Expanding Clinical Spectrum of Anti-GQ1b Antibody Syndrome: A Review.

Importance: The discovery of the anti-GQ1b antibody has expanded the nosology of classic Miller Fisher syndrome to include Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome with ophthalmoplegia, and acute ophthalmoplegia without ataxia, which have been brought under the umbrella term anti-GQ1b antibody syndrome. It seems timely to define the phenotypes of anti-GQ1b antibody syndrome for the proper diagnosis of this syndrome with diverse clinical presentations. This review summarizes these syndromes and introduces recently identified subtypes. Observations: Although ophthalmoplegia is a hallmark of anti-GQ1b antibody syndrome, recent studies have identified this antibody in patients with acute vestibular syndrome, optic neuropathy with disc swelling, and acute sensory ataxic neuropathy of atypical presentation. Ophthalmoplegia associated with anti-GQ1b antibody positivity is complete in more than half of the patients but may be monocular or comitant. The prognosis is mostly favorable; however, approximately 14% of patients experience relapse. Conclusions and Relevance: Anti-GQ1b antibody syndrome may present diverse neurological manifestations, including ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, areflexia, central or peripheral vestibulopathy, and optic neuropathy. Understanding the wide clinical spectrum may aid in the differentiation and management of immune-mediated neuropathies with multiple presentations.

Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis associated with anti-GM1 and anti-GD1a antibodies.

Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis (BBE) is a Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) spectrum disorder associated with predominantly central nervous system predilection. Patients exhibit a variable constellation of depressed consciousness, bilateral external ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and long tract signs. Although the pathophysiology is not fully understood, it has been associated with anti-GQ1b antibodies in two-thirds of patients. We present a patient with clinical features consistent with BBE and positive anti-GM1 and anti-GD1a antibodies. A diagnostic approach to the acutely unwell patient with brainstem encephalitis is explored in this clinical context with a literature review of the aforementioned ganglioside antibody significance. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy is highlighted in BBE using up-to-date evidence-based extrapolation from GBS.

Anti-Ri-associated paraneoplastic ophthalmoplegia-ataxia syndrome in a woman with breast cancer: a case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. However, in the management of breast cancer, paraneoplastic neurological syndromes represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. The diagnosis of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes is difficult due to the heterogeneity of symptoms, the timing of presentation, and the absence of antibodies, and it generally occurs before the diagnosis of breast cancer in 80% of patients who develop paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. We describe a 72-year-old woman with subacute ophthalmoplegia-ataxia syndrome who was subsequently diagnosed as having breast cancer and anti-Ri antibodies. CASE PRESENTATION: A 72-year-old post-menopausal Caucasian woman, with a positive medical history for diabetes mellitus and hypertension, presented with a 3-month onset of blurred vision, diplopia, and progressive gait disturbance. Serological tests were positive for well-characterized onconeural antibodies (anti-Ri). A whole-body computed tomography scan revealed a nodular opacity under her left nipple and axillary adenopathy. A biopsy of her left breast was performed, and histological examination showed ductal carcinoma. She underwent a superoexternal quadrantectomy with left axillary dissection. The final diagnosis showed infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast (T1c N1 M0, stage IIA) associated with paraneoplastic ophthalmoplegia-ataxia syndrome. At a 6-month follow-up, she showed no clinical or instrumental evidence of neoplastic recurrence with partial clinical improvement of neurological symptoms, such as ataxia and diplopia. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes is often late, as in this patient, but treatment at an early stage may provide a good prognosis. Furthermore, this is one of several cases of an anti-Ri paraneoplastic neurological syndrome not associated with myoclonus, which reinforces the belief that opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome is not pathognomonic of the associated anti-Ri paraneoplastic neurological syndromes.

Clinical spectrum of the anti-GQ1b antibody syndrome: a case series of eight patients.

Anti-GQ1b antibodies can be detected in the serum of patients with Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) and its incomplete forms such as acute ophthalmoparesis (AO), acute ptosis, acute mydriasis, acute oropharyngeal palsy and acute ataxic neuropathy (AAN), as well as in pharyngeal-cervical-brachial weakness, Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis (BBE) and in overlap syndromes with Guillain-Barré syndrome (MFS-GBS, BBE-GBS). We searched the laboratory medicine database at University Hospitals Leuven between 2002 and 2017 for serum samples with anti-GQ1b IgG antibodies. We identified eight patients with anti-GQ1b antibodies: 4 MFS, 2 AO, 1 MFS-GBS and 1 AAN. Mean age was 57 years and five patients were males. Preceding illness was present in all patients. At nadir, we observed most frequently gait disturbance, external ophthalmoplegia and absent/decreased reflexes. Albumino-cytological dissociation was present in four patients. Mean time between onset and nadir was 4 days, between onset and recovery 2.5 months. Five patients recovered completely and three had minor residual symptoms. Interestingly, one patient with AO experienced a second identical episode, approximately 1 year after the first one. Our data confirm the broad clinical spectrum associated with the presence of anti-GQ1b IgG antibodies. Incomplete MFS subtypes such as AO are a challenge for diagnosis, because of the limited (though invalidating) clinical presentation and the lack of confirming ancillary tests. Subacute onset of ophthalmoplegia and/or ataxia should urge the clinician to include the anti-GQ1b antibody syndrome in the differential diagnosis.

Co-occurrence of acute ophthalmoplegia (without ataxia) and idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Acute ophthalmoparesis without ataxia was designated as 'atypical Miller Fisher syndrome' as it presents with progressive, relatively symmetrical ophthalmoplegia, but without ataxia nor limb weakness, in the presence of anti-GQ1b antibody. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is characterized by signs of raised intracranial pressure occurring in the absence of cerebral pathology, with normal composition of cerebrospinal fluid and a raised opening pressure of more than 20 cmH2O during lumbar puncture. We aim to report a rare case of acute ophthalmoplegia with co-occurrence of raised intracranial pressure. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 28-year-old gentleman with body mass index of 34.3 was referred to us for management of double vision of 2 weeks duration. His symptom started after a brief episode of upper respiratory tract infection. His best corrected visual acuity was 6/6 OU. He had bilateral sixth nerve palsy worse on the left eye and bilateral hypometric saccade. His deep tendon reflexes were found to be hyporeflexic in all four limbs. No sensory or motor power deficit was detected, and his gait was normal. Plantar reflexes were downwards bilaterally and cerebellar examination was normal. Both optic discs developed hyperaemia and swelling. Magnetic resonance imaging of brain was normal and lumbar puncture revealed an opening pressure of 50 cmH2O. Anti-GQ1b IgG and anti-GT1a IgG antibody were tested positive. CONCLUSION: Acute ophthalmoparesis without ataxia can present with co-occurrence of raised intracranial pressure. It is important to have a full fundoscopic assessment to look for papilloedema in patients presenting with Miller Fisher syndrome or acute ophthalmoparesis without ataxia.

Ophthalmoplegic Guillain-Barré syndrome: An independent entity or a transitional spectrum?

Ophthalmoplegia can occur in both Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) with typical limb involvement. However, ophthalmoplegic GBS (OGBS) has been poorly defined. We aimed to characterize OGBS and clarify the pathophysiological implications across the overall GBS spectrum. Twenty GBS and seven MFS patients from three university based teaching hospitals in Korea were enrolled and analyzed. Six GBS patients who were classified as OGBS commonly also had facial diplegia (50%) and bulbar palsy (50%), while only a small portion of non-ophthalmoplegic GBS (NOGBS) patients had facial diplegia (21%). None of the patients had bulbar palsy in the NOGBS or MFS groups. The most frequent anti-ganglioside antibody in OGBS was the IgG anti-GT1a antibody (50%). The IgG anti-GM1 antibody was found mainly in NOGBS (57%) with high concordance with the pure motor type classification on electrophysiology. IgG anti-GQ1b antibody was positive uniquely in MFS (100%), although some patients were also positive for anti-GT1a antibody (71%). OGBS had distinct clinical features, including bulbar palsy, as well as ophthalmoplegia and limb weakness for both GBS and MFS. Relevant immunological factors were anti-GT1a antibody. Whether OGBS is an independent entity or a transitional spectrum remains to be established and further study will be needed.

Serum and CSF GQ1b antibodies in isolated ophthalmologic syndromes.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the sensitivity and specificity of serum and CSF antibodies targeting the gangliosides GQ1b (GQ1bAb) in isolated ophthalmologic syndromes, such as acute ophthalmoplegia (AO) and optic neuritis (ON), caused by disorders other than Miller-Fisher syndrome (MFS). METHODS: We measured serum and CSF GQ1bAb in patients with MFS and with AO or ON caused by other disorders than MFS. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients with AO (21 serum, 9 CSF), 13 with ON (13 serum, 13 CSF), and 12 with MFS (12 serum, 10 CSF) were included in the study. There were no significant differences in age, sex, and CSF findings between the AO and MFS groups. Elevated serum GQ1b titers occurred in 11 of 12 patients with MFS but in only 1 of the 34 patients without MFS. Sensitivity was 92% (95% confidence interval [CI] 62%-100%) and specificity 97% (95% CI 85%-100%). In CSF, GQ1bAb were identified in 2 of 10 patients with MFS but in none with other disorders. Sensitivity was 20% (95% CI 2%-56%) and specificity 100% (95% CI 85%-100%). CONCLUSIONS: Increased serum GQ1bAb are highly specific for MFS. Measurement of GQ1bAb in CSF does not improve diagnosis. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class III evidence that serum GQ1bAb accurately distinguish MFS from other disorders (sensitivity 92%, 95% CI 62%-100%; specificity 97%, 95% CI 85%-100%).

[Clinical features of 19 cases of Fisher syndrome].

PURPOSE: To determine the clinical symptoms of Fisher syndrome (FS). METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of 19 patients who had been diagnosed as having FS. RESULTS: The study involved 19 patients (13 men and 6 women) whose mean age of onset was 42.0 years. Ophthalmoplegia included 16 cases of abducens nerve palsy, 2 cases of total external ophthalmoplegia, and 1 combined case of abducens nerve palsy and impaired eye elevation. Although all cases of abducens nerve palsy were bilateral, in 5 cases the degree of the affliction was asymmetric. Other neurologic symptoms included 5 cases of nystamus, 5 cases of pain on eye movement, 5 cases of pupillary defects, 6 cases of blepharoptosis, 2 cases of facial palsy, 9 cases of dysesthesia in the limbs, 3 cases of ataxia and 1 case of bulbar palsy. Anti-GQ1b antibodies were detected in 74% of the patients. Sixteen patients were followed without treatment while 1 patient, was given oral vitamin B12 and 2 patients received intravenous immunoglobulin. Double vision improved in all cases, and the mean duration of double vision was approximately 70 days. CONCLUSIONS: FS develops in people of all ages and is more common in men. Also, abducens nerve palsy is common in FS. While it is rare to observe the triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia, the frequency in which the disorder is complicated by neurologic symptoms other than the triad is high. Double vision has a good prognosis and improves even without treatment.

Canomad: report of a case with a 40-year history and autopsy. Is this a sensory ganglionopathy with neuromuscular junction blockade?

INTRODUCTION: An 80-year-old man had a 40-year history of chronic sensory ataxic neuropathy and 11 years of relapsing/remitting episodes of rapid deterioration with perioral paresthesiae and weakness of bulbar, respiratory, and limb muscles. METHODS: An immunoglobulin M (IgM) paraprotein was detected 12 years before death, and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia was diagnosed on bone marrow biopsy 3 years before death. Chronic ataxic neuropathy with ophthalmoplegia, IgM paraprotein, cold agglutinins, and anti-disialyl antibodies (CANOMAD) was diagnosed. RESULTS: Comprehensive autopsy showed severe dorsal column atrophy and dorsal root ganglionopathy. A different pathology was identified in cranial and peripheral nerves, dorsal roots, and cauda equina, comprising infiltration of clonal B-lymphocytes within the endoneurium, perineurium, and leptomeninges. CONCLUSIONS: The autopsy provides evidence of the pathogenesis of the relapsing remitting component of CANOMAD, and we postulate that this may relate to the presence of clonal IgM anti-disiayl gangliosides secreting B-lymphocytes within nerves.

Atypical Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis: ataxic hypersomnolence without ophthalmoplegia.

OBJECTIVE: Clinical and immunological evaluation of 'incomplete' Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis (BBE). METHODS: We studied two patients with postinfectious brainstem syndromes who presented at National University Hospital Singapore. Laboratory work-up included measurement of antiganglioside antibodies. RESULTS: Both patients displayed hypersomnolence and cerebellar-like ataxia in the absence of external ophthalmoplegia and carried high serum titres of IgG anti-GQ1b antibodies, strongly indicative of BBE. CONCLUSIONS: Ophthalmoplegia can be absent or incomplete in BBE, and the absence of this clinical feature should not exclude BBE from the clinicians' differential. Such cases of incomplete BBE could be defined as 'ataxic hypersomnolence without ophthalmoplegia'.

An ocular form of myasthenia gravis with a high titer of anti-MuSK antibodies during a long-term follow-up.

We herein report a case of ocular myasthenia gravis (MG) that was highly positive for anti-muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) antibodies. The examined patient exhibited bilateral ptosis and lateral gaze palsy without any generalized symptoms and was diagnosed with ocular MG with anti-MuSK antibodies. She responded to treatment with prednisolone and immunosuppressants and experienced only ocular symptoms for four years and eight months after onset. Ocular MG with anti-MuSK antibodies lasting for a long term has rarely been described. Our findings suggest that it may be reasonable to test for the presence of anti-MuSK antibodies in patients who present with external ophthalmoplegia.

[A syndrome of chronic ataxic polyneuropathy, ophtalmoplegia, IgM paraprotein, cold agglutinins and anti-disialosyl antibodies can cause diplopia in patients with chronic sensory polyneuropathy]. / Monoklonal gammopati af ukendt signifikans kan medføre polyneuropati og oftalmoplegi.

CANOMAD is a rare syndrome of chronic ataxic polyneuropathy, ophtalmoplegia, IgM paraprotein, cold agglutinins and anti-disialosyl antibodies. We present a case of a 65-year-old woman with clinical and electrophysiological features of chronic sensory polyneuropathy and diplopia. Serum samples from the patient contained IgM paraprotein and anti-GM2-antibodies. Treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins resulted in an improvement of the patient's diplopia and polyneuropathy. The case shows the importance of considering CANOMAD as a cause of diplopia in patients with chronic sensory polyneuropathy.

Association of transforming growth factor ß-1 (TGFB1) regulatory region polymorphisms with myasthenia gravis-related ophthalmoparesis.

We investigated the association of an ophthalmoplegic complication developing in African myasthenia gravis (MG) subjects with polymorphisms in the regulatory region of TGFB1. We found significant associations with several putative functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (including two novel SNPs) that potentially alter transcription factor binding. Our data support a hypothesis that altered TGFB1 regulation may predispose individuals who harbour these SNPs to developing ophthalmoplegia as a result of increased TGF-ß1 driven myofibrosis as a consequence to complement-mediated damage.

Miller Fisher's syndrome.

Miller Fisher's syndrome is a rare variant of Guillain-Barré's syndrome characterized by the acute development of ataxia, ophthalmoparesis, and areflexia. Most patients have a measureable antibody in serum directed against the GQ1b ganglioside. This antibody is also present in the serum of patients with other forms of Guillain-Barré's syndrome who have prominent ataxia or ophthalmoplegia as part of their clinical presentation. Miller Fisher's syndrome generally is self-limited and has an excellent prognosis.

[Identification and characterization of a monoclonal IgM reacting with disialylated gangliosides recognizing the CANOMAD syndrome]. / Identification et caractérisation d'une IgM monoclonale sérique à activité anti-gangliosides disialylés évoquant un Canomad syndrome.

We reported the laboratory phenotype of a monoclonal IgM-lambda against disialylated gangliosides, in a 81-year-old man admitted to a neurological department because of the progressive development of distal paresthesias, gait unsteadiness, difficulty to walk and having falls. Serological studies revealed an IgM monoclonal protein with lambda light chain component of MGUS type. IgM level was 4 g/L. The positive laboratory studies showed high titers of IgM antibodies in excess of 1/10(5) against specific disialylated gangliosides including GD1b, GD3, GT1b and GQ1b. There was no serum IgM binding to MAG and SGPG/SGLPG. Clonality by in-house immunodot of ganglioside antibodies was demonstrated using kappa and lambda light chain specific antibodies. Light chain subtype of the anti-ganglioside antibody activity and monoclonal IgM was lambda subtype. The reactivity at high titers was against gangliosides containing the disialosyl epitope. The clinical and laboratory features have been described under the acronym CANOMAD: Chronic Ataxic Neuropathy with Ophthalmoplegia, M proteins, cold Agglutinins and Disialosyl antibodies. Administration of IVIg produced a significant neurological improvement during six years. Then the neuropathy became refractory in the IVIg and worsened in severity, a cure by Rituximab® was established. The patient died from a pneumopathy only two months later. Monoclonal IgM binding to disialylated gangliosides have high level of specificity for diagnosis of the CANOMAD syndrome.

[Myasthenia--ocular type]. / Miastenia--forma oculara.

The authors present a case of ocular myastenia, suspected by an ophthalmologist and confirmed as diagnosis by a neurologist. There are discussion regarding the latest possibilities of treatment.