Pre-Randomization Predictors of Study Discontinuation in a Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Participant discontinuation from study treatment in a clinical trial can leave a trial underpowered, produce bias in statistical analysis, and limit interpretability of study results. Retaining participants in clinical trials for the full study duration is therefore as important as participant recruitment. OBJECTIVE: This analysis aims to identify associations of pre-randomization characteristics of participants with premature discontinuation during the blinded phase of the Anti-Amyloid treatment in Asymptomatic AD (A4) Study. DESIGN: All A4 trial randomized participants were classified as having prematurely discontinued study during the blinded period of the study for any reason (dropouts) or completed the blinded phase of the study on treatment (completers). SETTING: The trial was conducted across 67 study sites in the United States, Canada, Japan and Australia through the global COVID-19 pandemic. PARTICIPANTS: The sample consisted of all 1169 A4 trial randomized participants. MEASUREMENTS: Pre-randomization demographic, clinical, amyloid PET and genetic predictors of study discontinuation were evaluated using a univariate generalized linear mixed model (GLMM), with discontinuation status as the binary outcome, each predictor as a fixed effect, and site as a random effect to account for differences among study sites in the trial. Characteristics significant at p<0.10 were then included in a multivariable GLMM. RESULTS: Among randomized participants, 339 (29%) discontinued the study during the blinded period (median follow-up time in trial: 759 days). From the multivariable analysis, the two main predictors of study discontinuation were screening State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scores (OR = 1.07 [95%CI = 1.02; 1.12]; p=0.002) and age (OR = 1.06 [95%CI = 1.03; 1.09]; p<0.001). Participants with a family history of dementia (OR = 0.75 [95%CI = 0.55; 1.01]; p=0.063) and APOE ε4 carriers (OR = 0.79 [95%CI = 0.6; 1.04]; p=0.094) were less likely to discontinue from the study, with the association being marginally significant. In these analyses, sex, race and ethnicity, cognitive scores and amyloid/tau PET scores were not associated with study dropout. CONCLUSIONS: In the A4 trial, older participants and those with higher levels of anxiety at baseline as measured by the STAI were more likely to discontinue while those who had a family history of dementia or were APOE ε4 carriers were less likely to drop out. These findings have direct implications for future preclinical trial design and selection processes to identify those individuals at greatest risk of dropout and provide information to the study team to develop effective selection and retention strategies in AD prevention studies.

Medical care for transgender individuals at a hospital in southern Brazil: why do they drop out from our service?

Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate dropout rates and discern potential factors contributing to the discontinuation of treatment provided to transgender individuals by the Transdisciplinary Gender Identity Program at the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (PROTIG). Methodology: This study employs a descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective design to analyze socio-demographic and clinical data obtained from medical records of patients treated at PROTIG between 2000 and 2018. A structured form, devised by PROTIG's professional team, was utilized to extract and evaluate several variables including: age, gender, education level, diagnosis of F64 according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10: Version: 2010), clinical comorbidities (coded by ICD-10), laboratory diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections, distance between patients' residence and the hospital, and year of entry into PROTIG. The patient cohort was stratified into two categories based on their duration of attendance: dropout (defined as attendance for up to 365 days) and non-dropout (attendance exceeding 365 days). Categorical variables between dropout and non-dropout groups were compared using Pearson's chi-square test. Additionally, Poisson regression analysis was utilized, employing a 95% confidence interval (CI) and setting the significance level at 0.05. Results: The study included a total of 888 patients accessing PROTIG, with 275 (31%) classified in the dropout group. Of the patient population, 65.5% (n = 582) self-identified as transgender women, while 34.5% (n = 306) identified as transgender men. Significant differences were noted between the dropout and non-dropout groups. Specifically, differences were noted among transgender women (p < 0.001), individuals with lower levels of education (p < 0.001), those with fewer diagnoses classified under ICD-10 as F64 (p < 0.001), individuals exhibiting fewer clinical comorbidities recorded in ICD-10 (p < 0.001), and those who commenced inclusion in PROTIG after 2010 (p < 0.001). Conclusion: There exists a notable rate of treatment discontinuation among individuals receiving care at PROTIG, with statistically significant variances observed between groups. We posit potential rationales for this discontinuation, informed by care experiences and feedback from group attendees: Increased accessibility to outpatient services in our jurisdiction for Transgender Care, along with heightened societal awareness of gender identity fostering diverse gender expression avenues devoid of reliance on gender-affirming surgical interventions.

Spatial distribution and determinants of measles vaccination dropout among under-five children in Ethiopia: A spatial and multilevel analysis of 2019 Ethiopian demographic and health survey.

BACKGROUND: Each year, vaccine-preventable diseases cost the lives of 8.8 million under-five children. Although vaccination prevents 1-2 million childhood deaths worldwide, measles vaccination dropouts are not well studied in developing countries, particularly in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aims to assess the spatial distribution of the measles vaccination dropout and its determinants among under-five children in Ethiopia. METHODS: Data from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2019 was used for data analysis. The study used a total of 5,753 children. Spatial autocorrelations was used to determine the spatial dependency of measles vaccination dropout. Ordinary interpolation was employed to forecast measles vaccination dropout. Factors associated with measles vaccination dropout were declared significant at p-values <0.05. The data were interpreted using the confidence interval and adjusted odds ratio. A model with the lowest deviance and highest logliklihood ratio was selected as the best-fit model. RESULTS: In Ethiopia, one in three under-five children had measles vaccination dropouts. Factors such as birth interval (AOR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.30, 2.70), unmarried marital status women (AOR = 3.98, 95% CI: 1.08, 8.45), ≤1 number of under-five children (AOR = 3.86, 95% CI: 2.56, 5.81), rural place of residence (AOR = 2.43, 95% CI: 2.29, 3.11), low community-level ANC utilization (AOR = 3.20, 95% CI: 2.53, 3.56), and residing in Benishangul Gumuz (AOR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.061, 3.06) had higher odds of measles vaccination dropout. CONCLUSIONS: Measles vaccination dropout rates in Ethiopia among under-five children were high compared to the maximum tolerable vaccination dropout level of 10% by the WHO. Both individual and community-level variables were determinants of measles vaccination dropout. The ministry of health in Ethiopia should give attention to those mothers of under-five children who reported underutilization of ANC services and rural residences while designing policies and strategies in areas of high spatial clustering of vaccine dropout in Ethiopia.

Determinants of pneumococcal vaccination dropout among children aged 12-23 months in Ethiopia: a secondary analysis from the 2019 mini demographic and health survey.

Background: Vaccination is a cost-effective public health program that helps reduce significant morbidity and mortality in children under the age of five. Worldwide, the number of vaccine-preventable causes of child death has significantly decreased since the Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI) was introduced. However, for a variety of reasons, 23 million children did not have adequate access to vaccines in 2020. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the determinants of pneumonia conjugate vaccine (PCV) dropout among children aged 12-23 months in Ethiopia. Methods: The study analyzed cross-sectional data obtained from the 2019 mini Ethiopian demographic and health survey. Multilevel binary logistic regression analysis was utilized, and the best fit model was chosen using the Akaike Information Criteria. The study comprised a weighted sample of 989 children aged 12 to 23 months. The study presented the Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) along with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI) to identify the significant factors influencing PCV dropout. Results: The PCV dropout rate was reported at 20.2% in this study. In the multilevel analysis, possession of a health card (AOR = 0.076, 95% CI: 0.019, 0.04), vaccination for PCV 2 (AOR =0.002, 95% CI: 0.023, 0.263), and region 7 (AOR = 6.98, 95% CI: 10.1, 48.31) were significantly associated with children's PCV dropout. Conclusion: Having a health card, having received the PCV 2 vaccinations, and region were significant predictors of PCV dropout. Consequently, health education on immunization for all mothers and region-specific, customized public health interventions are needed to reduce the vaccination dropout rate.

Web-based interpretation bias training to reduce anxiety: A sequential, multiple-assignment randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE: Web-based cognitive bias modification for interpretation (CBM-I) can improve interpretation biases and anxiety symptoms but faces high rates of dropout. This study tested the effectiveness of web-based CBM-I relative to an active psychoeducation condition and the addition of low-intensity telecoaching for a subset of CBM-I participants. METHOD: 1,234 anxious community adults (Mage = 35.09 years, 81.2% female, 72.1% white, 82.6% not Hispanic) were randomly assigned at Stage 1 of a sequential, multiple-assignment randomized trial to complete five weekly sessions of CBM-I or psychoeducation on our team's public research website. After the first session, for Stage 2, an algorithm attempted to classify CBM-I participants as higher (vs. lower) risk for dropping out; those classified as higher risk were then randomly assigned to complete four brief weekly telecoaching check-ins (vs. no coaching). RESULTS: As hypothesized (https://doi.org/j2xr; Daniel, Eberle, & Teachman, 2020), CBM-I significantly outperformed psychoeducation at improving positive and negative interpretation biases (Recognition Ratings, Brief Body Sensations Interpretation Questionnaire) and anxiety symptoms (Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale, Anxiety Scale from Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-Short Form), with smaller treatment gains remaining significant at 2-month follow-up. Unexpectedly, CBM-I had significantly worse treatment dropout outcomes than psychoeducation, and adding coaching (vs. no coaching) did not significantly improve efficacy or dropout outcomes (notably, many participants chose not to interact with their coach). CONCLUSIONS: Web-based CBM-I appears effective, but supplemental coaching may not mitigate the challenge of dropout. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Decomposition Analysis of Socioeconomic Inequalities in Vaccination Dropout in Remote and Underserved Settings in Ethiopia.

Despite increments in immunization coverage over the past decades, substantial inequality due to wealth status has persisted in Ethiopia. This study aimed to decompose the concentration index into the contributions of individual factors to socioeconomic inequalities of childhood vaccination dropout in remote and underserved settings in Ethiopia by using a decomposition approach. A wealth index was developed by reducing 41 variables related to women's household living standards into nine factors by using principal component analysis. The components were further totaled into a composite score and divided into five quintiles (poorest, poorer, middle, richer, and richest). Vaccination dropout was calculated as the proportion of children who did not get the pentavalent-3 vaccine among those who received the pentavalent-1 vaccine. The concentration index was used to estimate socioeconomic inequalities in childhood vaccination dropout, which was then decomposed to examine the factors contributing to socioeconomic inequalities in vaccination dropout. The overall concentration index was -0.179 (P <0.01), confirming the concentration of vaccination dropout among the lowest wealth strata. The decomposition analyses showed that wealth index significantly contributed to inequalities in vaccination dropout (49.7%). Place of residence also explained -16.2% of the inequality. Skilled birth attendance and availability of a health facility in the kebele (the lowest administrative government structure) also significantly contributed (33.6% and 12.6%, respectively) to inequalities in vaccination dropout. Wealth index, place of residence, skilled birth attendance, and availability of a health facility in the kebele largely contributed to the concentration of vaccination dropout among the lowest wealth strata. Policymakers should address vaccination inequality by designing more effective strategies.

[Process nurse: the experience of the Emergency Department of Fano]. / Infermiere di processo: l'esperienza del Pronto Soccorso di Fano.

. Process nurse: the experience of the Emergency Department of Fano. INTRODUCTION: Overcrowding in Emergency Departments (ED) is a common worldwide phenomenon. Strategies are needed to manage the excessive influx and length of stay in the Accidents and Emergency (A&E) ward, which may adversely affect the organization of care. The process nurse (PN) has been proposed, but the literature lacks rigorous studies on its effectiveness. PURPOSE: The pilot study was conducted to evaluate how the PN affects thre length of stay and drop-out rate after triage of selected users accessing the A&E. METHODS: The PN was introduced in the A&E of the Santa Croce Hospital in Fano-AST Pesaro Urbino. Users with codes 3, 4, 5 and the most frequent causes for A&E visits were included. The length of stay and drop-out rate after triage were compared between users assigned to the PN and those who, at the same time and with the same problem and access codes, followed the standard process. RESULTS: In November 2022, 943 users were enrolled, 214 cared by the PN and 729 with standard care. The mean time spent in the A&E was significantly lower in the PN group (206.7 ± SD 144.2 minutes vs 282.4 ± SD 208.9 minutes, p <0.0001). The discharge rate was higher in the PN group (89.7% vs 75.3% p <0.0001), while the drop-out rate was lower (9.8% vs 24.1% p <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight the potentialities of PN in the A&E and at triage, emphasizing its ability to speed up, facilitate, and optimize care pathways.

Study protocol for a single-blind, parallel-group, randomized, controlled superiority trial of intensive versus weekly delivered prolonged exposure for adults with post-traumatic stress disorder.

BACKGROUND: Prolonged exposure (PE) therapy is widely recognized as an effective treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and is often considered one of the primary options for addressing this condition. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of patients (30-51%) fail to demonstrate clinically significant symptom changes. One of the reasons is that a high proportion of patients drop out from treatment, which often lasts for a minimum of 3-4 months. Hence, there is an urgent need for PTSD treatments that can be delivered to decrease dropout rates. A more intensive PE treatment approach has been suggested to decrease dropout rates and in addition achieve faster recovery rates and has shown promising effects on reducing PTSD symptoms but needs to be tested against firsthand treatment. METHODS: This single-blind, randomized controlled trial (N = 140) will compare an intensive delivery format of prolonged exposure (iPE) against standard weekly delivered sessions of PE. The primary outcome is change on the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5). Secondary outcomes include self-rated measures of symptoms of PTSD and complex PTSD, depression and quality of life, speed of recovery, cost effectiveness, dropout rates, and adverse events. DISCUSSION: This study will be the first to compare iPE with first-line treatment in a psychiatric outpatient setting. One of the key strengths of this study lies in its implementation within a clinical setting and the broad eligibility criteria. Additionally, the utilization of gold-standard assessment measures ensures the accuracy and reliability of the outcomes. However, several potential challenges may arise during the study's execution. These challenges may include difficulties in participant recruitment, ensuring adequate participant retention, adherence to the treatment protocol, and maintaining therapist retention mostly due to recruitment taking place at one single clinic. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT05934175. Registered on June 6, 2023. Open Science Framework (OSF) https://osf.io/7qsb3 . Registered on September 2, 2023.

Dropout rate in clinical trials of smartphone apps for diabetes management: A meta-analysis.

Applicability of smartphone-based digital health in diabetes management still face challenges due tolow user retention or engagement. Thus, this systematic and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the dropout rate from the clinical trials. Search of literature was performedon 4 September 2023 through various databases (PubMed, Scilit, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science). Those reporting clinical trials of smartphone apps for diabetic controls (either type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus) were screened and selected in accordance with PRISMA guideline. Of 5,429 identified records, as many as 36 studies were found eligible with a total of 3,327 patients in the intervention group. The overall dropout rate was 29.6 % (95 %CI: 25 %-34.3 %) with high heterogeneity (p-Het < 0.001;I2 = 84.84 %). Sample size, intervention duration, patients' age and gender, and cultural adaptation on the app appeared to be non-significant moderators (p > 0.05). In sub-group levels, notably high dropout rates were observed in studies performing cultural adaptation (34.6 %) and conducted in high-income countries (31.9 %). Given the high dropout rate, the engagement level toward diabetic management apps in real-world setting is expected to be low. High heterogeneity in this study, however, requires careful interpretation of the foregoing results. PROSPERO: CRD42023460365 (14 September 2023).

Retention strategies are routinely communicated to potential trial participants but often differ from what was planned in the trial protocol: an analysis of adult participant information leaflets and their corresponding protocols.

BACKGROUND: Retaining participants in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) is challenging and trial teams are often required to use strategies to ensure retention or improve it. Other than monetary incentives, there is no requirement to disclose the use of retention strategies to the participant. Additionally, not all retention strategies are developed at the planning stage, i.e. post-funding during protocol development, but some protocols include strategies for participant retention as retention is considered and planned for early in the trial planning stage. It is yet unknown if these plans are communicated in the corresponding participant information leaflets (PILs). The purpose of our study was to determine if PILs communicate plans to promote participant retention and, if so, are these outlined in the corresponding trial protocol. METHODS: Ninety-two adult PILs and their 90 corresponding protocols from Clinical Trial Units (CTUs) in the UK were analysed. Directed (deductive) content analysis was used to analyse the participant retention text from the PILs. Data were presented using a narrative summary and frequencies where appropriate. RESULTS: Plans to promote participant retention were communicated in 81.5% (n = 75/92) of PILs. Fifty-seven percent (n = 43/75) of PILs communicated plans to use "combined strategies" to promote participant retention. The most common individual retention strategy was telling the participants that data collection for the trial would be scheduled during routine care visits (16%; n = 12/75 PILs). The importance of retention and the impact that missing or deleted data (deleting data collected prior to withdrawal) has on the ability to answer the research question were explained in 6.5% (n = 6/92) and 5.4% (n = 5/92) of PILs respectively. Out of the 59 PILs and 58 matching protocols that both communicated plans to use strategies to promote participant retention, 18.6% (n = 11/59) communicated the same information, the remaining 81.4% (n = 48/59) of PILs either only partially communicated (45.8%; n = 27/59) the same information or did not communicate the same information (35.6%; n = 21/59) as the protocol with regard to the retention strategy(ies). CONCLUSION: Retention strategies are frequently communicated to potential trial participants in PILs; however, the information provided often differs from the content in the corresponding protocol. Participant retention considerations are best done at the planning stage of the trial and we encourage trial teams to be consistent in the communication of these strategies in both the protocol and PIL.

Psychotherapist factors that patients perceive are associated with treatment failure.

Psychotherapy is a well-established and effective treatment for various psychiatric problems, but a substantial proportion of patients do not benefit from it, and many terminate treatment prematurely. Previous studies suggest that therapist dissatisfaction may play a pivotal role in premature treatment termination. This study, therefore, aimed to investigate therapist factors that may contribute to less-than-optimal results and dropout. Data were collected through a survey of patients (n = 736) with the experience of previous unsuccessful psychotherapy treatments. Based on prior research, the survey covered 13 therapist behaviors and traits, such as being unstructured or unengaged. The most common therapist factor that patients associated with treatment failure was poor assessment/understanding (86.7%), followed by inflexibility (71.7%) and poor knowledge (70.1%). Furthermore, this study identified four novel therapist-related factors: breaking the treatment contract, inappropriate sexual behaviors or comments, using non-conventional methods, and dominating behaviors. Overall, this study highlights the significance of therapist-related factors in premature treatment termination and treatment failure, shedding light on the crucial role therapists play in the therapeutic process. Understanding these factors is essential for improving psychotherapy outcomes and reducing dropout rates. Further investigations are needed to explore the impact of these therapist behaviors on treatment outcomes and to develop strategies for enhancing therapist competencies and skills to foster a more effective therapeutic alliance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Preventing dropout in spiritually integrated psychotherapies: What are the effective methods of attending to clients' spirituality?

The purpose of this study was to examine associations between clinicians' use of varying types of spiritual interventions in the first session of spiritually integrated psychotherapies (SIPs) and clients' likelihood of returning for a second session. In total, 154 practitioners of SIPs from 33 settings in a practice-research network reported on their implementation of different methods for addressing clients' religion/spirituality on an after-session summary checklist. Roughly 80% or more of the clinicians implemented at least one spiritual intervention in the first session; on average, clinicians used 3.26 (SD = 3.66) of the interventions on the checklist. Occurring with 20% or more of the 1,094 clients, the most commonly used spiritual interventions included listening to spiritual issues, discussing compassion and hope, affirming clients' divine worth and attempts to trust God. In total, nearly one in five clients did not return for a second session. Focusing on interventions that were empirically linked with clients' engagement in a second session in bivariate analyses, discussion of spiritual dimensions of clients' problems and solutions was associated with a 118% greater probability that clients engaged in SIPs; in contrast, discussion of hope was linked with a 40% decrease in treatment engagement. In conclusion, findings highlight the potential opportunities and risks for implementing interventions that attend to clients' spirituality and/or religious faith at the start of SIPs. Research is needed to understand factors associated with the effective use of spiritual interventions and methods of training clinicians accordingly. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Predictors of cocaine use disorder treatment outcomes: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Psychosocial approaches are the first-line treatments for cocaine dependence, although they still present high dropout and relapse rates. Thus, there is a pressing need to understand which variables influence treatment outcomes to improve current treatments and prevent dropout and relapse rates. The aim of this study is to explore predictors of treatment retention and abstinence in CUD. METHODS: This systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). We searched three databases-PubMed, PsychINFO and Web of Science-for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) published in English and Spanish from database inception through April 1, 2023. We selected all studies that met the inclusion criteria (adults aged ≥ 18, outpatient treatment, CUD as main addiction, and no severe mental illness) to obtain data for the narrative synthesis addressing cocaine abstinence and treatment retention as main outcome variables. After data extraction was completed, risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB-2). RESULTS: A total of 566 studies were screened, and, of those, 32 RCTs were included in the synthesis. Younger age, more years of cocaine use, and craving levels were significant predictors of relapse and treatment dropout. Fewer withdrawal symptoms, greater baseline abstinence, greater treatment engagement, and more self-efficacy were all predictors of longer duration of abstinence. The role of impulsivity as a predictor of CUD is unclear due to conflicting data, although the evidence generally suggests that higher impulsivity scores can predict more severe addiction and withdrawal symptoms, and earlier discontinuation of treatment. CONCLUSION: Current evidence indicates which variables have a direct influence on treatment outcomes, including well-studied cocaine use-related variables. However, additional variables, such as genetic markers, appear to have a high impact on treatment outcomes and need further study. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: This systematic review is registered at PROSPERO (ID: CRD42021271847). This study was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, Instituto Carlos III (ISCIII) (FIS PI20/00929) and FEDER funds and Fundació Privada Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (Pla d'acció social 2020).

Multilevel analysis of dropout from maternal continuum of care and its associated factors: Evidence from 2022 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey.

BACKGROUND: The maternal continuum of care (CoC) is a cost-effective approach to mitigate preventable maternal and neonatal deaths. Women in developing countries, including Tanzania, face an increased vulnerability to significant dropout rates from maternal CoC, and addressing dropout from the continuum remains a persistent public health challenge. METHOD: This study used the 2022 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS). A total weighted sample of 5,172 women who gave birth in the past 5 years and had first antenatal care (ANC) were included in this study. Multilevel binary logistic regression analyses were used to examine factors associated with dropout from the 3 components of maternal CoC (i.e., ANC, institutional delivery, and postnatal care (PNC)). RESULTS: The vast majority, 83.86% (95% confidence interval (CI): 82.83%, 84.83%), of women reported dropout from the maternal CoC. The odds of dropout from the CoC was 36% (AOR = 0.64, (95% CI: 0.41, 0.98)) lower among married women compared to their divorced counterparts. Women who belonged to the richer wealth index reported a 39% (AOR = 0.61, (95% CI: 0.39, 0.95)) reduction in the odds of dropout, while those belonged to the richest wealth index demonstrated a 49% (AOR = 0.51, (95% CI: 0.31, 0.82)) reduction. The odds of dropout from CoC was 37% (AOR = 0.63, (95% CI: 0.45,0.87)) lower among women who reported the use of internet in the past 12 months compared to those who had no prior exposure to the internet. Geographical location emerged as a significant factor, with women residing in the Northern region and Southern Highland Zone, respectively, experiencing a 44% (AOR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.35-0.89) and 58% (AOR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.26-0.68) lower odds of dropout compared to their counterparts in the central zone. CONCLUSION: The dropout rate from the maternity CoC in Tanzania was high. The findings contribute to our understanding of the complex dynamics surrounding maternity care continuity and underscore the need for targeted interventions, considering factors such as marital status, socioeconomic status, internet usage, and geographical location.

Risk factors for dropout from psychological substance use disorder treatment programs in criminal justice settings.

BACKGROUND: Substance use disorders are highly prevalent in people within the criminal justice system. Psychological programs are the most common type of treatment available and have been shown to decrease recidivism, but dropping out of treatment is common. Risk factors associated with treatment dropout remain unclear in this setting, and whether the risk factors differ by treatment form (group-based vs. individual). METHODS: Outcome (treatment dropout) was defined as not finishing the program due to client's own wish, misbehavior, no-shows, or because program leader found client to be unsuitable. Predictors of treatment dropout included a comprehensive set of individual-level clinical, socioeconomic, and crime-related pre-treatment characteristics. Multivariable regression models were used to estimate the associations between predictors and dropout. FINDINGS: The study cohort included 5239 criminal justice clients who participated in a psychological treatment program (group-based or individual). Multivariable logistic regression models showed that female sex (OR=1.64, 95% CI 1.20-2.25), age (0.99, [0.97-1.00]), sentence length (0.98, [0.97-0.98]), higher education (0.54, [0.28-1.00]), number of violent offenses (1.03, [1.01-1.05]), and anxiety disorders (1.32, [1.01-1.72]) were associated with dropout from the individual treatment program. For the group-based program, age (OR=0.98, 95% CI 0.96-1.00), sentence length (OR=0.96, 95% CI 0.94-0.98), stimulant use disorder (OR=1.48, 95%, 1.00-2.19), and self-harm (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.00-2.34) were associated with dropout. CONCLUSIONS: We identified certain sociodemographic, crime-related, and clinical characteristics that were particularly important in predicting dropout from psychological treatment. Further, we find that there are similarities and differences in predictors of dropout from group-based and individual treatment forms.

Interpersonal sensitivity predicts slower change and less change in anxiety symptoms in cognitive behavioural therapy.

OBJECTIVES: Patients in cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) who are high in interpersonal sensitivity may have difficulty fully engaging in treatment because therapy sessions require intimate interpersonal interactions that are especially uncomfortable for these individuals. The current study tests the hypotheses that patients who are high in interpersonal sensitivity benefit less from CBT for symptoms of depression and anxiety, show a slower rate of change in those symptoms, and are more likely to drop out of treatment. METHODS: Participants were 832 outpatients who received naturalistic CBT. We assessed interpersonal sensitivity before treatment began and depression and anxiety symptoms at every therapy session. We assessed early, premature, and uncollaborative termination after treatment ended. We constructed multilevel linear regression models and logistic regression models to assess the effects of baseline interpersonal sensitivity on the treatment outcome, the slope of change in depression and anxiety symptoms, and each type of dropout. RESULTS: Higher baseline interpersonal sensitivity was associated with a slower rate of change and less overall change in anxiety but not depressive symptoms. Baseline interpersonal sensitivity was not a predictor of dropout. CONCLUSIONS: Interpersonal sensitivity at baseline predicts less change and a slower rate of change in anxiety symptoms. Early detection of elevated interpersonal sensitivity can help therapists take action to address these barriers to successful treatment and help scientists build decision support tools that accurately predict the trajectory of change in anxiety symptoms for these patients.

Examining trauma, anxiety, and depression as predictors of dropout from residential treatment for substance use disorders.

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are highly prevalent and have deleterious effects on one's health and well-being. Inpatient treatment for SUDs reduces patient relapse, which subsequently ameliorates these negative effects on the individual and society. Additionally, those who complete treatment are less likely to relapse compared to those who do not complete treatment. Thus, maintaining patient engagement in treatment and reducing the rates of those leaving against medical advice (AMA) is particularly important. Examining the factors and comorbidities that may contribute to treatment dropout has the potential to identify at-risk patients in need of additional individualized intervention. The current study aimed to examine comorbid anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms as predictors of dropout AMA in a residential substance use treatment population. Results showed that patients with social anxiety were more likely to leave treatment AMA, while those with PTSD were more likely to complete treatment. Findings suggest that PTSD-specific treatment, as offered in this facility, may help with patient retention, while group focused therapy may be distressing to those with social anxiety. Clinical implications of this research may include incorporating evidence-based practice for social anxiety early during inpatient treatment to reduce anxiety such that patients may better engage with SUDs treatment.

Rate and reasons for peritoneal dialysis dropout following haemodialysis to peritoneal dialysis switch: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Patient experiences and survival outcomes can be influenced by the circumstances related to dialysis initiation and subsequent modality choices. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to explore the rate and reasons for peritoneal dialysis (PD) dropout following haemodialysis (HD) to PD switch. METHOD: This systematic review conducted searches in four databases, including Medline, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO (study ID: CRD42023405718). Outcomes included factors leading to the switch from HD to PD, the rate and reasons for PD dropout and mortality difference in two groups (PD first group versus HD to PD group). The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist and the GRADE tool were used to assess quality. RESULTS: 4971 papers were detected, and 13 studies were included. On meta-analysis, there was no statistically significant difference in PD dropout in the PD first group (OR: 0.81; 95%CI: 0.61, 1.09; I2 = 83%; P = 0.16), however, there was a statistically significant reduction in the rate of mortality (OR: 0.48; 95%CI: 0.25, 0.92; I2 = 73%; P = 0.03) compared to the HD to PD group. The primary reasons for HD to PD switch, included vascular access failure, patient preference, social issues, and cardiovascular disease. Causes for PD dropout differed between the two groups, but inadequate dialysis and peritonitis were the main reasons for PD dropout in both groups. CONCLUSION: Compared to the PD first group, a previous HD history may not impact PD dropout rates for patients, but it could impact mortality in the HD to PD group. The reasons for PD dropout differed between the two groups, with no statistical differences. Psychosocial reasons for PD dropout are valuable to further research. Additionally, establishing a consensus on the definition of PD dropout is crucial for future studies.

Treatment discontinuation in pharmacological clinical trials for gambling disorder.

BACKGROUND: Gambling disorder affects 0.5-2% of the population, and of those who receive treatment, dropout tends to be relatively high. Very little is known about participant-specific variables linked to treatment discontinuation/dropout in gambling disorder, especially in pharmacological clinical trial settings. METHODS: Data were pooled from eight previous randomized, controlled pharmacological clinical trials conducted in people with gambling disorder. Demographic and clinical variables were compared between those who did versus did not subsequently dropout from those treatment trials. RESULTS: The sample comprised data from 635 individuals, and the overall rate of treatment dropout was 40%. Subsequent treatment dropout was significantly associated with the following: positive family history of gambling disorder in one or more first degree relatives (relative risk [RR] of dropout in those with positive history vs not = 1.30), preference for mainly strategic vs non-strategic gambling activities (RR = 1.43), lower levels of education (Cohen's D = 0.22), and higher levels of functional disability (Cohen's D = 0.18). These variables did not differ significantly as a function of treatment condition (medication versus placebo). Dropouts and completers did not differ significantly in terms of the other demographic or clinical variables that were considered. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified several candidate participant-specific predictors of pharmacological treatment dropout in gambling disorder. The findings highlight the need for future studies to address a wider range of contextual variables at large scale (including also study-specific variables e.g. trial/intervention duration), including in naturalistic treatment and clinical trial settings, with a view to developing algorithms that might usefully predict dropout risk.