels of secreted TNF-α and nitrite relative to basal amounts. While arene fluorination and thioamidation had marginal and sporadic effects on TNF-α production, specific 7-position fluorination combined with subsequent increases in carbonyl thionation produced compounds 11, 14, and 15 which demonstrated corresponding and escalating anti-nitrite activities concurrent with minimal cellular toxicity. In this regard, compound 15 displayed roughly 96 % cell viability combined with a 65 % drop in nitrite production when supplied to RAW cells challenged with 60 ng/mL LPS. When a focused family of fluorinated isomers were directly compared, the analogous 5-fluorinated isomer 17 displayed comparable minimal toxicity but markedly less anti-nitrite activity versus 15 in RAW cells challenged with 70 ng/mL LPS. Compound 15 was subsequently screened in human liver microsomes for preliminary Phase 1 analysis where it demonstrated heightened stability relative to its non-fluorinated counterpart 3,6'-dithiopomalidomide 4, a result in line with the expected metabolic fortitude provided by fluorination at the sensitive pomalidomide 7-position.
Asunto(s)
Inflamación , Talidomida , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa , Animales , Humanos , Ratones , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Lipopolisacáridos , Nitritos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Células RAW 264.7 , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Talidomida/análogos & derivados , Talidomida/síntesis química , Talidomida/farmacología , Talidomida/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Cutaneous secretions of amphibians have bioactive compounds, such as peptides, with potential for biotechnological applications. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the primary structure and investigate peptides obtained from the cutaneous secretions of the amphibian, Leptodactylus vastus, as a source of bioactive molecules. The peptides obtained possessed the amino acid sequences, GVVDILKGAAKDLAGH and GVVDILKGAAKDLAGHLASKV, with monoisotopic masses of [M + H]± = 1563.8 Da and [M + H]± = 2062.4 Da, respectively. The molecules were characterized as peptides of the class of ocellatins and were named as Ocellatin-K1(1-16) and Ocellatin-K1(1-21). Functional analysis revealed that Ocellatin-K1(1-16) and Ocellatin-K1(1-21) showed weak antibacterial activity. However, treatment of mice with these ocellatins reduced the nitrite and malondialdehyde content. Moreover, superoxide dismutase enzymatic activity and glutathione concentration were increased in the hippocampus of mice. In addition, Ocellatin-K1(1-16) and Ocellatin-K1(1-21) were effective in impairing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and NF-kB activation in living microglia. We incubated hippocampal neurons with microglial conditioned media treated with LPS and LPS in the presence of Ocellatin-K1(1-16) and Ocellatin-K1(1-21) and observed that both peptides reduced the oxidative stress in hippocampal neurons. Furthermore, these ocellatins demonstrated low cytotoxicity towards erythrocytes. These functional properties suggest possible to neuromodulatory therapeutic applications.
Asunto(s)
Péptidos Catiónicos Antimicrobianos/farmacología , Anuros/metabolismo , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Infecciones/tratamiento farmacológico , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Secuencia de Aminoácidos/genética , Animales , Péptidos Catiónicos Antimicrobianos/química , Péptidos Catiónicos Antimicrobianos/genética , Péptidos Catiónicos Antimicrobianos/metabolismo , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Infecciones/inducido químicamente , Infecciones/genética , Infecciones/microbiología , Lipopolisacáridos/toxicidad , Ratones , Microglía/efectos de los fármacos , FN-kappa B/genética , Neuronas/metabolismo , Nitritos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Nitritos/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismoRESUMEN
Eight previously undescribed and 15 known components, including six neolignans, two monolignan, three sesquineolignans, three dineolignans, eight phenylpropanoids, and one steroid were identified from the seed testa of Vernicia fordii. Their structures were established based on the comprehensive analysis of NMR and ECD data. The anti-neuroinflammatory effects of the isolates were evaluated through nitrite assays in LPS-induced BV2 cells. As a result, isodiverniciasin A, diverniciasin B, diverniciasin C, isoprincepin, princepin, 3, 3'-bisdemethylpinoresinol, (+)-7-epi-sesamin-dicatechol, isoamericanin A, americanin B, 7S, 8R-americanin D, 4-hydroxyl cinnamic aldehyde, 3-hydroxyl-4-methoxyl cinnamic aldehyde and 24R-6ß-hydroxy-24- ethylcholest-4-en-3-one exhibited significant inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) production and isoprincepin, princepin, americanin B, and 4-hydroxyl cinnamic aldehyde suppressed the overexpression of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 in over-activated microglia. The results suggested that bioactive ingredients from the seed testa of V. fordii can serve as potential therapeutic agents for neurodegenerative diseases.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Euphorbiaceae/química , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/química , Antiinflamatorios/aislamiento & purificación , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Lipopolisacáridos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Ratones , Conformación Molecular , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/química , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/aislamiento & purificación , Nitritos/análisis , Nitritos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Nitritos/metabolismo , Fitoquímicos/química , Fitoquímicos/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Novel cage-like indolizine-acenaphthene-pyridinone heterocyclic hybrids were synthesized in good yields through [bmim]Br mediated tandem 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition-annulation sequence. The anti-inflammatory activity of these hybrids was performed using carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema, croton oil-induced ear oedema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models. Four of these cage-like heterocyclic hybrids viz. 4b, 4d, 4e and 4j showed substantial anti-inflammatory activities against acute and chronic inflammatory models and also showed significant inhibition of PGE2, TNF-α, and nitrite levels in carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Dinoprostona/antagonistas & inhibidores , Descubrimiento de Drogas , Edema/tratamiento farmacológico , Granuloma/tratamiento farmacológico , Compuestos Heterocíclicos/química , Nitritos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/química , Carragenina/toxicidad , Edema/inducido químicamente , Edema/patología , Granuloma/inducido químicamente , Granuloma/patología , Ratones , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
Physical exercise induces inflammatory and oxidative markers production in the skeletal muscle and this process is under the control of both endogenous and exogenous modulators. Recently, molecular hydrogen (H2) has been described as a therapeutic gas able to reduced oxidative stress in a number of conditions. However, nothing is known about its putative role in the inflammatory and oxidative status during a session of acute physical exercise in sedentary rats. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that H2 attenuates both inflammation and oxidative stress induced by acute physical exercise. Rats ran at 80% of their maximum running velocity on a closed treadmill inhaling either the H2 gas (2% H2, 21% O2, balanced with N2) or the control gas (0% H2, 21% O2, balanced with N2) and were euthanized immediately or 3â¯h after exercise. We assessed plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-6] and oxidative markers [superoxide dismutase (SOD), thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and nitrite/nitrate (NOx)]. In addition, we evaluated the phosphorylation status of intracellular signaling proteins [glycogen synthase kinase type 3 (GSK3α/ß) and the cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB)] that modulate several processes in the skeletal muscle during exercise, including changes in exercise-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. As expected, physical exercise increased virtually all the analyzed parameters. In the running rats, H2 blunted exercise-induced plasma inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) surges. Regarding the oxidative stress markers, H2 caused further increases in exercise-induced SOD activity and attenuated the exercise-induced increases in TBARS 3â¯h after exercise. Moreover, GSK3α/ß phosphorylation was not affected by exercise or H2 inhalation. Otherwise, exercise caused an increased CREB phosphorylation which was attenuated by H2. These data are consistent with the notion that H2 plays a key role in decreasing exercise-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and cellular stress.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Hidrógeno/farmacología , Músculo Esquelético/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/antagonistas & inhibidores , Administración por Inhalación , Animales , Proteína de Unión a Elemento de Respuesta al AMP Cíclico/sangre , Proteína de Unión a Elemento de Respuesta al AMP Cíclico/genética , Glucógeno Sintasa Quinasa 3 beta/sangre , Glucógeno Sintasa Quinasa 3 beta/genética , Interleucina-1beta/antagonistas & inhibidores , Interleucina-1beta/sangre , Interleucina-1beta/genética , Interleucina-6/antagonistas & inhibidores , Interleucina-6/sangre , Interleucina-6/genética , Isoenzimas/sangre , Isoenzimas/genética , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/fisiopatología , Nitratos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Nitratos/sangre , Nitritos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Nitritos/sangre , Condicionamiento Físico Animal/métodos , Esfuerzo Físico/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/sangre , Carrera , Superóxido Dismutasa/sangre , Superóxido Dismutasa/genética , Sustancias Reactivas al Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/sangre , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/genéticaRESUMEN
Stereoselective synthesis of a small library of novel spiroheterocyclic hybrids including indolizine, oxindole, and substituted piperidine units has been accomplished in [bmim]Br using a [3 + 2] cycloaddition strategy in good yield and were tested for their anti-inflammatory activities. The effects of compounds (4a-o) against inflammation were studied using carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema, croton oil-induced ear oedema, and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models. Among the heterocyclic hybrids, compounds 4d, 4g, and 4o showed significant anti-inflammatory activities against acute and chronic inflammatory models. These compounds also showed significant inhibition of PGE2, TNF-α, and nitrite levels in carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema. Thus it is evident from our study that these novel spiroheterocyclic hybrids 4d, 4g, and 4o displayed significant anti-inflammatory effects that involve the reduction of PGE2, TNF-α, and nitrite levels.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/farmacología , Edema/tratamiento farmacológico , Indoles/farmacología , Indolizinas/farmacología , Nitritos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Compuestos de Espiro/farmacología , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/síntesis química , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/química , Carragenina/administración & dosificación , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Edema/inducido químicamente , Indoles/síntesis química , Indoles/química , Indolizinas/síntesis química , Indolizinas/química , Modelos Moleculares , Estructura Molecular , Nitritos/metabolismo , Oxindoles , Ratas , Compuestos de Espiro/síntesis química , Compuestos de Espiro/química , Estereoisomerismo , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMEN
A library of 15 novel and heretofore uncharacterized adamantyl and noradamantyl phthalimidines was synthesized and evaluated for neuroprotective and anti-angiogenic properties. Phthalimidine treatment in LPS-challenged cells effected reductions in levels of secreted TNF-α and nitrite relative to basal amounts. The primary SAR suggests nitration of adamantyl phthalimidines has marginal effect on TNF-α activity but promotes anti-nitrite activity; thioamide congeners retain anti-nitrite activity but are less effective reducing TNF-α. Site-specific nitration and thioamidation provided phthalimidine 24, effecting an 88.5% drop in nitrite concurrent with only a 4% drop in TNF-α. Notable anti-angiogenesis activity was observed for 20, 21 and 22.
Asunto(s)
Inhibidores de la Angiogénesis/farmacología , Diseño de Fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Nitritos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Ftalimidas/farmacología , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Inhibidores de la Angiogénesis/síntesis química , Inhibidores de la Angiogénesis/química , Animales , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Lipopolisacáridos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Ratones , Estructura Molecular , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/síntesis química , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/química , Nitritos/metabolismo , Ftalimidas/síntesis química , Ftalimidas/química , Células RAW 264.7 , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMEN
Chemical examination of a coral-associated fungus Aspergillus versicolor LZD-44-03 resulted in the isolation of two new compounds with the trivial names of varicuothiols A (1) and B (2) as a unique scaffold. Their structures were determined through extensive spectroscopic analyses in association with the modified Mosher's method and chemical conversion. Both 1 and 2 exhibited significant inhibition against LPS-induced RAW24.7 cell proliferation, in association with the down regulation of nitrite production and cytokines (MCP-1, IL-6, and TNF-α).
Asunto(s)
Alcaloides/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/farmacología , Aspergillus/química , Alcaloides/química , Alcaloides/metabolismo , Animales , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/química , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/metabolismo , Aspergillus/metabolismo , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Citocinas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Citocinas/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Lipopolisacáridos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Ratones , Conformación Molecular , Nitritos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Nitritos/metabolismo , Células RAW 264.7 , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
For the fermentation of vinegar using onion, acetic acid bacteria and yeast strains with high fermentation ability were screened. Among them, Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1026 was selected as a starter for ethanol production and Acetobacter orientalis MAK88 was selected as a vinegar producer. When the two-stage fermentation of onion vinegar was performed at 28 °C, the titratable acidity reached 4.80% at 24 h of fermentation. When semi-continuous fermentation proceeded to charge-discharge consisting of three cycles, the acetic acid content reached 4.35% at 48 h of fermentation. At this stage, the fermentation efficiency, acetic acid productivity, and specific product formation rate were 76.71%, 17.73 g/(L·d), and 20.58 g/(g·h), respectively. The process in this study significantly reduced the fermentation time and simplified the vinegar production process. The content of total flavonoids and total polyphenols in onion vinegar were 104.36 and 455.41 µg/mL, respectively. The antioxidant activities of onion vinegar in terms of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic) acid (ABTSâº) radical scavenging activity, and reducing power were 75.33%, 98.88%, and 1.28, respectively. The nitrite scavenging abilities of onion vinegar were 95.38 at pH 1.2. The onion vinegar produced in this study showed higher organoleptic acceptability than commercial onion vinegar.
Asunto(s)
Ácido Acético/química , Ácido Acético/metabolismo , Fermentación , Cebollas/metabolismo , Ácido Acético/análisis , Ácido Acético/farmacología , Antioxidantes/análisis , Antioxidantes/química , Bacterias/metabolismo , Reactores Biológicos , Compuestos de Bifenilo/antagonistas & inhibidores , Compuestos de Bifenilo/química , Etanol/metabolismo , Flavonoides/análisis , Flavonoides/química , Microbiología de Alimentos , Nitritos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Nitritos/química , Picratos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Picratos/química , Polifenoles/análisis , Polifenoles/química , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Flujo de TrabajoRESUMEN
A novel series of dihydropyranoaurone derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as potential anti-inflammatory agents. Late-stage derivatization by versatile piperazine-catalyzed aldol reaction between dihydropyanobenzofuran intermediate 2 and diverse aldehydes readily afforded the novel dihydropyranoaurone analogs. Evaluation of the synthesized dihydropyranoaurone derivatives and related compounds regarding their inhibiting inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrite production of lipopolysaccaride-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells provided insight into the structure-activity relationship of aurone derivatives.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/farmacología , Benzofuranos/farmacología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/antagonistas & inhibidores , Nitritos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/síntesis química , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/química , Benzofuranos/síntesis química , Benzofuranos/química , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/síntesis química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Humanos , Lipopolisacáridos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Ratones , Estructura Molecular , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/metabolismo , Nitritos/metabolismo , Células RAW 264.7 , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
The objective of present work was to enquire the potential use of embelin-loaded nanolipid carriers for brain targeting. The average particle size and polydispersity index (PDI) of optimized formulation (F19) were found to be 152 ± 19.7 nm and 0.143 ± 0.023, respectively. Nanolipid carrier (NLC) was also significantly attenuated pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced biochemical parameters in comparison to plain embelin that results in an increase in the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrite, and reduction in the level of glutathione. From the results, it was concluded that embelin-NLCs developed as a beneficial carrier to achieve sustained release and brain targeting through nasal route.
Asunto(s)
Benzoquinonas/farmacocinética , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Portadores de Fármacos , Nanopartículas/química , Palmitatos/química , Administración Intranasal , Animales , Benzoquinonas/sangre , Benzoquinonas/farmacología , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Convulsivantes/antagonistas & inhibidores , Convulsivantes/farmacología , Composición de Medicamentos , Liberación de Fármacos , Femenino , Glutatión/agonistas , Glutatión/metabolismo , Masculino , Malondialdehído/antagonistas & inhibidores , Malondialdehído/metabolismo , Nanopartículas/metabolismo , Nitritos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Nitritos/metabolismo , Tamaño de la Partícula , Pentilenotetrazol/antagonistas & inhibidores , Pentilenotetrazol/farmacología , Poloxámero/química , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Distribución TisularRESUMEN
Microglia, the primary resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), responds rapidly to pathogens and injury by secreting immune mediators including nitric oxide (NO). The reaction of NO with the anti-oxidant glutathione forms S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), the major pool of biologic NO in the body. GSNO is degraded by GSNO reductase (GSNOR). Recently, we have shown that copper (Cu(I)) inhibits the release of NO in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglia and induces BV2 microglia to acquire a mixed a profile with both pro- and anti-inflammatory characteristics. Since GSNOR is the critical enzyme in GSNO metabolism, we sought to determine whether Cu(I) affects GSNOR activity and S-nitrosothiol (SNO) accumulation in activated BV2 microglia. Our results show that GSNOR protein expression is reduced by Cu(I) treatment in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia. Our results also show a decrease in S-nitrosothiol content despite a reduced GSNOR expression. This effect is most likely due to Cu(I) reacting with the central thiol of the SNO bond resulting in the degradation of SNO. A dose of 1 µM Cu(I) did not affect SNO protein accumulation in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia, however, a dose of 100 µM Cu(I) inhibited SNO protein in accordance with inhibition of S-nitrosothiols. These data provide direct evidence that Cu(I) disrupts S-nitrosothiol homeostasis and NO metabolism, and, thus, provide new insights into the mechanisms involved in microglia-mediated-CNS disorders.
Asunto(s)
Cobre/toxicidad , Microglía/metabolismo , S-Nitrosotioles/antagonistas & inhibidores , S-Nitrosotioles/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/fisiología , Animales , Línea Celular Transformada , Glutatión/análogos & derivados , Glutatión/antagonistas & inhibidores , Glutatión/metabolismo , Ratones , Microglía/efectos de los fármacos , Óxido Nítrico/antagonistas & inhibidores , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Nitritos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Nitritos/metabolismo , Nitrocompuestos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Nitrocompuestos/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The role of phytochemicals in preventive and therapeutic medicine is a major area of scientific research. Several studies have illustrated the mechanistic roles of phytochemicals in Nrf2 transcriptional activation. The present study aims to examine the importance of the transcription factor Nrf2 by treating peritoneal macrophages from Nrf2(+/+) and Nrf2(-/-) mice ex vivo with phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and curcumin (CUR). The peritoneal macrophages were pretreated with the drugs and challenged with lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) alone and in combination with PEITC or CUR to assess their anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects based on gene and protein expression in the treated cells. LPS treatment resulted in an increase in the expression of inflammatory markers such as cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in both Nrf2(+/+) and Nrf2(-/-) macrophages, detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Nrf2(+/+) macrophages treated with PEITC and CUR exhibited a significant decrease in the expression of these anti-inflammatory genes along with an increase in the expression of hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1), which is an antioxidative stress gene downstream of the Nrf2 transcription factor battery. Although there was no significant decrease in the expression of the anti-inflammatory genes or an increase in HO-1 expression in Nrf2(-/-) macrophages treated with either PEITC or CUR, there was a significant decrease in the protein expression of COX-2 and an increase in the expression of HO-1 in Nrf2(+/+) macrophages treated with PEITC compared to that with CUR treatment. No significant changes were observed in the macrophages from knockout animals. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in LPS-induced IL-6 and TNF-α production following PEITC treatment compared with that following CUR in Nrf2(+/+) macrophages, whereas no change was observed in the macrophages from knockout animals. The results from qPCR, western blot, and ELISA analyses in macrophages from Nrf2(+/+) and Nrf2 (-/-) mice indicate that Nrf2 plays an important role in the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of PEITC and CUR, as observed by their decreased activities in Nrf2(-/-) macrophages.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Curcumina/farmacología , Isotiocianatos/farmacología , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2/fisiología , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Cartilla de ADN , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2/genética , Nitritos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Nitritos/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMEN
Nitric oxide modulates pain development. However, there is no evidence on the effect of nitroxyl (HNO/NOâ») in nociception. Therefore, we addressed whether nitroxyl inhibits inflammatory hyperalgesia and its mechanism using the nitroxyl donor Angeli's salt (AS; Na2N2O3). Mechanical hyperalgesia was evaluated using a modified Randall and Selitto method in rats, cytokine production by ELISA and nitroxyl was determined by confocal microscopy in DAF (a cell permeable reagent that is converted into a fluorescent molecule by nitrogen oxides)-treated dorsal root ganglia neurons in culture. Local pre-treatment with AS (17-450 µg/paw, 30 min) inhibited the carrageenin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in a dose- and time-dependent manner with maximum inhibition of 97%. AS also inhibited carrageenin-induced cytokine production. AS inhibited the hyperalgesia induced by other inflammatory stimuli including lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1ß and prostaglandin E2. Furthermore, the analgesic effect of AS was prevented by treatment with ODQ (a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor), KT5823 (a protein kinase G [PKG] inhibitor) or glybenclamide (an ATP-sensitive K⺠channel blocker), but not with naloxone (an opioid receptor antagonist). AS induced concentration-dependent increase in fluorescence intensity of DAF-treated neurons in a l-cysteine (nitroxyl scavenger) sensitive manner. l-cysteine did not affect the NO⺠donor S-Nitroso-N-acetyl-DL- penicillamine (SNAP)-induced anti-hyperalgesia or fluorescence of DAF-treated neurons. This is the first study to demonstrate that nitroxyl inhibits inflammatory hyperalgesia by reducing cytokine production and activating the cGMP/PKG/ATP-sensitive K⺠channel signaling pathway in vivo.
Asunto(s)
Analgésicos no Narcóticos/uso terapéutico , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/uso terapéutico , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Hiperalgesia/prevención & control , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Nitritos/uso terapéutico , Óxidos de Nitrógeno/agonistas , Analgésicos no Narcóticos/administración & dosificación , Analgésicos no Narcóticos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Analgésicos no Narcóticos/farmacología , Animales , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/administración & dosificación , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/farmacología , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/farmacología , Ganglios Espinales/citología , Ganglios Espinales/efectos de los fármacos , Ganglios Espinales/inmunología , Ganglios Espinales/metabolismo , Hiperalgesia/inmunología , Hiperalgesia/metabolismo , Masculino , Neuronas/citología , Neuronas/inmunología , Neuronas/metabolismo , Donantes de Óxido Nítrico/farmacología , Nitritos/administración & dosificación , Nitritos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Nitritos/farmacología , Óxidos de Nitrógeno/antagonistas & inhibidores , Bloqueadores de los Canales de Potasio/farmacología , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , TactoRESUMEN
Simple synthesis of modafinil derivatives and their biological activity are described. The key synthetic strategies involve substitution and coupling reactions. We determined the anti-inflammatory effects of modafinil derivatives in cultured BV2 cells by measuring the inhibition of nitrite production and expression of iNOS and COX-2 after LPS stimulation. It was found that for sulfide analogues introduction of aliphatic groups on the amide part (compounds 11ad) resulted in lower anti-inflammatory activity compared with cyclic or aromatic moieties (compounds 11ek). However, for the sulfoxide analogues, introduction of aliphatic moieties (compounds 12ad) showed higher anti-inflammatory activity than cyclic or aromatic fragments (compounds 12ek) in BV-2 microglia cells.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/síntesis química , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/farmacología , Compuestos de Bencidrilo , Ciclooxigenasa 2/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/metabolismo , Nitritos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/química , Antioxidantes/síntesis química , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Compuestos de Bencidrilo/química , Compuestos de Bencidrilo/farmacología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Lipopolisacáridos/inmunología , Modafinilo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Safrol/análogos & derivados , Safrol/química , Sulfuros/químicaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Quercetin is anti-inflammatory in macrophages by inhibiting lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated increases in cytokine and nitric oxide production but there is little information regarding the corresponding effect on the vasculature. We have examined the effect of quercetin, and its principal human metabolites, on inflammatory changes in the porcine isolated coronary artery. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Porcine coronary artery segments were incubated overnight at 37°C in modified Krebs-Henseleit solution with or without 1µg·mL(-1) LPS. Some segments were also co-incubated with quercetin-related flavonoids or Bay 11-7082, an inhibitor of NFκB. Changes in isometric tension of segments to vasoconstrictor and vasodilator agents were recorded. Nitrite content of the incubation solution was estimated using the Griess reaction, while inducible nitric oxide synthase was identified immunohistochemically. KEY RESULTS: Lipopolysaccharide reduced, by 35-50%, maximal contractions to KCl and U46619, thromboxane A(2) receptor agonist, and impaired endothelium-dependent relaxations to substance P. Nitrite content of the incubation medium increased 3- to 10-fold following exposure to LPS and inducible nitric oxide synthase was detected in the adventitia. Quercetin (0.1-10µM) opposed LPS-induced changes in vascular responses, nitrite production and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Similarly, 10µM Bay 11-7082, 10µM quercetin 3'-sulphate and 10µM quercetin 3-glucuronide prevented LPS-induced changes, while myricetin (10µM) was inactive. Myricetin (10µM) prevented quercetin-induced modulation of LPS-mediated nitrite production. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Quercetin, quercetin 3'-suphate and quercetin 3-glucuronide, exerted anti-inflammatory effects on the vasculature, possibly through a mechanism involving inhibition of NFκB. Myricetin-induced antagonism of the effect of anti-inflammatory action of quercetin merits further investigation.
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Vasos Coronarios/efectos de los fármacos , Lipopolisacáridos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Quercetina/análogos & derivados , Quercetina/metabolismo , Quercetina/farmacología , Ácido 15-Hidroxi-11 alfa,9 alfa-(epoximetano)prosta-5,13-dienoico/farmacología , Animales , Vasos Coronarios/metabolismo , Vasos Coronarios/fisiología , Citocinas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Citocinas/metabolismo , Flavonoides/farmacología , Técnicas In Vitro , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Inflamación/metabolismo , Inflamación/prevención & control , Contracción Isométrica/efectos de los fármacos , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , FN-kappa B/antagonistas & inhibidores , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/antagonistas & inhibidores , Óxido Nítrico/biosíntesis , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/antagonistas & inhibidores , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/metabolismo , Nitrilos/farmacología , Nitritos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Nitritos/metabolismo , Cloruro de Potasio/farmacología , Sulfonas/farmacología , PorcinosRESUMEN
The most frequently used catalase (CAT) activity assay is based on the spectrophotometric measurement of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) absorbance decrease at 240 nm. Here we report an alternative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay for human erythrocytic CAT (heCAT) activity measurement based on glutathione (GSH) analysis as a highly stable, H(2)O(2)-insensitive o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) derivative. The method was developed and validated using an isolated heCAT in phosphate-buffered saline at pH 7.4 and was applied to measure CAT activity in lysed human erythrocytes. heCAT activity was measured at initial concentrations of 5 nM for heCAT, 5mM for H(2)O(2), and 10mM for GSH, and the incubation time was 10 min. Nitrite (NO(2)(-)) was found to be an uncompetitive inhibitor of heCAT activity (IC(50)=9 µM) and of CAT activity in hemolysate (IC(50)â¼750 µM). Nitrate (NO(3)(-)) at concentrations up to 100 µM did not inhibit heCAT activity. Azide (N(3)(-)) was found to be a very strong inhibitor of the heCAT (IC(50)=0.2 nM) but a relatively weak CAT inhibitor (IC(50)â¼10 µM) in human hemolysates. The novel CAT activity assay works under redox conditions that more closely resemble those prevailing in cells and allows high-throughput analysis despite the required HPLC step.
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Catalasa/análisis , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Eritrocitos/enzimología , Glutatión/análisis , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/análisis , Espectrofotometría Ultravioleta/métodos , Azidas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Pruebas de Enzimas/métodos , Eritrocitos/química , Glutatión/sangre , Humanos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Nitritos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Oxidación-Reducción , o-Ftalaldehído/químicaRESUMEN
Latex from Euphorbia lactea (Euphorbiaceae), a native Dominican medicinal plant, is claimed to be useful in the treatment of inflammation. Topical application of tirucallol, a tetracyclic triterpene isolated from Euphorbia lacteal latex, suppressed ear edema in the mouse model in a dose-dependent manner, as well as affecting the influx of polymorphonuclear cells in response to topical application of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-acetate (TPA) in the mouse ear. In addition, the effect of tirucallol, on some macrophage functions was analyzed in vitro. Non-toxic concentrations of tirucallol potently inhibited nitrite production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. Western blot analysis showed that nitric oxide reduction was a consequence of the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthetase expression although tirucallol slightly affected to prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) generation. The results of the study revealed that tirucallol (0.3%), present in Euphorbia lactea latex, exerts a topical anti-inflammatory effect in vivo, via a mechanism of action related to the neutrophil migration. On the other hand, it can be deduced that the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of this triterpene is related to the control of the production of NO and its effect on the expression of iNOS.
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Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Edema/tratamiento farmacológico , Euphorbia/química , Mediadores de Inflamación/metabolismo , Lanosterol/análogos & derivados , Infiltración Neutrófila/efectos de los fármacos , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Administración Tópica , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/aislamiento & purificación , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Dinoprostona/biosíntesis , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Edema/metabolismo , Granulocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Lanosterol/aislamiento & purificación , Lanosterol/farmacología , Lanosterol/uso terapéutico , Látex , Lipopolisacáridos , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Ratones , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/antagonistas & inhibidores , Nitritos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Acetato de TetradecanoilforbolRESUMEN
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) may play a role in modulating microglial activation, but group I mGluRs have received little attention. This study aimed to investigate the effects of group I mGluR selective ligands, (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine ((S)-3,5-DHPG) and (RS)-1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid (AIDA), in lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 50 ng/ml)-activated rat microglial cultures. (S)-3,5-DHPG (150 microM) significantly reduced (approximately 20-60%) the LPS-mediated production of nitrite (NO2(-)), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and L-glutamate (Glu) at 24 and 72 h. Image analysis revealed increases in both cell area and number, with larger amoeboid microglia (with retracted processes) formed following 2 h LPS exposure. This cellular population was absent after addition of (S)-3,5-DHPG, an effect antagonised by AIDA, and a concomitant reduction in cell area was also found. Taken together, these biochemical and morphological observations suggest that (S)-3,5-DHPG reduces microglial activation, indicating a role for group I mGluRs in modulating microglial function.
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Agonistas de Aminoácidos Excitadores/farmacología , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitadores/farmacología , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Microglía/efectos de los fármacos , Microglía/fisiología , Receptores de Glutamato Metabotrópico/clasificación , Receptores de Glutamato Metabotrópico/fisiología , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Células Cultivadas , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Agonistas de Aminoácidos Excitadores/metabolismo , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitadores/metabolismo , Ácido Glutámico/biosíntesis , Ácido Glutámico/metabolismo , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Glicina/metabolismo , Glicina/farmacología , Ligandos , Lipopolisacáridos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Microglía/metabolismo , Nitritos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Nitritos/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de Glutamato Metabotrópico/metabolismo , Resorcinoles/metabolismo , Resorcinoles/farmacología , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/biosíntesisRESUMEN
Influence of repeated application of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD), on CH(4) production and associated microflora in a flooded alluvial soil, was investigated in a laboratory incubation study. Application of DCD at the time of soil incubation resulted in a substantial reduction in CH(4) production (31% over that of untreated control). Second repeat application of DCD, on the contrary, annulled the inhibitory effect on CH(4) production, restoring it to the level of unamended soil. Application of the third dose of DCD maintained CH(4) production almost to the same extent as that of second application. The alleviation of the initial inhibitory effect of DCD on CH(4) production was linked to the enhanced degradation of DCD following its repeated application to the flooded soil. Admittedly, abatement of the initial inhibitory effect of DCD on CH(4) production in soil repeatedly amended with DCD was also related to the inhibition of CH(4)-oxidizing bacterial population and noticeable stimulation of heterotrophic bacterial population. Results suggest that repeat application of DCD with fertilizer-N to flooded rice soils might not be effective in controlling CH(4) production under field condition.