Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de las Glándulas Endocrinas/patología , Endocrinología/tendencias , Patología Molecular/tendencias , Neoplasias de las Glándulas Endocrinas/clasificación , Neoplasias de las Glándulas Endocrinas/genética , Endocrinología/métodos , Humanos , Patología Molecular/métodos , Pautas de la Práctica en Medicina/tendencias , EdiciónRESUMEN
Analysis of the genomic landscape of prostate cancer has identified different molecular subgroups with relevance for novel or existing targeted therapies. The recent approvals of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors olaparib and rucaparib in the metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) setting signal the need to embed molecular diagnostics in the clinical pathway of patients with mCRPC to identify those who can benefit from targeted therapies. Best practice guidelines in overall biospecimen collection and processing for molecular analysis are widely available for several tumour types. However, there is no standard protocol for molecular diagnostic testing in prostate cancer. Here, we provide a series of recommendations on specimen handling, sample pre-analytics, laboratory workflow, and testing pathways to maximise the success rates for clinical genomic analysis in prostate cancer. Early involvement of a multidisciplinary team of pathologists, urologists, oncologists, radiologists, nurses, molecular scientists, and laboratory staff is key to enable optimal workflow for specimen selection and preservation at the time of diagnosis so that samples are available for molecular analysis when required. Given the improved outcome of patients with mCRPC and homologous recombination repair gene alterations who have been treated with PARP inhibitors, there is an urgent need to incorporate high-quality genomic testing in the routine clinical pathway of these patients.
Asunto(s)
Patología Molecular , Neoplasias de la Próstata Resistentes a la Castración , Reparación del ADN por Recombinación/genética , Humanos , Indoles/farmacología , Indoles/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Mutación , Patología Molecular/métodos , Patología Molecular/tendencias , Ftalazinas/farmacología , Ftalazinas/uso terapéutico , Piperazinas/farmacología , Piperazinas/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribosa) Polimerasas/farmacología , Inhibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribosa) Polimerasas/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias de la Próstata/diagnóstico , Neoplasias de la Próstata/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Próstata/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Próstata Resistentes a la Castración/diagnóstico , Neoplasias de la Próstata Resistentes a la Castración/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Próstata Resistentes a la Castración/metabolismoRESUMEN
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Asunto(s)
Contención de Riesgos Biológicos/tendencias , Internet , Patología Molecular/tendencias , Humanos , Moscú , Federación de RusiaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the consequences in Europe of the COVID-19 outbreak on pathology laboratories orientated toward the diagnosis of thoracic diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey was sent to 71 pathology laboratories from 21 European countries. The questionnaire requested information concerning the organization of biosafety, the clinical and molecular pathology, the biobanking, the workload, the associated research into COVID-19, and the organization of education and training during the COVID-19 crisis, from 15 March to 31 May 2020, compared with the same period in 2019. RESULTS: Questionnaires were returned from 53/71 (75%) laboratories from 18 European countries. The biosafety procedures were heterogeneous. The workload in clinical and molecular pathology decreased dramatically by 31% (range, 3%-55%) and 26% (range, 7%-62%), respectively. According to the professional category, between 28% and 41% of the staff members were not present in the laboratories but did teleworking. A total of 70% of the laboratories developed virtual meetings for the training of residents and junior pathologists. During the period of study, none of the staff members with confirmed COVID-19 became infected as a result of handling samples. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a strong impact on most of the European pathology laboratories included in this study. Urgent implementation of several changes to the organization of most of these laboratories, notably to better harmonize biosafety procedures, was noted at the onset of the pandemic and maintained in the event of a new wave of infection occurring in Europe.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19/prevención & control , Servicios de Laboratorio Clínico/estadística & datos numéricos , Patología Clínica/estadística & datos numéricos , Patología Molecular/estadística & datos numéricos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Enfermedades Torácicas/diagnóstico , Bancos de Muestras Biológicas/organización & administración , Bancos de Muestras Biológicas/estadística & datos numéricos , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/virología , Servicios de Laboratorio Clínico/tendencias , Contención de Riesgos Biológicos/estadística & datos numéricos , Brotes de Enfermedades , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Predicción , Humanos , Pandemias , Patología Clínica/métodos , Patología Clínica/tendencias , Patología Molecular/métodos , Patología Molecular/tendencias , SARS-CoV-2/aislamiento & purificación , SARS-CoV-2/fisiología , Manejo de Especímenes/métodos , Manejo de Especímenes/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedades Torácicas/terapiaAsunto(s)
Anticuerpos Monoclonales/inmunología , Citometría de Flujo/normas , Inmunofenotipificación/normas , Leucemia Linfocítica Crónica de Células B/diagnóstico , Humanos , Leucemia Linfocítica Crónica de Células B/sangre , Leucemia Linfocítica Crónica de Células B/patología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Patología Molecular/normas , Patología Molecular/tendenciasRESUMEN
Neuro-oncology is a rapidly developing field. A continuous evolution in the understanding of the molecular underpinnings of central nervous system tumors has helped reconfigure the classification of brain tumors. More importantly, it has laid the path forward for the development and investigation of new therapeutics. The authors discuss the classification of brain tumors and novel therapies in brain tumors as well as promising treatments underway.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas , Oncología Médica/tendencias , Neurología/tendencias , Neoplasias Encefálicas/clasificación , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patología , Neoplasias Encefálicas/terapia , Humanos , Patología Molecular/tendenciasRESUMEN
In this article, the authors have reviewed all the recent news regarding how the discovery of some novel and recurrent molecular and genetic changes has modified the classification of some entities and have addressed to the description of new variants of vascular tumors. And even more important, the authors also reviewed on how these findings, in addition to gain insight into the tumoral biology, portend significant clinical consequences not only regarding to their diagnosis but also to their management and prognosis because some of these mutations are potential targets for treatment. The authors have also highlighted immunohistochemical markers can help us as a surrogate marker of those molecular alterations.
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Neoplasias de Tejido Vascular/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Cutáneas/diagnóstico , Humanos , Neoplasias de Tejido Vascular/clasificación , Neoplasias de Tejido Vascular/genética , Patología Molecular/métodos , Patología Molecular/tendencias , Neoplasias Cutáneas/clasificación , Neoplasias Cutáneas/genéticaRESUMEN
As we continue to learn about the unique biology of pediatric and childhood cancers and as new therapies are being developed, we asked some experts to highlight the most notable advances in our understanding of these diseases and in the development of treatments in the past decade, and to point out current challenges that still need to be addressed.
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Investigación Biomédica/métodos , Oncología Médica/métodos , Neoplasias/diagnóstico , Neoplasias/terapia , Patología Molecular/métodos , Investigación Biomédica/tendencias , Niño , Humanos , Oncología Médica/tendencias , Neoplasias/genética , Patología Molecular/tendenciasAsunto(s)
Neoplasias/terapia , Patología , Medicina de Precisión , Humanos , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/patología , Patología/métodos , Patología/tendencias , Patología Molecular/métodos , Patología Molecular/tendencias , Medicina de Precisión/métodos , Medicina de Precisión/tendencias , Terminología como AsuntoRESUMEN
Since it was first recognized as a disease entity more than two centuries ago, advanced melanoma has, until recently, followed a very aggressive and almost universally fatal clinical course. However, over the past 50 years crucial ground breaking research has greatly enhanced our understanding of the etiology, risk factors, genomic pathogenesis, immunological interactions, prognostic features and management of melanoma. It is this combined body of work which has culminated in the exciting improvements in patient outcomes for those with advanced melanoma over the last ten years. In this the 50th anniversary of Human Pathology, we highlight the key developments in melanoma over this period.
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Antineoplásicos Inmunológicos/uso terapéutico , Biomarcadores de Tumor , Dermatología , Melanoma , Mutación , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas B-raf , Neoplasias Cutáneas , Antineoplásicos Inmunológicos/historia , Biomarcadores de Tumor/antagonistas & inhibidores , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Biomarcadores de Tumor/historia , Dermatología/historia , Dermatología/tendencias , Difusión de Innovaciones , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Melanoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Melanoma/genética , Melanoma/historia , Melanoma/patología , Terapia Molecular Dirigida/historia , Terapia Molecular Dirigida/tendencias , Patología Molecular/historia , Patología Molecular/tendencias , Fenotipo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas B-raf/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas B-raf/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas B-raf/historia , Neoplasias Cutáneas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Cutáneas/genética , Neoplasias Cutáneas/historia , Neoplasias Cutáneas/patologíaRESUMEN
The past 50 years has been an era of technological innovation converging with the now dominant culture of testing hypotheses using clinical trials and case cohort methodology with rigorous statistical analysis. Great advances have been made in early diagnosis and, especially, less toxic and disfiguring primary therapy. Many of the advances in pathology have been in conjunction with efforts to support clinical initiatives, improve diagnostic reliability and translate basic science discoveries into tests that stratify patient management. Pathologists, with the support of epidemiologists, have lead significant advancements in the description and clinical significance of benign breast disease. Despite considerable efforts, the cure for breast cancer awaits better understanding of the pathophysiology of metastasis. We stand now at the brink a new era of technology, in which powerful genomic assays may be put to use in uncovering targets of therapy and defining mechanisms of disease progression. Pathologists must be active in ensuring that discoveries in this realm are optimized by assuring association with appropriate histological correlation and valid clinical endpoints.
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Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Mama/patología , Patología Molecular , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Biomarcadores de Tumor/historia , Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Neoplasias de la Mama/historia , Difusión de Innovaciones , Femenino , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Patología Molecular/historia , Patología Molecular/tendenciasRESUMEN
The first issue of Human Pathology contains a laudatory review of one of the most treasured books in the history of neuropathology: Neurological Clinicopathological Conferences of the Massachusetts General Hospital, a collection of neurological cases that appeared first in the New England Journal of Medicine in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. Each patient history is discussed by well-known neurologists, neurosurgeons, and neuropathologists. Review of these cases provides a framework to explore diagnostic shifts that have occurred over the past half century. Importantly, while the discussants of these cases were great diagnosticians, they were somewhat limited by the methods available to them at the time; subsequent novel technologies provided opportunities for new insights that were made by the next generation of experts. Today's pathologists (whether neuropathologists or any other pathology subspecialists) are similarly skilled at diagnosis, although their diagnoses are now more often made on biopsies (rather than autopsies) and informed by pre-operative imaging studies as well as post-operative molecular analyses. In turn, one would conclude that, even in the face of future technological changes brought about by disruptive innovations like artificial intelligence and deep molecular analyses, a need will continue for the expertise of pathologists and other clinical diagnosticians.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas/patología , Neuropatología , Terminología como Asunto , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Biomarcadores de Tumor/historia , Neoplasias Encefálicas/clasificación , Neoplasias Encefálicas/genética , Neoplasias Encefálicas/historia , Difusión de Innovaciones , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Neuropatología/historia , Neuropatología/tendencias , Patología Molecular/historia , Patología Molecular/tendenciasRESUMEN
The last 50 years have witnessed an explosion in our understanding of the pathology of pancreatic diseases. Entities known to exist 50 years ago have been defined more precisely and are now better classified. New entities, previously not recognized, have been discovered and can now be treated. Importantly, new tools have been developed that have unraveled the fundamental biological drivers of a number of pancreatic diseases. Many of these same tools have also been applied clinically, supplementing the tried and true hematoxylin and eosin stained slide with a plethora of new, highly sensitive and specific tests that improve diagnostic accuracy and delineate best treatments. As exciting as these many advances are, our knowledge of pancreatic pathology remains incomplete, and there is much to be learned.
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Páncreas/patología , Enfermedades Pancreáticas/patología , Patología Molecular , Difusión de Innovaciones , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Enfermedades Pancreáticas/genética , Enfermedades Pancreáticas/historia , Patología Molecular/historia , Patología Molecular/tendencias , Fenotipo , Valor Predictivo de las PruebasRESUMEN
The past half century has seen a number of advances in pathology of thyroid diseases, especially neoplastic lesions. These include the description of new entities, the definition of prognostically important lesions, the incorporation of fine needle aspiration biopsy and its functional risk stratification of diagnoses into the clinical evaluation and therapeutic recommendations of the patient with thyroid nodules and the understanding of thyroid neoplastic development, diagnostic and prognostic parameters by use of molecular analysis so that such techniques are becoming standard of care for patients with thyroid tumors. The histopathologist and cytopathologist have been and continue to be at the forefront in the definition and understanding of these areas of thyroid disease. This review describes many of the most important advances in this area in an attempt bring the practicing pathologist up to date in these developments.
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Patología Molecular , Patología , Enfermedades de la Tiroides/patología , Glándula Tiroides/patología , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Biomarcadores de Tumor/historia , Difusión de Innovaciones , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Patología/historia , Patología/tendencias , Patología Molecular/historia , Patología Molecular/tendencias , Enfermedades de la Tiroides/genética , Enfermedades de la Tiroides/historiaRESUMEN
Hemangiopericytoma and fibrosarcoma represented at one time two of the most common diagnoses in soft tissue pathology. Both terms are now largely extinct. This article will review the clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical and molecular genetic advances that have led to these changes, and review the pathologic features of a select group of soft tissue tumors previously classified as hemangiopericytoma or fibrosarcoma.
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Fibrosarcoma/patología , Hemangiopericitoma/patología , Inmunohistoquímica , Patología Molecular , Neoplasias de los Tejidos Blandos/patología , Biomarcadores de Tumor/análisis , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Biomarcadores de Tumor/historia , Difusión de Innovaciones , Fibrosarcoma/química , Fibrosarcoma/genética , Fibrosarcoma/historia , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Hemangiopericitoma/química , Hemangiopericitoma/genética , Hemangiopericitoma/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica/historia , Inmunohistoquímica/tendencias , Patología Molecular/historia , Patología Molecular/tendencias , Fenotipo , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Neoplasias de los Tejidos Blandos/química , Neoplasias de los Tejidos Blandos/genética , Neoplasias de los Tejidos Blandos/historiaRESUMEN
Those who are knowledgeable in cosmology inform us that the expansion of the universe is such that the velocity at which a distant galaxy is receding from the observer is continually increasing with time. We humbly paraphrase that as "The bigger the universe gets, the faster it gets bigger." This is an interesting analogy for the expansion of knowledge in the field of renal tumor pathology over the past 30 to 50â¯years. It is clear that a multitude of dedicated investigators have devoted incalculable amounts of time and effort to the pursuit of knowledge about renal epithelial neoplasms. As a consequence of the contributions of numerous investigators over many decades, the most recent World Health Organization classification of renal neoplasms includes about 50 well defined and distinctive renal tumors, as well as various miscellaneous and metastatic tumors. In addition, a number of emerging or provisional new entities are under active investigation and may be included in future classifications. In this review, we will focus on a number of these tumors, tracing as accurately as we can the origins of their discovery, relating relevant additions to the overall knowledge base surrounding them, and in some instances addressing changes in nomenclature.
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Neoplasias Renales/patología , Patología Molecular , Urología , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Biomarcadores de Tumor/historia , Difusión de Innovaciones , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Neoplasias Renales/clasificación , Neoplasias Renales/genética , Neoplasias Renales/historia , Patología Molecular/historia , Patología Molecular/tendencias , Fenotipo , Urología/historia , Urología/tendenciasRESUMEN
This guest editorial highlights 20 years of clinical innovation in JMD.
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Invenciones , Patología Molecular , Publicaciones Seriadas , Patología Molecular/instrumentación , Patología Molecular/métodos , Patología Molecular/tendencias , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/instrumentación , Robótica/instrumentación , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN/instrumentación , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN/métodos , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN/tendenciasRESUMEN
Biosensor technology is an active field of research and development presenting rapid progress in recent decades, and the subfield of optical biosensors based on refractometric sensing schemes has developed dramatically during this time. This review focuses on advances in the refractometric sensing-based guided-wave optical biosensors particularly in the last two decades. It starts with a concise discussion on the underlying principles of label-free refractometric biosensor. Subsequently, advances in biosensor design, especially the transducer configuration and the integration of the sensing device are reviewed, highlighting the challenges and efforts dedicated to improving this technology. Various surface functionalization strategies designed to produce well-defined and reproducible surface properties are introduced for evaluation. Refractometric sensing scheme-based optical biosensors have found versatile applications varying from environmental monitoring and food safety to clinical diagnostics, together with advances in these applications and others are described. This paper concludes with a brief discussion on the outlook for integrating biosensors with emerging technologies.
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Técnicas Biosensibles/métodos , Óptica y Fotónica/métodos , Refractometría/métodos , Técnicas Biosensibles/instrumentación , Técnicas Biosensibles/tendencias , Humanos , Óptica y Fotónica/instrumentación , Óptica y Fotónica/tendencias , Patología Molecular/tendencias , Refractometría/instrumentación , Refractometría/tendenciasRESUMEN
Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers having an exceptionally high mortality rate. Despite a relatively low incidence (10th among cancers), it is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in most developed countries. Improving early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and strengthening the standardised comprehensive treatment remain the main focus of pancreatic cancer research. Tumor markers are usually tumor-associated proteins of clinical relevance in these patients. Although tumor markers carbohydrate antigen (CA 19-9) and carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) are commonly used, neither demonstrate high diagnostic accuracy. Recently, hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs) and various enzymes have been reported as potential biomarkers for pancreatic cancer. These include macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), macrophage inhibitory cytokine (MIC-1) and various enzymes (alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, lysosomal exoglycosidases). With the development of molecular technology, detecting K-ras mutation in serum via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is becoming more common and efficient. Because K-ras mutation rates are high in many cancers, some regard it as a potential tumor marker. Others have shown the value of serum miRNAs in detection of pancreatic cancer. Unfortunately, there are currently no effective methods of sufficient diagnostic accuracy to detect early-stage surgically resectable pancreatic cancer. In this article we highlight these biomarkers and summarise recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer.