Green nail: Etiology and treatment of chloronychia.

"Green nails" or chloronychia results from an infection mostly caused by Pseudomonas sp. but also from other bacterial or fungal contamination. Its presents as a typical triad: green discoloration of the nail plate with proximal chronic paronychia and disto-lateral onycholysis. In a moist environment, Pseudomonas colonizes onycholysis of any origin (traumatic, inflammatory or tumoral). Nail color varies from pale green to dark green, almost black. Treatment consists in cutting of the detached nail plate, brushing the nail bed with a 2% sodium hypochlorite solution twice daily accompanied by moisture eviction by wearing latex gloves over cotton ones for all daily household tasks.

Dermoscopic features of nail psoriasis: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Nail psoriasis is common in psoriasis vulgaris and even more prevalent in psoriatic arthritis. Dermatoscopy of the nail proves helpful in enhancing the visualization of psoriatic nail lesions. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aimed to summarize the existing studies published in the literature that reported the various dermoscopic features of nail psoriasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic search of two medical databases, PubMed and Scopus, was conducted in April 2023. In total, 11 records were included. The number of reported cases in the included studies was 723. RESULTS: The average age was 42.39 years. Sixty percent of patients were males, and 40% were females. Pitting constituted the most common onychoscopic feature indicating nail matrix involvement, followed by various other features such as leukonychia, nail plate thickening, transverse and longitudinal ridges, and different lunula abnormalities. The predominant onychoscopic feature indicating nail bed involvement was onycholysis, followed by splinter hemorrhages, oil drop sign, subungual hyperkeratosis, dilated capillaries, agminated capillary dots, erythematous border, and pustules. Vascular abnormalities observed in all locations were present in 52% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical signs of nail psoriasis are diverse, and for the majority, they are nonspecific. Nail dermoscopy is a noninvasive tool that enhances the visualization of the nail manifestations of psoriasis. It may facilitate the establishment of diagnostic criteria for this pathology without resorting to more invasive procedures, such as nail biopsy.

ONYCHOLYSIS AS A COMPLICATION OF TAXANE-BASED CHEMOTHERAPY WITH CONCOMITANT CRYOTHERAPY IN BREAST CANCER PATIENTS: TWO CASE REPORTS.

Nail changes are a common side effect of taxane chemotherapy, although onycholysis is quite a rare complication the correct management of which is poorly standardized. These case reports provide a description and analysis of onycholysis, a rare but noteworthy complication observed during taxane-based chemotherapy with concomitant cryotherapy in two patients with breast cancer. Despite prophylactic measures, both cases experienced nail complications during Paclitaxel treatment, underlining the complex nature of onycholysis during taxane therapy and highlighting the critical role of nail assessment and infection screening.

Cross-sectional study of the prevalence of hyperextension of the first metatarsophalangeal joint and its relationship to onycholysis in women with hallux valgus.

BACKGROUND: Hallux Valgus (HV) deformity is associated with misalignment in the sagittal plane that affects the first toe. However, the repercussions of the first toe hyperextension in HV have been scarcely considered. The purpose of this study was to provide evidence of the association between first-toe hyperextension and the risk of first toenail onycholysis in HV. METHODS: A total of 248 HV from 129 females were included. The extension of 1st MTP joint was measured while the patient was in the neutral position of the hallux using a two-branch goniometer. The classification of the HV severity stage was determined by the Manchester visual scale, and the height of the first toe in the standing position was measured using a digital meter. An interview and clinical examination were performed to collect information on the presence of onycholysis of the first toe. RESULTS: Of the 248 HV studied, 100 (40.3%) had onycholysis. A neutral extension > 30 degrees was noted in 110 (44.3%) HV. The incidence of onycholysis was higher in HV type C than in type B (p = 0.044). The probability of suffering onycholysis in the right foot was 2.3 times greater when the neutral position was higher than 30 degrees (OR = 2.3; p = 0.004). However, this was not observed in the left foot (p = 0.171). Onycholysis was more frequent in HV with more than 2 cm height of the first toe (p < 0.001). For both feet, the probability of suffering onycholysis was greater for each unit increase in hallux height (right foot OR = 9.0402, p = 0.005; left foot OR = 7.6633, p = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of onycholysis appears to be significantly associated with HV showing more than 30º extension, and more than 2 cm height of the first toe. Height and hyperextension of the first toe together with first toenail pathology should be mandatory in the evaluation of HV.

Two case studies of the treatment of simple onycholysis with disappearing nail bed caused by trauma by combined pharmacological, orthonyxia and taping methods.

BACKGROUND: Simple onycholysis is a common complaint after trauma and consists in separation of the nail plate from the nail bed. If untreated, prolonged onycholysis may cause a disappearing nail bed (DNB) that leads to the shortening or narrowing of the nail plate. OBJECTIVES: This study is aimed at discussing possible treatment of chronic simple onycholysis with DNB by combined conservative methods. METHODS: Simple onycholysis and DNB treatment consists of Onygen® cream application, nail bed massages, bracing procedures and nail folds taping with kinesio tape. RESULTS: Long-lasting simple onycholysis with DNB may be fully eliminated by applying the combined pharmacological, orthonyxia and taping treatment. CONCLUSION: Advanced simple onycholysis, which leads to the DNB and, in consequence, to the shortening or narrowing of the nail plate, causes cosmetic discomfort for patients. A damaged nail apparatus is also more susceptible to new traumas. Even long-standing onycholysis with DNB can be successfully treated with easy-to-apply conservative methods. The key point of therapy is the use of several methods of treatment with different effects on the nail apparatus. The effects of described therapy are highly satisfactory, the only drawback being its long term, which is caused by slow growth of the nails.

Mild Cryotherapy for Prevention of Paclitaxel-Induced Nail Toxicity in Breast Cancer Patients: A Phase II Single-Arm Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Nail changes are among the most common dermatological adverse events in paclitaxel-receiving patients. Although effective, low-temperature prophylactic cryotherapy is discomforting and a potential cause of side effects, resulting in low patients' adherence. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A phase II single-arm study evaluating mild cryotherapy for the reduction of 12-week, grade 2 nail toxicity was conducted on 67 taxane-naïve breast cancer patients (age 18-74 years) undergoing weekly adjuvant chemotherapy with paclitaxel. Instant-ice packs were fixed over the fingers and toes for a total of 70 minutes during paclitaxel infusion at a temperature between -5 °C and +5 °C. Nail toxicity was evaluated weekly (CTCAE vs 4.03), including grade 2 (ie, onycholysis, subungual hematoma, onychomadesis) and grade 1 nail toxicities. RESULTS: Twelve patients experienced grade 2 nail toxicities (17.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 9.6%-29.2%; median time to onset: 56 days): onycholysis was the most frequent grade 2 toxicity (13.4%), followed by subungual hematoma (9.0%) and onychomadesis (1.5%). Grade 1 toxicity occurred in 33 patients (63.5%, 95% CI 49.0%-76.4%) with nail discoloration representing by far the most frequent toxicity (59.6%). Seventeen patients (25.4%) reported no nail toxicity. 62.7% of patients reported no pain and 22.4% suffered moderate pain. No patient experienced severe pain or others adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS: Instant-ice pack is a feasible prophylactic intervention for nail toxicity, well tolerated by patients and with limited impact on routine workload. It could be considered for patients refusing (or interrupting) cryotherapy, and it can be implemented when frozen gloves management is not feasible.

Nail abnormalities in subepidermal blistering diseases: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Nail involvement in subepidermal autoimmune blistering diseases (SEABD) is not common. Although these changes can be transient, permanent changes can also occur. This study addresses nail involvement manifestations and their associated factors in patients with SEABD. METHODS: From March 2020 to March 2021, we enrolled 56 patients with SEABD who were being examined at a tertiary skin hospital and checked their nail changes. We investigated the association between the SEABD subtypes and treatments that patients were receiving and the nail abnormalities. Additional factors including age, gender, duration since diagnosis, presence of mucosal involvement, and anti-bp230 and anti-bp180 IgG antibody quantitative levels (in those patients with bullous pemphigoid) were analyzed. RESULTS: The most common nail abnormalities were ridging, onycholysis, and onychoschizia. We observed a lower prevalence of onycholysis in EBA, a lower prevalence of periungual bullae in MMP, and a higher prevalence of scarring loss in EBA. Rituximab and dapsone were effective in preventing onycholysis as well as prednisolone in preventing subungual hematoma. Multiple lesions were found to be more common in the foot digits including great toes, probably because of higher exposure to trauma. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, in patients with SEABD and concomitant nail involvement, the underlying disease control, proper treatment, and avoidance of trauma may be helpful.

[Peripheral neuropathy, onycholysis and health-related quality of life in womens with breast cancer treated with taxanes. Prospective longitudinal study.] / Neuropatía periférica, onicólisis y calidad de vida en mujeres con cáncer de mama en tratamiento con taxanos. Estudio longitudinal prospectivo.

OBJECTIVE: Peripheral neuropathy and onycholysis are adverse events produced by taxanes in breast cancer that persist even after the end of treatment and negatively influence quality of life. The objectives of the study were to describe these side effects and the degree of involvement and relating them to the drug doses received. METHODS: Prospective, cross-sectional study of in 50 womens dignosed of breast cancer, treated with docetaxel and paclitaxel in Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet in Zaragoza (Aragón, Spain). CTCAE v.5.0 scale and Semes Weinsten test were used to evaluate peripheral neuropathy and onycholysis. ECOG scale was performed to measure the health-related quality of life. Study variables were evaluated before-during treatment and 1 and 6 months after finish treatment. Statistical analysis was performed using Jamovi 1.2®. For the relationship of the qualitative variables, the chi-square, Fisher's exact test, Mc's test were used. Nemar and the Odds Ratio test. Effects were considered significant if p<0.05. RESULTS: 43 subjects were included. During treatment the 9.8 presented motor neuropathy and 12.2% sensitive neuropathy, 37.2% onycholisis in upper extremities and 39.5% in lower extremities (χ2=11.3; p<0.001 / χ2=13.0; p<0.001) and 38.1% a health related quality of live limited in excessive activities (χ2=10.3; p=0.001). Post-treatment evaluation the 20.9% presented motor neuropathy and 32.6% sensitive neuropathy (χ2=3.57; p=0.059 / χ2=6.23; p=0.013), the 86% onycholisis in upper extremities and lower extremities (χ2=6.07; p=0.048 / χ2=10.1; p=0.006) and 58.5% a health related quality of live limited in excessive activities (χ2=8.47; p=0.014). 6 month later, the initials parameters were not recuperated. CONCLUSIONS: Taxanes have a negative impact on the health-related quality of life in patients, even 6 months after finishing treatment due to the peripheral neuropathy and onycholysis that they cause.

OBJETIVO: La neuropatía periférica y la onicólisis son eventos adversos producidos por los taxanos en el cáncer de mama, que perduran incluso habiendo finalizado el tratamiento e influyendo negativamente en la calidad de vida. Los objetivos del estudio fueron describir estos efectos secundarios, midiendo el grado de afectación, y relacionarlos con las dosis de fármaco recibidas. METODOS: Se realizó un estudio observacional, longitudinal prospectivo con muestreo consecutivo inicial de concuenta mujeres con cáncer de mama en tratamiento con docetaxel y/o paclitaxel en el Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet de Zaragoza (Aragón, España). Para la valoración de la neuropatía periférica (motora y sensitiva) se utilizó la escala CTCAE v.5.0 y el test de Semmes Weinsten. La valoración de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud se midió mediante la escala ECOG. Se realizaron valoraciones previo-durante-post y a los 6 meses de haber finalizado el tratamiento. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante Jamovi 1.2®. Para la relación de las variables cualitativas se utilizó la chi-cuadrado, el test exacto de Fisher, el test de Mc.Nemar y el test de Odds Ratio. Los efectos se consideraron significativos si p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron finalmente 43 mujeres. Durante el tratamiento, el 9,8% presentó neuropatía motora y el 12,2% neuropatía sensitiva, el 37,2% onicólisis en extremidades superiores y el 39,5% en inferiores (χ2=11,3; p<0,001 / χ2=13,0; p<0,001), y el 38,1% una calidad de vida restringida a actividad exagerada (χ2=10,3; p=0,001). En la valoración postratamiento, el 20,9% presentó neuropatía motora y el 32,6% neuropatía sensitiva (χ2=3,57; p=0,059 / χ2=6,23; p=0,013), el 86% onicólisis en extremidades superiores y el 90,7% en inferiores (χ2=6,07; p=0,048 / χ2=10,1; p=0,006) y el 58,5% al menos una calidad de vida restringida a actividad exagerada (χ2=8,47; p=0,014). A los seis meses no se recuperaron los valores iniciales de evaluación. CONCLUSIONES: Los taxanos repercuten negativamente en la calidad de vida de las mujeres incluso a los seis meses tras finalizar el tratamiento debido a la neuropatía periférica y la onicólisis que provocan.

Modeling Occupational Fingernail Onycholysis Disorders in the Population of US Astronauts Who Have Engaged in Extravehicular Activity.

OBJECTIVES: Spacesuits are designed to be reliable personal spacecraft that preserve the life and well-being of the astronaut from the extremes of space. However, materials, operating pressures, and suit design requirements often result in a risk of musculoskeletal discomfort and injury to various areas of the body. In particular, this investigation looked at fingernails and their risk of developing onycholysis. METHODS: An onycholysis literature review was followed by a retrospective analysis of injury characteristics, astronaut suited training and spaceflight events, hand anthropometry, glove sizing, and astronaut demographics. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the likelihood of onycholysis occurrence by testing potential risk variables against the dataset compiled from the retrospective data mining. RESULTS: The duration of event exposure, type of glove used, distance (delta) between the fingertip and the tip of the glove, sex, and age were found to be significantly related to occurrence of onycholysis (whether protective or injurious). CONCLUSION: An initial risk formula (model) for onycholysis was developed as a result of this investigation. In addition to validation through a future study, further improvement to this onycholysis equation and spacesuit discomfort and injury in general can be aided by future investigations that lead to better definition of the threshold between safe and risky exposure for each type of risk factor. APPLICATION: This work described a potential method that can be used for EVA spacesuit glove onycholysis injury risk analysis for either iterative glove design or between glove comparisons, such as during a product downselect process.

Nail Changes Associated With Thyroid Disease.

Nail changes with thyroid disease have not been well studied. Nail findings are helpful in early diagnosis of thyroid disorders and therefore are important for dermatologist education. We reviewed the literature on nail changes in thyroid patients and found that onycholysis and slow-growing, thin nails are associated with hypothyroidism and that onycholysis, koilonychia, and brittle nails changes are associated with hyperthyroidism.

Dermoscopy of glomus tumour: a cross-sectional study of 86 cases.

BACKGROUND: Glomus tumours (GTs) are benign cutaneous neoplasms derived from the neuromyoarterial apparatus with a strong predilection for acral sites, especially the subungual space. Current data regarding dermoscopy of these lesions are very limited. OBJECTIVES: To analyse the dermoscopic structures and patterns seen in a large series of subungual (SUGTs) and extraungual glomus tumours (EUGTs) and to determine their diagnostic significance. METHODS: Clinical and dermoscopic images of 86 histopathologically proven cases of GTs (47 SUGTs and 39 EUGTs) collected from 9 hospitals in Spain, France, Italy, and Brazil were evaluated for the presence of dermoscopic structures and patterns. Similarly, 189 and 185 dermoscopic images of other ungual tumours and other extraungual non-pigmented tumours, respectively, were evaluated for the same structures and patterns. Finally, we evaluate diagnostic testing accuracy calculating sensitivity (S), specificity (Sp), and positive and negative predictive values of the different patterns for the diagnosis of GT. RESULTS: Regarding SUGTs, four patterns were built from the combination of different structures. The pattern composed of a structureless purplish/red subungual spot with or without vessels reached the highest S (S1, 78.8%). The combination of a structureless purplish/red subungual spot and longitudinal erythronychia (LE) (S2) is highly specific (96.3%). Patterns S3 (proximal purplish/red subungual spot, LE, and distal notch) and S4 (bed subungual spot and onycholysis) are the most specific and exclusive of matrix and bed tumours, respectively. The most consistent pattern in EUGTs is composed of a structureless purplish-white to reddish-white homogeneous area and linear unfocused vessels (E) (S: 61.5%, Sp: 95.7%). EUGTs did not show lacunae, unlike other vascular tumours. CONCLUSIONS: Dermoscopy is helpful in improving the diagnostic accuracy of GTs, not only in SUGTs but also when these lesions arise out of the ungual apparatus.

A randomised controlled trial of interventions for taxane-induced nail toxicity in women with early breast cancer.

Onycholysis and paronychia has been associated with chemotherapy treatment for women with breast cancer. Our primary aim was to investigate the effectiveness of different topical interventions to ameliorate nail toxicity. Secondary aims were to explore the full range and severity of possible nail changes associated with taxane-based chemotherapy and the specific impact this had on quality of life, using two novel measures. This was an exploratory randomised controlled trial of three topical interventions (standard care, nail polish or specialist nail drops) for the prevention or reduction of nail changes induced by taxane-based chemotherapy. Outcomes included nail toxicity assessed at three time points (baseline, 3 weeks and 3 months post completion of chemotherapy) using two novel clinical tools (NToX-G12, NToX-QoL) and the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE v3) and EQ-5D-5L. A total of 105 women were recruited (35 in each arm) and monitored up to three months post completion of chemotherapy. Almost 20% of patients were over the age of 60 years. There were 26 withdrawals, the majority from the nail polish arm. Residual Maximum Likelihood REML analysis indicated a significant arm, time and interaction effect for each intervention (p < 0.001). Less nail toxicity was observed in patients receiving specialist nail drops or standard care arms in comparison to those using nail polish. This study provides evidence to support clinicians' suggestions on nail care recommendations based on the patients' needs and preferences. Future investigations into comparing or combining cryotherapy and topical solutions that can support patient's decisions are warranted.

Unequal relevance between different subtypes of fingernail psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.

Nail disease in psoriasis has been found to be associated with psoriatic arthritis (PsA); however, which subtype of nail disease holds greater relevance to PsA remains unclear. This study was performed to explore the associations between three subtypes of fingernail disease (pitting, onycholysis, and hyperkeratosis) and PsA among patients with psoriasis. Patients with psoriasis attending five dermatology clinics in Shanghai between January 2020 and May 2021 were examined for skin, joint, and fingernail changes. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were utilized to test the strength of associations between subtypes of fingernail disease and PsA. The receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve with area under curve (AUC) was used to evaluate their accuracies in diagnosing PsA. Sensitivity and specificity were also calculated. Of 1985 patients with psoriasis included, 228 (11.5%) patients were diagnosed with PsA, and the remaining patients were cutaneous-only psoriasis (PsC). One-hundred and fifty-seven (68.9%) patients with PsA and 748 (42.6%) patients with PsC had fingernail disease. Adjusted models showed that onycholysis and hyperkeratosis were the only type of fingernail disease independently associated with PsA. This association was further confirmed by the forward conditional stepwise regression model (OR, 95% CI for onycholysis: 2.34, 1.79 to 4.27, p < 0.01; for hyperkeratosis: 1.62, 1.12 to 2.66, p = 0.037). ROC analysis showed that, compared to pitting and hyperkeratosis, onycholysis had higher AUC (0.630) and sensitivity (52.6%). The psoriatic fingernail onycholysis and hyperkeratosis hold greater relevance to PsA than pitting. Clinically, psoriatic patients with fingernail onycholysis and hyperkeratosis should be assessed for arthritis. Key Points • Psoriatic fingernail onycholysis and hyperkeratosis, rather than pitting, are significantly associated with PsA • Clinically, psoriatic patients with fingernail onycholysis and hyperkeratosis should be assessed for arthritis.

Application of Topical Lidocaine for Pain Relief in the Setting of Targeted Therapy-Induced Onycholysis: A Case Report.

Selective pan fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitors have been linked to severe onycholysis, the uncomfortable separation of the nail plate from the nail bed. Recommendations to assist with FGFR inhibitor onycholysis vary based on the severity. We hypothesized that the application of topical lidocaine to mimic a digital nerve block would be beneficial in addition to traditional supportive care interventions and subsequently report its immediate and continued efficacy for targeted therapy-induced onycholysis.

Síndrome de la uña verde: revisión actualizada de una patología emergente en la era COVID-19 / 19Green nail syndrome: updated review of an emerging disease in the era of COVID-19

El síndrome de la uña verde o cloroniquia corresponde a la infección por Pseudomonas aeruginosa de una lámina ungueal dañada en pacientes con algún factor de riesgo identificable, siendo los más frecuentes la inmunosupresión, el ambiente húmedo constante y la patología ungueal preexistente. Su diagnóstico es relativamente sencillo si se logra observar la tríada característica de coloración verdosa de la lámina ungueal, paroniquia proximal crónica y onicolisis distal; en casos de duda diagnóstica se puede enviar una muestra de la uña afectada para cultivos o estudio histopatológico. El pilar de su tratamiento corresponde al uso de antibióticos tópicos o sistémicos en conjunto con medidas generales que protejan de la humedad. Es muy importante enfatizar la prevención de esta patología en el personal de salud, especialmente en el contexto del lavado de manos frecuente y riguroso implementado durante la pandemia COVID-19, ya que existen reportes de transmisión nosocomial de P. aeruginosa por profesionales de la salud con infección ungueal.(AU)

Green nail syndrome or chloronychia is the infection of a damaged nail plate by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a patient with an identifiable risk factor; the most frequently described are immunosuppression, a persistent moist environment and preexisting nail disease. Its diagnosis is relatively simple if the characteristic triad of green discoloration of the nail plate, chronic proximal paronychia and distal onycholysis can be observed, in cases of doubt a sample of the affected nail can be sent for cultures or histopathology. The cornerstone of treatment is the use of topical or systemic antibiotics along with measures to protect the nail from moisture. Prevention of this disease must be emphasized in health care personnel, especially in the context of frequent and rigorous handwashing practices implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic, since there are reports of nosocomial transmission of P. aeruginosaby health care professionals with nail infection.(AU)