[The clinical classification systems and surgical methods for nasal inverted papilloma].

Nasal inverted papilloma (NIP) is one primary benign lesion that occurs in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. In this paper, several clinical classifications of NIP were summarized. The most important classification, which was developed by Krouse in 2000, and endoscopic technique was applied to treat NIP in different Surgical methods.

Sinonasal inverted papilloma: 84 patients treated by endoscopy and proposal for a new classification.

AIM: To suggest a new classification system for sinonasal papilloma based on a critical analysis of surgical indications and results obtained. METHODS: We analysed surgical data from 84 cases of sinonasal papilloma treated endoscopically. RESULTS: In 58 males and 26 females, between 25 and 85 years, the ethmoid sinus (63 cases), the maxillary sinus (43), and the nasal fossa (22) were mostly involved. No case of endocranial extension or carcinoma was reported. Complications were reported in 15.4% of patients, as well as 5 recurrences (5.9%). Median follow up was 39,5 months. To categorise the tumour for the most appropriate surgical treatment, we propose a classification based on 6 main categories that depend on the location, origin and extension of the tumour. CONCLUSION: The classification that we propose presents advantages for prognosis and surgical indication in comparison with other classifications.

Papiloma invertido, presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Inverted papilloma, a case presentation and literature review

Se describe caso clínico de un paciente masculino de 28 años de edad con una lesión del tipo papiloma invertido estadio III según Krouse, la masa tumoral era dependiente de fosa nasal izquierda. El paciente acudió por primera vez a consulta por cuadro clínico de 7 meses de evolución consistente en obstrucción nasal, rinorrea purulenta, cefalea frontal y edema bipalpebral progresivo ipsilateral asociado a disminución de la agudeza visual. Previa realización de tomografía axial computarizada de senos paranasales y resonancia magnética cerebral contrastada se determinó la extensión tumoral y patrón de diseminación para seguidamente realizar un abordaje quirúrgico combinado (abierto más endoscópico)con reconstrucción con material de osteosíntesis del defecto óseo generado por la enfermedad. El procedimiento se realizó en el Hospital Universitario Clínica San Rafael de Bogotá D.C., Colombia en donde también se hizo seguimiento endoscópico y tomográfico mensual que al año confirmó que no habían signos de recidiva local ni secuelas derivadas del procedimiento quirúrgico, incluso se documentó que se restableció casi totalmente de la agudeza visual del lado afectado por descompresión de la órbita. Nuestro propósito es presentar un abordaje combinado, eficaz y seguro que pueda ser usado en la resección de papilomas invertidos de fosas nasales en estadios tardíos, presentar sus ventajas claras mayores tasas de curación, menores tasas de recidiva y malignización, y por lo tanto un pronóstico más favorable al ser comparado con resecciones endoscópicas parciales no complementadas con otro tipo de abordajes como el coronal.

Describes the clinical case of a 28- year- old male who has a lesion of the type of the inverted papilloma, stage III according to Krouse. The tumor like mass was a dependent of the left nostril. The patient came to the Doctor’s office for the first time due to a clinical chart that had evolved for 7 months. The evolution consisted of nasal obstruction, purulent rhinorrhea, a frontal cephalea and a progressive ipsilateral bipalpebral edema which was associated to a decrease in visual acuity. The extent of the tumor was determined by performing a CT Scan of the paranasal sinus and a contrasted MRI. This technique was also used to determine its dissemination pattern in order to perform a combined surgical approach (open plus endoscopic) with the reconstruction of the bone defect that had been generated by the disease, using osteosynthesis material. The procedure was performed at HospitalUniversitario Clínica San Rafael from Bogotá D.C, Colombia. An endoscopic and tomographic follow up was also performed on a monthly basis at the same hospital. After a year’s time it was confirmed that there were no signs of local relapses whatsoever nor were there side effects that derived from the surgical procedure. Visual acuity of the side that had been affected due to decompressing the orbit was re established almost in full. Our objective is to present a combined, effective and safe approach that may be used for the resection of inverted papillomas in the nostrils when they are in their late stages, present some clear advantages, greater healing rates, lower relapse rates as well as fewer possibilities for them to become malignant, and hence a more favorable prognosis as compared with partial endoscopic resections that are not complemented with other type of approaches such as the coronal approach.

Medially originated inverted papilloma.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to determine the characteristics of medially originated inverted papilloma (MOIP) and compare them with laterally originated inverted papilloma (LOIP). METHODS: A retrospective review of the charts for a total of 83 patients with sinonasal inverted papilloma (IP) was conducted. Tumors originating from the nasal septum or the turbinates were categorized as MOIP, whereas tumors originating from the four sinuses were categorized as LOIP. RESULTS: Twenty-eight (34%) and 55 (66%) cases were categorized as MOIP and LOIP. MOIP from the middle turbinate behaved more aggressively than LOIP from the ethmoid sinus (P = 0.009), but less aggressively than LOIP from the maxillary medial wall (P < 0.05). Radical procedures were implemented in 14 patients with LOIP, but not in any patients with MOIP (P = 0.002). The recurrence rates were comparable in both groups (P = 0.472). CONCLUSIONS: The categorization of IP on the basis of tumor origin enabled a better surgical design and more accurate excision of the tumor. Although in some cases MOIP may behave more aggressively, radical procedures were indicated in only the late Krouse stage LOIP without compromising the recurrence rate.

Inverted papilloma: new classification and guidelines for endoscopic surgery.

BACKGROUND: Surgery is the gold standard in the management of inverted papilloma (IP); however, the approach and extent of the surgical procedure are still controversial. Moreover, there is still no universal staging system of IP to plan surgery and/or evaluate results. We performed a retrospective study. METHODS: A new classification depending on the origin of the lesion was used to plan surgery in 70 cases of IP. Conservative transnasal endoscopic excision was performed in lesions arising from the nasal septum and lateral nasal wall (type I IP, 42 cases) and radical transnasal endoscopic medial maxillectomy was performed in lesions arising from the maxillary sinus (type 1 IF, 28 cases). RESULTS: Excluding cases with a follow-up of <2 years, follow-up for periods ranging between 2 and 13.3 years with a median of 78 months showed recurrence in a single case of type I (3.2%) and 2 cases of type II (9.5%). CONCLUSION: The new classification system, based on the origin of IP, is a simple tool for grading IP. It can be used to define cases suitable for conservative excision or radical medial maxillectomy. Both could be performed transnasally and endoscopically.

Expression of human papillomavirus 6 in inverted papilloma arising in a renal transplant recipient.

A 36-year-old renal transplant recipient taking cyclosporin A presented with bilateral nasal polypoid lesions involving the nasal septum and lateral nasal walls. Pathologic findings from surgical excision demonstrated inverted papilloma (IP) with focal atypia and mild dysplasia. DNA extracted from the tissue was tested with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and L1 consensus primers. This revealed amplification of the expected size fragment consistent with the presence of HPV DNA. Hybridization of PCR products with HPV type-specific oligonucleotide probes revealed a strong signal with only HPV 6. This result was confirmed by PCR amplification with HPV 6 type-specific primers. RNA extracted from the tissue was subjected to reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) with a primer pair specific for viral E6/E7 transcripts. The HPV early proteins, E6 and E7, are the transforming proteins implicated as critical for tumorigenesis. RT-PCR experiments generated products representing the E1/E4 spliced transcript originating from the E6/E6 promoter and a smaller unclassified fragment. These results provide evidence for HPV 6 E6/E7 expression in IP, lending credence to the concept that HPV may play a role in the origin of this neoplasm. Histologically normal nasal tissue from the same patient contained HPV DNA and similar transcripts to those described in the IP specimen.

Transnasal endoscopic medial maxillectomy in inverted papilloma.

This study comprised 17 cases of inverted papilloma, which were divided into two groups. The first group included 8 cases that lacked maxillary sinus involvement. They were subjected to intranasal endoscopic resection with safety margin. The second group included 9 cases involving the maxillary sinus with or without nasal extension. They were subjected to transnasal endoscopic medial maxillectomy. Follow-up for an average of 43 months in group 1 and 28 months in group 2 (excluding the 5 cases with less than 2 years of follow-up) showed no recurrence. The author realized that inverted papilloma can be divided into two groups from the anatomic and behavioral points of view and accordingly should be managed differently. For those lesions without involvement of the maxillary sinus, intranasal endoscopic resection is effective; for those lesions with maxillary sinus involvement, transnasal medial maxillectomy, which could be performed safely under endoscopic control, is recommended.