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Long-duration spaceflight (LDSF) is associated with unique hazards and linked with numerous human health risks including Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS). The proposed mechanisms for SANS include microgravity induced cephalad fluid shift and increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP). SANS is a disorder seen only after LDSF and has no direct terrestrial pathologic counterpart as the zero G environment cannot be completely replicated on Earth. Head-down tilt, bed rest studies however have been used as a terrestrial analog and produce the cephalad fluid shift. Some proposed countermeasures for SANS include vasoconstrictive thigh cuffs and lower body negative pressure. Another potential researched countermeasure is the impedance threshold device (ITD) which can reduce ICP. We review the mechanisms of the ITD and its potential use as a countermeasure for SANS.
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Vuelo Espacial , Ingravidez , Humanos , Ingravidez/efectos adversos , Impedancia Eléctrica , Síndrome , Reposo en Cama/efectos adversos , Oftalmopatías/fisiopatología , Oftalmopatías/etiología , Medidas contra la Ingravidez , Presión Intracraneal , Inclinación de CabezaRESUMEN
A study was conducted to investigate the associations of the diseases of the organ of vision and its accessory apparatus with anxiety and depression in the elderly people. The study included 678 participants of the ESSE-RF3 population study in the Arkhangelsk region in the age of 60-74 years. We used a questionnaire, including the hospital scale of anxiety and depression score (HADS), and the assessment of the ophthalmological status. It was found that all the study participants had diseases of the visual organ. Elevated depression scores were associated with sex, age, marital status (being single), and disability, elevated anxiety scores - with sex. The scores on the anxiety scale were on average 25% higher in participants whose visual acuity decreased to ï£0,5 units, and showed no independent associations with diagnosed ophthalmological diseases. The scores on the depression scale were on average 33% higher in participants with visual acuity ï£0,5 units, and 22% higher in the presence of retinopathy. In conclusion, anxiety and depression in the elderly people were more associated with visual deficits rather than with the presence of ophthalmological diseases underlying a decrease in functional status.
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Ansiedad , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Anciano , Persona de Mediana Edad , Federación de Rusia/epidemiología , Ansiedad/epidemiología , Ansiedad/diagnóstico , Ansiedad/psicología , Agudeza Visual , Depresión/epidemiología , Depresión/diagnóstico , Depresión/psicología , Depresión/etiología , Oftalmopatías/epidemiología , Oftalmopatías/diagnóstico , Oftalmopatías/psicología , Oftalmopatías/fisiopatología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Trastornos de la Visión/epidemiología , Trastornos de la Visión/psicología , Trastornos de la Visión/fisiopatología , Trastornos de la Visión/diagnósticoRESUMEN
Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) represent a significant proportion of global health burden, with a wide spectrum of varying, heterogenic conditions largely affecting the pulmonary system. Recent advances in immunology and respiratory biology have highlighted the systemic impact of these diseases, notably through the elucidation of the lung-eye axis. The current review focusses on understanding the pivotal role of the lung-eye axis in the pathogenesis and progression of chronic respiratory infections and diseases. Existing literature published on the immunological crosstalk between the eye and the lung has been reviewed. The various roles of the ocular microbiome in lung health are also explored, examining the eye as a gateway for respiratory virus transmission, and assessing the impact of environmental irritants on both ocular and respiratory systems. This novel concept emphasizes a bidirectional relationship between respiratory and ocular health, suggesting that respiratory diseases may influence ocular conditions and vice versa, whereby this conception provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the intricate axis connecting both respiratory and ocular health. These aspects underscore the need for an integrative approach in the management of chronic respiratory diseases. Future research should further elucidate the in-depth molecular mechanisms affecting this axis which would pave the path for novel diagnostics and effective therapeutic strategies.
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Ojo , Pulmón , Humanos , Pulmón/microbiología , Pulmón/fisiopatología , Ojo/microbiología , Oftalmopatías/fisiopatología , Oftalmopatías/etiología , Animales , Enfermedades Respiratorias/fisiopatología , Enfermedades Respiratorias/microbiología , Enfermedades Respiratorias/virología , Microbiota/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Purpose: Vision-degrading myodesopsia (VDM) from vitreous floaters significantly degrades vision and impacts visual quality of life (VQOL), but the relationship to light scattering is poorly understood. This study compared in vitro measures of light scatter and transmission in surgically excised human vitreous to preoperative indexes of vitreous structure, visual function, and VQOL. Methods: Pure vitreous collected during vitrectomy from 8 patients with VDM had wide-angle straylight measurements and dark-field imaging, performed within 36 hours of vitrectomy. Preoperative VQOL assessment with VFQ-25, contrast sensitivity (CS) measurements with Freiburg acuity contrast testing, and quantitative ultrasonography were compared to light scattering and transmission in vitro. Results: All indices of vitreous echodensity in vivo correlated positively with straylight at 0.5° (R = 0.708 to 0.775, P = 0.049 and 0.024, respectively). Straylight mean scatter index correlated with echodensity (R = 0.71, P = 0.04) and VQOL (R = -0.82, P = 0.0075). Dark-field measures in vitro correlated with degraded CS in vivo (R = -0.69, P = 0.04). VQOL correlated with straylight mean scatter index (R = -0.823, P = 0.012). Conclusions: Increased vitreous echodensity in vivo is associated with more straylight scattering in vitro, validating ultrasonography as a clinical surrogate for light scattering. Contrast sensitivity in vivo is more degraded in the presence of dark-field scattering in vitro and VQOL is decreased in patients whose vitreous has increased light scattering. These findings could form the basis for the development of optical corrections for VDM or support new laser treatments, as well as novel pharmacotherapy.
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Sensibilidad de Contraste , Luz , Dispersión de Radiación , Agudeza Visual , Vitrectomía , Cuerpo Vítreo , Humanos , Cuerpo Vítreo/diagnóstico por imagen , Femenino , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Agudeza Visual/fisiología , Sensibilidad de Contraste/fisiología , Anciano , Calidad de Vida , Trastornos de la Visión/fisiopatología , Adulto , Ultrasonografía , Oftalmopatías/fisiopatología , Oftalmopatías/diagnóstico por imagenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the macular and optic nerve head (ONH) vascular density, foveal avascular zone area, and outer retina and choriocapillaris flow in juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). METHODS: Ten eyes of 10 patients with JDM and 15 age and sex-matched healthy controls were investigated in this prospective, cross-sectional study. The superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP), ONH, foveal avascular zone (FAZ) parameters, the flow area of the outer retina, and choriocapillaris were evaluated using OCTA. RESULTS: Vessel density (VD) of the parafovea (p = 0.036) and parafoveal subregions (p = 0.041 for superior hemifield, p = 0.031 for inferior hemifield, p = 0.012 for superior, p = 0.019 for nasal, p = 0.026 for inferior, and p = 0.048 for temporal) in DCP were significantly lower in the JDM group compared to healthy controls. A high inverse correlation between disease duration and these parameters was found except parafoveal superior VD in DCP. There was no significant difference between the groups in VD parameters of SCP and ONH, FAZ parameters, outer retina, and choriocapillaris flow area as well as thickness parameters. (p > 0.05 for all). Furthermore, ROC analysis revealed that all parafoveal DCP parameters showed good ability to differentiate JDM from healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated a decreased vessel density in the deep parafoveal region in JDM. As a result, we hypothesized that OCTA could detect retinal microvascular changes in JDM patients who did not have clinical evidence of ocular involvement.
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Angiografía por Tomografía Computarizada , Dermatomiositis , Oftalmopatías , Mácula Lútea , Disco Óptico , Tomografía de Coherencia Óptica , Capilares/diagnóstico por imagen , Coroides/irrigación sanguínea , Coroides/diagnóstico por imagen , Estudios Transversales , Dermatomiositis/complicaciones , Dermatomiositis/diagnóstico por imagen , Dermatomiositis/fisiopatología , Oftalmopatías/diagnóstico por imagen , Oftalmopatías/etiología , Oftalmopatías/fisiopatología , Angiografía con Fluoresceína/métodos , Fóvea Central/irrigación sanguínea , Fóvea Central/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Mácula Lútea/irrigación sanguínea , Mácula Lútea/diagnóstico por imagen , Densidad Microvascular , Disco Óptico/irrigación sanguínea , Disco Óptico/diagnóstico por imagen , Proyectos Piloto , Estudios Prospectivos , Retina/diagnóstico por imagen , Vasos Retinianos/diagnóstico por imagenRESUMEN
The current study examines the potential moderating effect of depression and anxiety on the relationship between visual acuity and health-related quality of life in patients with chronic eye diseases. Of the 71 patients, 37 (52%) were female and 34 (48%) were male, age (mean ± SD) was 69 ± 12 years. A significant multivariate regression model was found for patients' health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5L index) (R2 = 0.43, p < 0.001), in which visual acuity (logMAR) (p < 0.001), anxiety (HADS-A) (p = 0.007), and age of diagnosis (p = 0.04) were independently associated with health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5L). The moderation model for anxiety (R2 = 0.47, F = 5.91, p < 0.001) revealed a significant interaction of visual acuity and levels of anxiety in relation to health-related quality of life. Conditional effects analysis suggested that higher logMAR values (which indicate more vision loss) were associated with lower EQ-5D-5L index (indicating worse health-related quality of life), this relationship being stronger (even more negative), when levels of anxiety are high. Clinical and rehabilitation services providing care for chronic eye disease patients should include regular checks for patients' levels of anxiety, even in patients who still have preserved visual acuity, to help preventing a synergistic source of long-term poor quality of life and disability.
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Ansiedad , Oftalmopatías/fisiopatología , Oftalmopatías/psicología , Calidad de Vida , Agudeza Visual , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Enfermedad Crónica , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Gravedad del PacienteRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a precise role as a master regulator of cellular energy homeostasis. AMPK is activated in response to the signalling cues that exhaust cellular ATP levels such as hypoxia, ischaemia, glucose depletion and heat shock. As a central regulator of both lipid and glucose metabolism, AMPK is considered to be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of various diseases, including eye disorders. OBJECTIVE: To review all the shreds of evidence concerning the role of the AMPK signalling pathway in the pathogenesis of ocular diseases. METHOD: Scientific data search and review of available information evaluating the influence of AMPK signalling on ocular diseases. RESULTS: Review highlights the significance of AMPK signalling in the aetiopathogenesis of ocular diseases, including cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, retinoblastoma, age-related macular degeneration, corneal diseases, etc. The review also provides the information on the AMPK-associated pathways with reference to ocular disease, which includes mitochondrial biogenesis, autophagy and regulation of inflammatory response. CONCLUSION: The study concludes the role of AMPK in ocular diseases. There is growing interest in the therapeutic utilization of the AMPK pathway for ocular disease treatment. Furthermore, inhibition of AMPK signalling might represent more pertinent strategy than AMPK activation for ocular disease treatment. Such information will guide the development of more effective AMPK modulators for ocular diseases.[Formula: see text].
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Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP/efectos adversos , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP/metabolismo , Oftalmopatías/inducido químicamente , Oftalmopatías/fisiopatología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Redes y Vías MetabólicasRESUMEN
Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles which accommodate a cargo of bioactive biomolecules that generally includes proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, sugars, and related conjugates depicting the cellular environment and are known to mediate a wide array of biological functions, like cellular communication, cellular differentiation, immunomodulation, neovascularization, and cellular waste management. The exponential implication of exosomes in the pathological development and progression of various disorders including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer has offered a tremendous opportunity for exploring their role in ocular conditions. Ocular diseases such as age-related macular disease, glaucoma, infectious endophthalmitis, diabetic retinopathy, autoimmune uveitis etc face various challenges in their early diagnosis and treatments due to contributing factors such as delay in the onset of symptoms, microbial identification, difficulty in obtaining samples for biopsy or being diagnosed as masquerade syndromes. Studies have reported unique exosomal cargos that are involved in successful delivery of miRNA or proteins to recipient cells to express desired expression or exploited as a diagnostic marker for various diseases. Furthermore, engineered exosomes can be used for targeted delivery of therapeutics and exosomes being natural nanoparticles found in all types of cells, host may not elicit an immune response against it. With the rapid advancement of opting personalized therapeutics, extending exosomal research to sight-threatening ocular infections can possibly advance the current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. This review briefs about the current knowledge of exosomes in visual systems, advancements in exosomal and ophthalmic research, participation of exosomes in the pathogenesis of common ocular diseases, the challenges for exosomal therapies along with the future of this promising domain of research for diseases that fatally threaten billions of people worldwide.
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Exosomas/fisiología , Vesículas Extracelulares/fisiología , Oftalmopatías/fisiopatología , Investigación Biomédica , Comunicación Celular , HumanosRESUMEN
The human eye is a complex biomechanical structure with a range of biomechanical processes involved in various physiological as well as pathological conditions. Fluid flow inside different domains of the eye is one of the most significant biomechanical processes that tend to perform a wide variety of functions and when combined with other biophysical processes play a crucial role in ocular drug delivery. However, it is quite difficult to comprehend the effect of these processes on drug transport and associated treatment experimentally because of ethical constraints and economic feasibility. Computational modeling on the other hand is an excellent means to understand the associated complexity between these aforementioned processes and drug delivery. A wide range of computational models specific to different types of fluids present in different domains of the eye as well as varying drug delivery modes has been established to understand the fluid flow behavior and drug transport phenomenon in an insilico manner. These computational models have been used as a non-invasive tool to aid ophthalmologists in identifying the challenges associated with a particular drug delivery mode while treating particular eye diseases and to advance the understanding of the biomechanical behavior of the eye. In this regard, the author attempts to summarize the existing computational and mathematical approaches proposed in the last two decades for understanding the fluid mechanics and drug transport associated with different domains of the eye, together with their application to modify the existing treatment processes.
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Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos/métodos , Oftalmopatías/tratamiento farmacológico , Ojo/fisiopatología , Modelos Biológicos , Administración Oftálmica , Disponibilidad Biológica , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Simulación por Computador , Ojo/metabolismo , Oftalmopatías/fisiopatología , Humanos , Distribución TisularAsunto(s)
Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Diplopía/etiología , Oftalmopatías/etiología , Germinoma/diagnóstico , Reflejo Pupilar , Adulto , Neoplasias Encefálicas/complicaciones , Oftalmopatías/fisiopatología , Germinoma/complicaciones , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos de la Motilidad Ocular/etiología , Estimulación LuminosaRESUMEN
One of the current problems of modern radiobiology is determine the characteristics of the manifestation of radiation-induced effects not only at different dose loads, but also at different stages of development of the organism. In previous reports, we have summarized available evidence that at certain ages there is a comparative acceleration of radiation-induced pathological changes in the eye and brain, and the study and assessment of the risk of possible ophthalmic and neurological pathology in remote periods after contamination of radioactive areas. Data of irradiated in utero individuals are possible on the basis of observation of the state of the visual analyzer in persons who underwent intrauterine irradiation in 1986. Therefore, a parallel study of retinal morphometric parameters, amplitude and latency of components of evoked visual potentials in irradiated in utero individuals was performed. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the retinal morphometric parameters, amplitude and latency components of the evoked visual potentials in intrauterine irradiated persons. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The results of surveys of 16 people irradiated in utero in the aftermath of the Chornobyl disaster were used; the comparison group were residents of Kyiv of the corresponding age (25 people). Optical coherence tomography was performed on a Cirrus HD-OCT, Macular Cube 512x128 study technique was used. At the same time, the study of visual evoked potentials on the inverted pattern was performed, and occipital leads wereanalyzed. Visual evoked potentials were recorded on a reversible chess pattern (VEP) - an electrophysiological test, which is a visual response to a sharp change in image contrast when presenting a reversible image of a chessboard. RESULTS: In those irradiated in utero at the age of 22-25 years, there was a probable increase in retinal thickness in the fovea, there was a tendency to increase the thickness of the retina in the areas around the fovea. When recording visual evoked potentials on a reversible chess pattern in this group, there was a tendency to decrease the amplitudes of components (N75, P100, N145, P200) in the right and left parieto-occipital areas and asymmetric changes in latency of these components. CONCLUSIONS: Early changes of fovea recorded in OCT and decreasing amplitudes of components of visual evoked potentials on the reversible chess pattern at the age of 22 25 years may indicate a risk of development in patients irradiated in utero, early age-related macular degeneration, as well as increased risk and increased risk structures of the visual analyzer.
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Anomalías Inducidas por Radiación/fisiopatología , Accidente Nuclear de Chernóbil , Potenciales Evocados Visuales/efectos de la radiación , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/fisiopatología , Radiación Ionizante , Retina/anatomía & histología , Retina/efectos de la radiación , Adulto , Encefalopatías/fisiopatología , Oftalmopatías/fisiopatología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Embarazo , Ucrania , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Tissue engineering is biomedical engineering that uses suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to assemble functional constructs that restore or improve damaged tissues. Recently, cell therapies as a subset of tissue engineering have been very promising in the treatment of ocular diseases. One of the most important biophysical factors to make this happen is noninvasive electrical stimulation (ES) to target ocular cells that may preserve vision in multiple retinal and optic nerve diseases. The science of cellular and biophysical interactions is very exciting in regenerative medicine now. Although the exact effect of ES on cells is unknown, multiple mechanisms are considered to underlie the effects of ES, including increased production of neurotrophic agents, improved cell migration, and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines and cellular apoptosis. In this review, we highlighted the effects of ES on ocular cells, especially on the corneal, retinal, and optic nerve cells. Initially, we summarized the current literature on the in vitro and in vivo effects of ES on ocular cells and then we provided the clinical studies describing the effect of ES on ocular complications. For each area, we used some of the most impactful articles to show the important concepts and results that advanced the state of these interactions. We conclude with reflections on emerging new areas and perspectives for future development in this field.
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Terapia por Estimulación Eléctrica/métodos , Oftalmopatías/terapia , Ojo/citología , Ingeniería de Tejidos/métodos , Animales , Tratamiento Basado en Trasplante de Células y Tejidos/métodos , Oftalmopatías/fisiopatología , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Medicina Regenerativa/métodos , Células Madre/citologíaRESUMEN
Peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS) after corneal transplantation leads to refractory glaucoma and permanent loss of vision. However, the exact mechanism remains elusive. This study aimed to evaluate the association between cytokine levels in the aqueous humor (AqH) and the progression of PAS after penetrating keratoplasty (PKP). We measured 20 cytokine levels in AqH and assessed the correlation with PAS progression after PKP in 85 consecutive patients who underwent PKP. We also evaluated age-dependent alterations in PAS and cytokine levels in DBA2J mice. PAS developed in 38 (44.7%) of 85 eyes after PKP. The incidence of intraocular pressure increase after PKP was significantly greater in eyes with PAS (26.3%) than in those without PAS (2%, p = 0.0009). The PAS area at 12 months after PKP was significantly positively correlated with the preoperative levels of interleukin (IL)-6, interferon (IFN)-γ and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 (p ≤ 0.049). In the DBA2J mice, an experimental glaucoma model that developed PAS at 50 weeks, the AqH levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, MCP-1 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) significantly increased at 50 weeks compared to 8 weeks (p ≤ 0.021). In conclusion, inflammatory alterations in the AqH microenvironment, such as high preoperative specific cytokine levels, can lead to PAS formation and glaucoma.
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Humor Acuoso/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Oftalmopatías/metabolismo , Queratoplastia Penetrante/métodos , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Oftalmopatías/etiología , Oftalmopatías/fisiopatología , Humanos , Presión Intraocular/fisiología , Queratoplastia Penetrante/efectos adversos , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Endogámicos DBA , Estudios Prospectivos , Tomografía de Coherencia ÓpticaRESUMEN
Ophthalmology has been one of the early adopters of artificial intelligence (AI) within the medical field. Deep learning (DL), in particular, has garnered significant attention due to the availability of large amounts of data and digitized ocular images. Currently, AI in Ophthalmology is mainly focused on improving disease classification and supporting decision-making when treating ophthalmic diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). However, most of the DL systems (DLSs) developed thus far remain in the research stage and only a handful are able to achieve clinical translation. This phenomenon is due to a combination of factors including concerns over security and privacy, poor generalizability, trust and explainability issues, unfavorable end-user perceptions and uncertain economic value. Overcoming this challenge would require a combination approach. Firstly, emerging techniques such as federated learning (FL), generative adversarial networks (GANs), autonomous AI and blockchain will be playing an increasingly critical role to enhance privacy, collaboration and DLS performance. Next, compliance to reporting and regulatory guidelines, such as CONSORT-AI and STARD-AI, will be required to in order to improve transparency, minimize abuse and ensure reproducibility. Thirdly, frameworks will be required to obtain patient consent, perform ethical assessment and evaluate end-user perception. Lastly, proper health economic assessment (HEA) must be performed to provide financial visibility during the early phases of DLS development. This is necessary to manage resources prudently and guide the development of DLS.
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Investigación Biomédica , Aprendizaje Profundo , Oftalmopatías , Oftalmología , Animales , Toma de Decisiones Clínicas , Técnicas de Apoyo para la Decisión , Diagnóstico por Computador , Difusión de Innovaciones , Oftalmopatías/diagnóstico , Oftalmopatías/epidemiología , Oftalmopatías/fisiopatología , Oftalmopatías/terapia , Humanos , Pronóstico , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: to evaluate the effect of dexamethasone biodegradable implant (DEX-I), on intraocular pressure (IOP), to determine the incidence of secondary ocular hypertension (OHT) and to analyze the IOP changes as per the treatment indication in Zambian cohort. METHODS: retrospective consecutive case series of patients receiving one DEX-I between January 2016 and September 2018 with a minimum follow-up of four months in a tertiary care centre in Zambia. The IOP was recorded before the injection and at 1st week, 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th month after the injection. Ocular hypertension was defined as IOP ≥ 21 mmHg or an increase of ≥ 10 mmHg from baseline. RESULTS: the effects of 122 injections given to ninety - nine patients (65 male: 65%; mean age 57.3) were included. The main indications for treatment were diabetic macular edema (DME, 52%), retinal vein occlusion (18%), post-surgical macular edema (18%) and non-infectious posterior uveitis (10%). Mean IOP before the injection was was 14.7mmHg and at 1st week, 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th months after the injection it was 14.4 (p=0.08), 16.1 (p=0.01), 17.5 (p<0.001), 15.7 (p=0.006) and 14.9 (p=0.06) mmHg, respectively. The incidence of secondary OHT was 30.32% in this cohort. Peak incidence of OHT was between 1 - 2 months, with majority of cases in DME group (75%) and 43% diabetic eyes followed by 23% non-infectious posterior uveitis cases developing OHT post injection. OHT was well managed with anti-glaucoma medications only. CONCLUSION: DEX-I showed a good pressure tolerance in this cohort. Secondary ocular hypertension developed in one-third of patients receiving injection which was transient and successfully managed with topical anti-glaucoma medications only. Diabetic eyes are more prone to develop ocular hypertension and therefore needs close monitoring following injection.
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Dexametasona/administración & dosificación , Glucocorticoides/administración & dosificación , Presión Intraocular/efectos de los fármacos , Hipertensión Ocular/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Dexametasona/efectos adversos , Implantes de Medicamentos , Oftalmopatías/tratamiento farmacológico , Oftalmopatías/fisiopatología , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Glucocorticoides/efectos adversos , Humanos , Incidencia , Inyecciones Intravítreas , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Hipertensión Ocular/etiología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Tiempo , Adulto Joven , ZambiaAsunto(s)
Oftalmopatías/tratamiento farmacológico , Oftalmología , Aprobación de Drogas/organización & administración , Industria Farmacéutica/organización & administración , Oftalmopatías/fisiopatología , Humanos , Estados Unidos , United States Food and Drug Administration/organización & administraciónRESUMEN
Importance: As vaccinations against COVID-19 continue, potential ocular adverse events should be reported in detail to increase awareness among the medical community, although typically, a causal relationship cannot be established definitively. Objective: To describe ocular adverse events that occur soon after receiving an inactivated COVID-19 vaccination (Sinopharm). Design, Setting, and Participants: This case series took place from September 2020 to January 2021 at Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, a tertiary referral center. Patients who reported ocular adverse events and presented within 15 days from the first of 2 doses of an inactivated COVID-19 vaccine were analyzed. Main Outcomes and Measures: Each patient underwent Snellen best-corrected visual acuity that was then converted to logMAR, applanation tonometry, and biomicroscopic examination with indirect ophthalmoscopy. Color fundus photography was obtained with a conventional 9-field fundus photography camera or with a widefield fundus photography system. Optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomographic angiography images were obtained. Sex, race, age, and clinical data were self-reported. Results: Nine eyes of 7 patients (3 male individuals) presenting with ocular complaints following COVID-19 vaccine were included in the study. The mean (SD) age was 41.4 (9.3) years (range, 30-55 years); the mean best-corrected visual acuity was 0.23 logMAR (range, 0-1 logMAR; approximate Snellen equivalent, 20/32). The mean time of ocular adverse event manifestations was 5.2 days (range, 1-10 days). One patient was diagnosed with episcleritis, 2 with anterior scleritis, 2 with acute macular neuroretinopathy, 1 with paracentral acute middle maculopathy, and 1 with subretinal fluid. Conclusions and Relevance: In this case series study of 7 patients, the timing of transient and ocular complications 5.2 days after vaccination with an inactivated COVID-19 vaccine supported an association with the ocular findings, but a causal relationship cannot be established from this study design.
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Vacunas contra la COVID-19/efectos adversos , Oftalmopatías/inducido químicamente , Líquido Subretiniano , Vacunación/efectos adversos , Adulto , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/administración & dosificación , Oftalmopatías/diagnóstico , Oftalmopatías/fisiopatología , Femenino , Humanos , Degeneración Macular/inducido químicamente , Degeneración Macular/diagnóstico , Degeneración Macular/fisiopatología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo , Escleritis/inducido químicamente , Escleritis/diagnóstico , Escleritis/fisiopatología , Factores de Tiempo , Emiratos Árabes Unidos , Vacunas de Productos Inactivados/administración & dosificación , Vacunas de Productos Inactivados/efectos adversos , Síndromes de Puntos Blancos/inducido químicamente , Síndromes de Puntos Blancos/diagnóstico , Síndromes de Puntos Blancos/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To assess age-related changes in the rhesus macaque eye and evaluate them to corresponding human age-related eye disease. METHODS: Data from eye exams and imaging tests including intraocular pressure (IOP), lens thickness, axial length, and retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) images were evaluated from 142 individuals and statistically analyzed for age-related changes. Quantitative autofluorescence (qAF) was measured as was the presence of macular lesions as related to age. RESULTS: Ages of the 142 rhesus macaques ranged from 0.7 to 29 years (mean = 16.4 years, stdev = 7.5 years). Anterior segment measurements such as IOP, lens thickness, and axial length were acquired. Advanced retinal imaging in the form of optical coherence tomography and qAF were obtained. Quantitative assessments were made and variations by age groups were analyzed to compare with established age-related changes in human eyes. Quantitative analysis of data revealed age-related increase in intraocular pressure (0.165 mm Hg per increase in year of age), ocular biometry (lens thickness 7.2 µm per increase in year of age; and axial length 52.8 µm per increase in year of age), and presence of macular lesions. Age-related changes in thicknesses of retinal layers on OCT were observed and quantified, showing decreased thickness of the retinal ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer, and increased thickness of photoreceptor outer segment and choroidal layers. Age was correlated with increased qAF by 1.021 autofluorescence units per increase in year of age. CONCLUSIONS: The rhesus macaque has age-related ocular changes similar to humans. IOP increases with age while retinal ganglion cell layer thickness decreases. Macular lesions develop in some aged animals. Our findings support the concept that rhesus macaques may be useful for the study of important age-related diseases such as glaucoma, macular diseases, and cone disorders, and for development of therapies for these diseases.
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Envejecimiento , Oftalmopatías/diagnóstico , Células Ganglionares de la Retina/patología , Tomografía de Coherencia Óptica/métodos , Animales , Biometría , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Oftalmopatías/fisiopatología , Macaca mulattaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To synthesize evidence on the prevalence and incidence of physical health conditions in people with intellectual disability (ID). METHODS: We searched Medline, PsycInfo, and Embase for eligible studies and extracted the prevalence, incidence, and risk of physical health conditions in people with ID. RESULTS: Of 131 eligible studies, we synthesized results from 77 moderate- to high-quality studies, which was mainly limited to high-income countries. The highest prevalence estimates were observed for epilepsy, ear and eye disorders, cerebral palsy, obesity, osteoporosis, congenital heart defects, and thyroid disorders. Some conditions were more common in people with a genetic syndrome. Compared with the general population, many health conditions occur more frequently among people with ID, including asthma and diabetes, while some conditions such as non-congenital circulatory diseases and solid cancers occur at the same or lower rate. The latter associations may reflect under-detection. CONCLUSIONS: People with ID have a health profile more complex than previously known. There is a pressing need for targeted, evidence-informed population health initiatives including preventative programs for this population.
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Discapacidad Intelectual/epidemiología , Discapacidad Intelectual/fisiopatología , Prevalencia , Asma/epidemiología , Asma/fisiopatología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/fisiopatología , Parálisis Cerebral/epidemiología , Parálisis Cerebral/fisiopatología , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiología , Diabetes Mellitus/fisiopatología , Epilepsia/epidemiología , Epilepsia/fisiopatología , Oftalmopatías/epidemiología , Oftalmopatías/fisiopatología , Femenino , Cardiopatías Congénitas/epidemiología , Cardiopatías Congénitas/fisiopatología , Humanos , Discapacidad Intelectual/complicaciones , Masculino , Obesidad/epidemiología , Obesidad/fisiopatología , Osteoporosis/epidemiología , Osteoporosis/fisiopatología , Enfermedades de la Tiroides/epidemiología , Enfermedades de la Tiroides/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
Graft-versus-host disease is a common complication following allogeneic hematopoetic stem cell transplantation that can affect multiple organ systems, including the eyes. Ocular GVHD (oGVHD) is characterized by a T cell-mediated immune response that leads to immune cell infiltration and inflammation of ocular structures, including the lacrimal glands, eyelids, cornea and conjunctiva. oGVHD has a significant negative impact on visual function and quality of life and successful management requires a multi-disciplinary approach with frequent monitoring. Here, we review the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of oGVHD, along with current therapeutic strategies based on our clinical experience and the reported literature.