Rapid and accurate detection of cinnamon oil adulteration in perilla leaf oil using atmospheric solids analysis probe-mass spectrometry.

Perilla leaf oil (PLO) is a global premium vegetable oil with abundant nutrients and substantial economic value, rendering it susceptible to potential adulteration by unscrupulous entrepreneurs. The addition of cinnamon oil (CO) is one of the main adulteration avenues for illegal PLOs. In this study, new and real-time ambient mass spectrometric methods were developed to detect CO adulteration in PLO. First, atmospheric solids analysis probe tandem mass spectrometry combined with principal component analysis and principal component analysis-linear discriminant analysis was employed to differentiate between authentic and adulterated PLO. Then, a spectral library was established for the instantaneous matching of cinnamaldehyde in the samples. Finally, the results were verified using the SRM mode of ASAP-MS/MS. Within 3 min, the three methods successfully identified CO adulteration in PLO at concentrations as low as 5% v/v with 100% accuracy. The proposed strategy was successfully applied to the fraud detection of CO in PLO.

Development and antimicrobial activity of composite edible films of chitosan and nisin incorporated with perilla essential oil-glycerol monolaurate emulsions.

Aquatic products are highly susceptible to spoilage, and preparing composite edible film with essential oil is an effective solution. In this study, composite edible films were prepared using perilla essential oil (PEO)-glycerol monolaurate emulsions incorporated with chitosan and nisin, and the film formulation was optimized by response surface methodology. These films were applied to ready-to-eat fish balls and evaluated over a period of 12 days. The films with the highest inhibition rate against Staphylococcus aureus were acquired using a polymer composition of 6 µL/mL PEO, 18.4 µg/mL glycerol monolaurate, 14.2 mg/mL chitosan, and 11.0 µg/mL nisin. The fish balls coated with the optimal edible film showed minimal changes in appearance during storage and significantly reduced total bacterial counts and total volatile basic nitrogen compared to the control groups. This work indicated that the composite edible films containing essential oils possess ideal properties as antimicrobial packaging materials for aquatic foods.

Changes in polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Japanese pickled apricot with salted red perilla leaf during pickling and digestion process.

Japanese pickled apricot, called "umeboshi", is a traditional food that has experientially been consumed as a folk medicine. The main variation of umeboshi is called "shiso-zuke umeboshi", meaning pickled with red perilla leaves to add a colorful appearance. This study investigated changes in phenolics and antioxidant potential of shiso-zuke umeboshi during pickling processes and simulated digestion. Results showed that the red perilla pickling (PP; 1338.12) had 13 times higher phenolics than salt pickling (SP; 101.99) in µg/g DW, and the formation of rosmarinic acid was enhanced. The simulated digestion showed a gradual increase in antioxidant content and activity from the stomach to small intestine, with TPC and TFC being rapidly released in the intestinal environment. The study concluded that shiso-zuke umeboshi provides higher health benefits due to the excellent antioxidant compounds produced through the perilla pickling process.

Synergistic effects of phosphorylation modification and protocatechuic acid copolymerization improve the physical and oxidation stability of high internal phase emulsion stabilized by perilla protein isolate.

A compact antioxidant interfacial layer was fabricated by combining phosphorylation treatment with protocatechuic acid (PA) copolymerization to enhance the physical and oxidative stability of high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) prepared using perilla protein isolate (PPI). The covalent binding between PPI and phosphate groups induced conformational changes, facilitating the interaction between PPI and PA. The formed phosphorylated PPI-PA conjugates (LPPI-PA) exhibited a reduced particle size of 196.75 nm, promoting their adsorption at the interface. HIPEs prepared by LPPI-PA conjugates showed higher storage stability due to decreased droplet size, increased interfacial protein adsorption content (90.48%), and the formation of an interconnected network within the system. Additionally, the combination of LPPI and PA anchored PA to the interface, significantly inhibiting lipid oxidation in HIPEs as evidenced by low levels of lipid hydroperoxide (30.33 µmol/g oil) and malondialdehyde (379.34 nmol/g oil). This study holds significant implications for improving the stability of HIPEs.

Perilla juice and ginger juice reduced warmed-over flavor (WOF) in surimi gels: Due to the inhibition of the formation of the WOF compounds and the masking of the WOF.

The effects and reasons of perilla juice (PJ) and ginger juice (GJ) on the reduction of "warmed-over flavor" (WOF) in surimi gels were revealed by detecting odor profiles and protein and lipid oxidation degrees of surimi gels, concentrations and odor activity values (OAVs) of WOF compounds. Adding PJ and GJ to surimi gels significantly reduced the WOF and improved the fish fragrance odor, but sodium ascorbate (SA) only weakened the WOF. The (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal's OAVs in the PJ and GJ groups were decreased by >50% compared with the control check (CK) and SA groups. Meanwhile, surimi gels added with PJ and GJ presented lower lipid and protein oxidation degrees. The verification test indicated that PJ and GJ's aroma had a masking effect on the WOF. In conclusion, PJ and GJ reduced the WOF in surimi gels by preventing WOF compounds' production and masking the WOF with their distinct aroma.

Protective Effect of Perilla Seed Meal and Perilla Seed Extract against Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis through Suppressing Inflammatory Cytokines in Mice.

An excessive inflammatory response of the gastrointestinal tract is recognized as one of the major contributors to ulcerative colitis (UC). Despite this, effective preventive approaches for UC remain limited. Rosmarinic acid (RA), an enriched fraction from Perilla frutescens, has been shown to exert beneficial effects on disease-related inflammatory disorders. However, RA-enriched perilla seed meal (RAPSM) and perilla seed (RAPS) extracts have not been investigated in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC in mice. RAPSM and RAPS were extracted using the solvent-partitioning method and analyzed with high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Mice with UC induced using 2.5% DSS for 7 days were pretreated with RAPSM and RAPS (50, 250, 500 mg/kg). Then, the clinical manifestation, colonic histopathology, and serum proinflammatory cytokines were determined. Indeed, DSS-induced UC mice exhibited colonic pathological defects including an impaired colon structure, colon length shortening, and increased serum proinflammatory cytokines. However, RAPSM and RAPS had a protective effect at all doses by attenuating colonic pathology in DSS-induced UC mice, potentially through the suppression of proinflammatory cytokines. Concentrations of 50 mg/kg of RAPSM and RAPS were sufficient to achieve a beneficial effect in UC mice. This suggests that RAPSM and RAPS have a preventive effect against DSS-induced UC, potentially through alleviating inflammatory responses and relieving severe inflammation in the colon.

Effect of Perilla seeds inclusion on the performance, egg quality characteristics, biochemical parameters and egg yolk fatty acid composition of laying hens.

This study investigates the effect of supplementation of Perilla seeds (PS) on the performance, egg quality, blood biochemical parameters, and egg yolk fatty acids composition in the diet of egg-laying chicken. A total of 1600 Lohmann laying hens were randomly assigned to four different groups with 4 replicates each (100 chickens/replicate) and were subjected to varying PS concentrations (PS0, PS6, PS12, and PS18; 0%, 6%, 12%, and 18%, respectively) for four weeks, including an acclimation period of one week. The results showed no significant differences among the groups for average egg weight (P > 0.005). The laying rate (%), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and average feed intake (AFI) decreased significantly for birds fed on 18% PS as compared to the other treatments (P < 0.005). Haugh unit, albumin height, egg-shape index and eggshell thickness among hens fed PS diets were greater averaging 80.53, 7.00, 1.29, 0.34 compared to 76.84, 6.86, 1.25 and 0.32 from Control hen eggs (P < 0.05). Serum analysis showed a trend towards elevated levels of glucose (Glu), total protein (TP) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) among treatments. Total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) decreased for the birds fed on 6% PS. The fatty acid composition of egg yolk showed a substantial reduction for α-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid increased significantly by the incorporating PS in the diet (P < 0.001). PS incorporation in diets resulted in significant improvements in both performance indicators and greater amounts of α-linolenic acid and DHA in egg yolks. These findings indicate that PS at 6% inclusion has the potential to improve fatty acid profiles of egg yolk without any adverse effect on performance of egg quality.

On-Site Evaluation of Constituent Content and Functionality of Perilla frutescens var. crispa Using Fluorescence Spectra.

Perilla frutescens leaves are hypothesized to possess antioxidant and amyloid-ß (Aß) aggregation inhibitory properties primarily due to their polyphenol-type compounds. While these bioactivities fluctuate daily, the traditional methods for quantifying constituent contents and functional properties are both laborious and impractical for immediate field assessments. To address this limitation, the present study introduces an expedient approach for on-site analysis, employing fluorescence spectra obtained through excitation light irradiation of perilla leaves. Standard analytical techniques were employed to evaluate various constituent contents (chlorophyl (Chl), total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and rosmarinic acid (RA)) and functional attributes (DPPH radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and Aß aggregation inhibitory activity). Correlations between the fluorescence spectra and these parameters were examined using normalized difference spectral index (NDSI), ratio spectral index (RSI), and difference spectral index (DSI) analyses. The resulting predictive model exhibited a high coefficient of determination, with R2 values equal to or greater than 0.57 for constituent contents and 0.49 for functional properties. This approach facilitates the convenient, simultaneous, and nondestructive monitoring of both the chemical constituents and the functional capabilities of perilla leaves, thereby simplifying the determination of optimal harvest times. The model derived from this method holds promise for real-time assessments, indicating its potential for the simultaneous evaluation of both constituents and functionalities in perilla leaves.

The Role and Mechanism of Perilla frutescens in Cancer Treatment.

Perilla frutescens is an annual herb of the Labiatae family and is widely grown in several countries in Asia. Perilla frutescens is a plant that is used medicinally in its entirety, as seen in its subdivision into perilla seeds, perilla stalks, and perilla leaves, which vary more markedly in their chemical composition. Several studies have shown that Perilla frutescens has a variety of pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, detoxifying, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective. In the absence of a review of Perilla frutescens for the treatment of cancer. This review provides an overview of the chemical composition and molecular mechanisms of Perilla frutescens for cancer treatment. It was found that the main active components of Perilla frutescens producing cancer therapeutic effects were perilla aldehyde (PAH), rosmarinic acid (Ros A), lignan, and isoestrogen (IK). In addition to these, extracts of the leaves and fruits of Perilla frutescens are also included. Among these, perilla seed oil (PSO) has a preventive effect against colorectal cancer due to the presence of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. This review also provides new ideas and thoughts for scientific innovation and clinical applications related to Perilla frutescens.

A highly contiguous genome assembly of red perilla (Perilla frutescens) domesticated in Japan.

Perilla frutescens (Lamiaceae) is an important herbal plant with hundreds of bioactive chemicals, among which perillaldehyde and rosmarinic acid are the two major bioactive compounds in the plant. The leaves of red perilla are used as traditional Kampo medicine or food ingredients. However, the medicinal and nutritional uses of this plant could be improved by enhancing the production of valuable metabolites through the manipulation of key enzymes or regulatory genes using genome editing technology. Here, we generated a high-quality genome assembly of red perilla domesticated in Japan. A near-complete chromosome-level assembly of P. frutescens was generated contigs with N50 of 41.5 Mb from PacBio HiFi reads. 99.2% of the assembly was anchored into 20 pseudochromosomes, among which seven pseudochromosomes consisted of one contig, while the rest consisted of less than six contigs. Gene annotation and prediction of the sequences successfully predicted 86,258 gene models, including 76,825 protein-coding genes. Further analysis showed that potential targets of genome editing for the engineering of anthocyanin pathways in P. frutescens are located on the late-stage pathways. Overall, our genome assembly could serve as a valuable reference for selecting target genes for genome editing of P. frutescens.

Perilla Fruit Oil-Fortified Soybean Milk Intake Alters Levels of Serum Triglycerides and Antioxidant Status, and Influences Phagocytotic Activity among Healthy Subjects: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.

This study aimed to develop perilla fruit oil (PFO)-fortified soybean milk (PFO-SM), identify its sensory acceptability, and evaluate its health outcomes. Our PFO-SM product was pasteurized, analyzed for its nutritional value, and had its acceptability assessed by an experienced and trained descriptive panel (n = 100) based on a relevant set of sensory attributes. A randomized clinical trial was conducted involving healthy subjects who were assigned to consume deionized water (DI), SM, PFO-SM, or black sesame-soybean milk (BS-SM) (n = 48 each, 180 mL/serving) daily for 30 d. Accordingly, health indices and analyzed blood biomarkers were recorded. Consequently, 1% PFO-SM (1.26 mg ALA rich) was generally associated with very high scores for overall acceptance, color, flavor, odor, taste, texture, and sweetness. We observed that PFO-SM lowered levels of serum triglycerides and erythrocyte reactive oxygen species, but increased phagocytosis and serum antioxidant activity (p < 0.05) when compared to SM and BS-SM. These findings indicate that PFO supplementation in soybean milk could enhance radical-scavenging and phagocytotic abilities in the blood of healthy persons. In this regard, it was determined to be more efficient than black sesame supplementation. We are now better positioned to recommend the consumption of PFO-SM drink for the reduction of many chronic diseases. Randomized clinical trial registration (Reference number 41389) by IRSCTN Registry.

Effect of microwave pretreatment of perilla seeds on minor bioactive components content and oxidative stability of oil.

This study investigated the effects of different microwave power (380 W, 540 W, 700 W) and time (0-10 min) on the minor bioactive components content and oxidative stability of perilla oil. The results indicated that fatty acids in perilla oil were slightly affected by microwave treatment. The oxidative stability of perilla oil increased with increasing microwave treatment intensity and the oil from perilla seeds treated at 700 W for 10 min had the highest oxidative stability. Compared with other microwave treatments, treatment with 700 W for 10 min resulted in significant increases in the total phytosterols content, Maillard reaction products and DPPH radical scavenging activity of perilla oil, while showed dramatic reductions in the total tocopherol content, phenolic compounds content and lipase activity. These results proved that microwave treatment of perilla seeds was an effective way to improve the quality of perilla oil.

Recent development in biological activities and safety concerns of perillaldehyde from perilla plants: A review.

Monoterpene Perillaldehyde (PAE) is a major component of the essential oil extracted from perilla plants (Perilla frutescens), which has been used as a leafy vegetable and a medicinal agent. PAE has gained a lot of attention in recent years because of its antifungal and other microbial activities and, human health benefits. PAE has also been used as food additives, perfume ingredients, and traditional medicine concoctions. Biological analyses of PAE have revealed that it has good antioxidant activities and can serve as organic fruit and food preservative. Animal studies indicated potent anticancer, anti-depressant, and anti-inflammatory effects of PAE. Also, PAE is certified "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) and not mutagenic. However, moderation during usage is advisable, as minor adverse effects are associated with a very high dosage. Despite the newly reported findings, its properties have not been thoroughly summarized and reviewed. Also, clinical trials and official large-scale field applications of PAE in the agricultural sectors are yet to be reported. In this review, updated PAE research progress was provided, focusing on its antifungal and other antimicrobial properties and the mechanisms behind it, phytochemical profile, pharmacological effects, and safety concerns.HighlightsIsolation and recovery techniques of PAE from perilla plants have been developed and improved in recent years.PAE is a potential anti-oxidant and antifungal agent that can be widely used in the food industry.PAE can be developed into drug ingredients for pharmaceutical industries due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-depressant activities.PAE can be safely used in human when low and moderate dosage is used.

Molecular Mechanism of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Perilla Seed Oil and Rosmarinic Acid Rich Fraction Extracted from Perilla Seed Meal on TNF-α Induced A549 Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells.

Industrially, after the removal of oil from perilla seeds (PS) by screw-type compression, the large quantities of residual perilla seed meal (PSM) becomes non-valuable waste. Therefore, to increase the health value and price of PS and PSM, we focused on the biological effects of perilla seed oil (PSO) and rosmarinic acid-rich fraction (RA-RF) extracted from PSM for their role in preventing oxidative stress and inflammation caused by TNF-α exposure in an A549 lung adenocarcinoma culture model. The A549 cells were pretreated with PSO or RA-RF and followed by TNF-α treatment. We found that PSO and RA-RF were not toxic to TNF-α-induced A549 cells. Both extracts significantly decreased the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in this cell line. The mRNA expression levels of IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and COX-2 were significantly decreased by the treatment of PSO and RA-RF. The Western blot indicated that the expression of MnSOD, FOXO1, and NF-κB and phosphorylation of JNK were also significantly diminished by PSO and RA-RF treatment. The results demonstrated that PSO and RA-RF act as antioxidants to scavenge TNF-α induced ROS levels, resulting in decreased the expression of MnSOD, FOXO1, NF-κB and JNK signaling pathway in a human lung cell culture exposed to TNF-α.

Preparation and characterization of polylactic acid nanofiber films loading Perilla essential oil for antibacterial packaging of chilled chicken.

Biodegradable and eco-friendly food packaging materials have attracted attention. Novel blending films were prepared with polylactic acid (PLA) and Perilla essential oil (PEsO). The morphological features of the nanofibers were modulated by adjusting process parameters (e.g. PLA solution concentration, applied voltage and ultrasonic power). The optimal spinning concentrations, applied voltages and ultrasonic power of the PLA solutions were set at 15% (m/v), 20 kV and 640 W, respectively. Compared with the PLA films, the addition of PEsO increased the diameter of the nanofibers and solvent resistance and reduced the swelling rate of the PLA/PEsO films. The breakage elongation and the gas barrier properties significantly improved when 2% (w/w) PEsO was used. Fourier infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer, thermogravimetry and differential scanning were used in analyzing the potential interactions of the film matrices. The PLA/PEsO films had good biocompatibility and antibacterial and antioxidant properties. The PLA/PEsO (1:0.02) film loaded with 2% PEsO extended the shelf life of chilled chicken to 12 days, as indicated by the measured total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), total viable count and pH value. Therefore, PLA/PEsO films have great potential as fresh-keeping packaging.

Studies on Adsorption Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Macroporous Resin for Rosmarinic Acid.

This experiment treated perilla seeds with different concentrations of NaCl solution to enrich and purify their rosmarinic acid (RosA). The results showed that low concentrations of salt (0-20 mmol/L) promoted seed germination, while high concentrations (> 20 mmol/L) inhibited germination. When the salt concentration was 20 mmol/L, the germination rate was the highest. The content of RosA in germinated perilla seeds was 3.5 mg/g, which was 3.5 times as much as that in the seeds without germination. The RosA was purified using NK-109 macroporous resin and its adsorption kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics were determined. The adsorption kinetics showed that the adsorption behavior of RosA in NK-109 resin conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The model for RosA in the NK-109 resin exhibited Langmuir adsorption based on a spontaneous exothermic process according to its adsorption thermodynamics, which included both physical and chemical adsorption. The optimized process conditions were as follows: the loading concentration of 0.04 mg/mL, loading volume of 40 mL, 70% methanol as the eluent with the volume of 60 mL, and the purity of RosA was 42.1%.

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer properties of Thai Perilla frutescence fruit oil in animals.

Perilla frutescens fruit oil (PFO) is rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA) and exhibits biological activities. We aimed to investigate analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer activities of PFO and PFO-supplemented soybean milk (PFO-SM) in animal models. Analgesic activity was assessed in acetic acid-induced writhing in mice, while anti-inflammatory activity was performed in ethyl phenylpropiolate (EPP)-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in rats. Anti-ulcer effects were conducted in water immersion stress, HCl/ethanol and indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Distinctly, PFO, containing 6.96 mg ALA and 2.61 mg LA equivalence/g, did not induce acute toxicity (LD50 > 10 mL/kg) in mice. PFO (2.5 and 5 mL/kg) and PFO-SM (0.05 mL PFO equivalence/kg) inhibited incidences of writhing (16.8, 18.0 and 32.3%, respectively) in acetic acid-induced mice. In addition, topical applications of PFO (0.1 and 1 mL/ear) significantly inhibited EPP-induced ear edema (59.3 and 65.7%, respectively) in rats, while PFO-SM slightly inhibited ear edema (25.9%). However, PFO and PFO-SM did not inhibit carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in rats. Indeed, PFO (2.5 and 5 mL/kg) significantly inhibited gastric ulcers in rats that induced by water immersion stress (92.4 and 96.6%, respectively), HCl/ethanol (74.8 and 73.3%, respectively) and indomethacin (68.8 and 88.9%, respectively), while PFO-SM did not. PFO displayed potent analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer properties, while PFO-SM exerted only analgesic properties. Thus, Thai PFO and its functional drink offer potential benefits in treatment of analgesic, inflammatory diseases and gastric ulcer.

Physiological and biochemical responses of green and red perilla to LED-based light.

BACKGROUND: Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are widely used in closed-type plant production systems to improve biomass and accumulate bioactive compounds in plants. Perilla has been commonly used as herbal medicine because of its health-promoting effects. This study aimed to investigate the physiological and biochemical responses of green and red perilla under various visible-light spectra. RESULTS: Results showed that red (R) LEDs improved fresh weights of shoots and roots, plant height, internode length, node number and leaf area, as well as photosynthetic rate of green and red perilla plants compared to blue (B) LEDs and RB combined LEDs. Meanwhile, B resulted in higher stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and Fv/Fm compared to R. Supplementation of green (G) and far-red (FR) did not enhance perilla growth. Reduction or absence of B decreased leaf thickness, adaxial and abaxial epidermis, and palisade and spongy mesophyll. Total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, rosmarinic acid content and caffeic acid content of green perilla were higher under R, R8B2 and RGB + FR, while greater values were obtained in red perilla under R. Accumulation of perillaldehyde, luteolin and apigenin presented different trends from those of rosmarinic and caffeic acids in both cultivars. CONCLUSIONS: Growth and accumulation of bioactive compounds in green perilla were greater than in red perilla under similar light quality, and R LEDs or a higher R ratio in combination treatments were suitable for cultivating high-quality green and red perilla plants in closed-type plant factories. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from perilla seed meal by response surface methodology: Characterization and in vitro antioxidant activities.

In this study, response surface methodology was employed to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) process of perilla seed meal polysaccharides (PSMP). The optimal conditions for UAE of PSMP were: liquid-solid ratio of 26.00 mL/g, ultrasonic temperature of 43.00 °C, ultrasonic time of 52.00 min, and ultrasonic power of 229.00 W, the optimal conditions lead to an yield of 6.137 ± 0.062%. The structural characteristics of molecular weight, compositional monosaccharides, and glycosidic linkages were determined by size exclusion chromatography with multiangle light scattering, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Fourier-transfer infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance detections. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that many holes were formed on the surface of PSM after UAE. The antioxidant activities of PSMP were investigated using various assays in vitro. The results suggested that PSMP is potential natural resource of antioxidants for medicine and functional foods. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The selection of raw material perilla seed meal is conducive to the comprehensive utilization of edible resources. With consumer demands for newly developed foods with natural, wholesome ingredients are increasing nowadays. This study provides effective reference for in-depth research on other medicine-food dual-use resources. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is a promising alternative method for hot water reflux extraction (HWRE) of polysaccharides for advantages of high efficiency and energy saving. In this work, the UAE process optimized by response surface methodology is more suitable for industrial application that can effectively decrease total cost of production by reducing the extraction temperature, shortening extraction time, and increasing raw material utilization.

Caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid contents in genus Perilla.

Caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid are common components of Labiatae plants, such as shiso (Perilla frutescens Britton var. crispa W. Deane) and Boraginaceae plants. These compounds have various pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiety, and anti-depressive activities, but the content of these compounds in perilla has not been studied in detail. This study investigated the caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid contents of several pure strains in genus Perilla. Perilla plants cultivated under a certain set of conditions had different caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid contents. For example, their contents were higher in P. setoyensis ("Setoegoma"), suggesting that the genetic background of the species greatly affects caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid contents. Several strains of P. frutescens var. crispa were cultivated at the Experimental Station for Medicinal Plants, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University and differences in their caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid contents were also observed. The total content of anthocyanins, which are closely related to the leaf color of perilla, was measured as cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents, and a weak positive correlation was observed between the content of rosmarinic acid, and the total content of total anthocyanins. Furthermore, the results suggest that luminosity and photon flux density of light during cultivation can affect rosmarinic acid content.