RESUMEN
Background: The development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may stem from exposure to environmental pollutants such as heavy metals. The primary objective of this study is to determine the role of heavy metals of concern such as manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and essential trace element selenium (Se) among ASD children in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Method: A total of 155 preschoolers in Kuala Lumpur between the ages 3 to 6 participated in an unmatched case-control study, comprising ASD children (n = 81) recruited from an early intervention program for autism, and 74 children without autism who were recruited from public preschools. Urine samples were collected at home, delivered to the study site, and transported to the environmental lab within 24 hours. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was applied to measure the concentration of heavy metals in the samples. Data were analysed using bivariate statistical tests (Chi-square and T-test) and logistic regression models. Result: This study demonstrated that Cd, Pb, and As urine levels were significantly greater in children without autism relative to those affected with ASD (p < 0.05). No significant difference was in the levels of Se (p = 0.659) and Mn (p = 0.875) between children with ASD and the control group. The majority of children in both groups have urine As, Pb, and Cd values lower than 15.1 µg/dL, 1.0 µg/dL, and 1.0 µg/dL, respectively which are the minimal risk values for noncarcinogenic detrimental human health effect due to the heavy metal's exposure . Factors associated with having an ASD child included being a firstborn, male, and higher parental education levels (adjusted odds ratios (aOR) > 1, p < 0.05). Conclusion: Preschoolers in this study demonstrated low levels of heavy metals in their urine samples, which was relatively lower in ASD children compared to the healthy matched controls. These findings may arise from the diminished capacity to excrete heavy metals, especially among ASD children, thereby causing further accumulation of heavy metals in the body. These findings, including the factors associated with having an ASD child, may be considered by healthcare professionals involved in child development care, for early ASD detection. Further assessment of heavy metals among ASD children in the country and interventional studies to develop effective methods of addressing exposure to heavy metals will be beneficial for future reference.
Asunto(s)
Arsénico , Trastorno del Espectro Autista , Cadmio , Plomo , Manganeso , Selenio , Humanos , Trastorno del Espectro Autista/orina , Trastorno del Espectro Autista/diagnóstico , Trastorno del Espectro Autista/epidemiología , Masculino , Femenino , Preescolar , Arsénico/orina , Manganeso/orina , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Selenio/orina , Cadmio/orina , Plomo/orina , Niño , Malasia/epidemiología , Metales Pesados/orina , Metales Pesados/efectos adversos , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/análisis , Contaminantes Ambientales/orina , Contaminantes Ambientales/efectos adversosRESUMEN
Biological characteristics of pregnant women during early pregnancy make them susceptible to both poor sleep quality and metal/metalloid exposure. However, the effects of metal(loid) exposure on sleep quality in pregnant women remain unknown and unexplored. We aimed to examine the relationship between exposure to a mixture of metal(loid)s and pregnant women's sleep quality during early pregnancy. We recruited 493 pregnant women in the first trimester from prenatal clinics in Jinan, Shandong Province, China, and collected their spot urine samples. All urine specimens were assessed for eight metal(loid)s: arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), lead (Pb), selenium (Se), and mercury (Hg). We used the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to assess sleep quality. Linear regression, logistic regression, generalized additive models (GAMs), quantile g-computation, and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were applied to investigate the relationships between metal(loid) exposure and sleep quality. The results from single metal(loid) models, quantile g-computation models, and BKMR models consistently suggested that Fe was positively related to women's sleep quality. Moreover, in the quantile g-computation models, As was the most critical contributor to the negative effects of the metal(loid) mixture on sleep quality. In addition, we found significant As by Fe interaction for scores of PSQI and habitual sleep efficiency, Pb by Fe interaction for PSQI and sleep latency, and Hg by Fe interaction for PSQI, suggesting the interactive effects of As and Fe, Pb and Fe, Hg and Fe on sleep quality and specific sleep components. Our study provided the first-hand evidence of the effects of metal(loid) exposure on pregnant women's sleep quality. The underlying mechanisms need to be explored in the future.
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Calidad del Sueño , Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Estudios Transversales , Adulto , China , Contaminantes Ambientales/orina , Contaminantes Ambientales/toxicidad , Selenio/orina , Arsénico/orina , Arsénico/toxicidad , Metales/orina , Metales/toxicidad , Metales Pesados/orina , Metales Pesados/toxicidad , Mercurio/orina , Mercurio/toxicidad , Adulto Joven , Plomo/orina , Plomo/toxicidad , Exposición Materna , Cadmio/orina , Cadmio/toxicidad , Primer Trimestre del EmbarazoRESUMEN
In our study, blood concentrations of lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) and urine concentrations of thallium (Tl) were measured together with related symptoms of heavy metal poisoning in cigarette smoking volunteers diagnosed with schizophrenia, in cigarette smokers not diagnosed with schizophrenia, and in the control group of non-smokers and not diagnosed with schizophrenia volunteers. Our study was performed on 171 volunteers divided into the following subgroups: patients diagnosed with schizophrenia with at least 1 year of continuous cigarette smoking experience (56 participants), cigarette smokers not diagnosed with schizophrenia with at least one year of continuous smoking experience (58), and control group (not diagnosed with schizophrenia and non-smoking volunteers) (57). Smoking durations of cigarette smokers diagnosed with schizophrenia and cigarette smokers not diagnosed with schizophrenia are not similar (p = 0.431). Blood Pb, As, and Cd concentrations and urine Tl concentrations were the highest in the subgroup of cigarette smokers not diagnosed with schizophrenia, followed by the subgroup of cigarette smokers diagnosed with schizophrenia, and the control group. Only blood Pb concentrations were significantly higher (probability value p < 0.05) in the group of cigarette smokers not diagnosed with schizophrenia (5.16 µg/dL), comparing to the group of cigarette smokers diagnosed with schizophrenia (3.83 µg/dL) and to the control group (3.43 µg/dL). Blood Cd and As concentrations and urine Tl concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in cigarette smokers not diagnosed with schizophrenia than in the control group. The results revealed a statistically significant positive correlation (p < 0.001) in the cigarette smokers in the schizophrenia diagnosed group between blood Pb, blood As, and urine Tl concentrations and the duration of cigarette smoking.
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Cadmio , Fumar Cigarrillos , Plomo , Esquizofrenia , Humanos , Esquizofrenia/sangre , Esquizofrenia/etiología , Masculino , Adulto , Femenino , Fumar Cigarrillos/efectos adversos , Fumar Cigarrillos/sangre , Plomo/sangre , Plomo/orina , Cadmio/sangre , Cadmio/orina , Persona de Mediana Edad , Metales Pesados/sangre , Metales Pesados/orina , Arsénico/sangre , Arsénico/orina , Talio/sangre , Talio/orina , Estudios de Casos y ControlesRESUMEN
Lead (Pb) poisoning is estimated to account for 1 % of the global disease burden. The gold standard for diagnosing lead poisoning in human body relies on blood lead level (BLL), which is always performed in hospitals using expensive instruments. However, there are still many countries and regions with a lack of medical resources (without enough professional medical staff and analytical instruments). To achieve a facile diagnosis of lead poisoning by ordinary residents (without any expertise), this study conducted a research study on 810 participants to discover and validate a new lead poisoning indicator (creatinine-corrected urinary lead level, cULL) beyond BLL in non-invasive samples. A point-of-care testing (POCT) device to measure cULL was developed, equipped with liquid-phase microextraction and electromembrane extraction on a paper-based analytical device for on-site separation of lead and creatinine in the urine, using a smartphone for the quantification of analytes. The cULL as a novel indicator and the POCT device developed could be effective in reducing the risk of damage from lead contamination.
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Intoxicación por Plomo , Plomo , Pruebas en el Punto de Atención , Humanos , Plomo/sangre , Plomo/orina , Intoxicación por Plomo/diagnóstico , Intoxicación por Plomo/orina , Intoxicación por Plomo/sangre , Adulto , Masculino , Femenino , Creatinina/sangre , Creatinina/orina , Microextracción en Fase Líquida/métodos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Teléfono InteligenteRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Metal exposure and depression have each been associated with adverse metabolic diseases, but no study has examined the potential interaction between them. We examined the interaction of depression on the association between metals and metabolic diseases among adults. STUDY DESIGN: The interaction of depression in the relationship between metal and metabolic disease in adults was investigated using NHANES, a cross-sectional survey design. METHODS: By employing data from the NHANES database spanning the years 2007-2018, regression models were employed to investigate the independent impacts of heavy metals (cadmium, lead, and mercury) and depression on metabolic diseases (type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome). Subsequently, the association between metals and metabolic diseases was explored stratified by depression, and the interaction between heavy metals and depression was explored. Because of the complex NHANES design, statistical evaluations were adjusted through weighting to represent the populace of the United States. RESULTS: We found log transformed-urinary lead was significantly associated with type 2 diabetes (OR: 2.33; 95â¯% CI: 1.23, 4.41) in adults with depression. Log transformed-urinary lead was not associated with type 2 diabetes (OR: 0.84; 95â¯% CI: 0.56, 1.27) in adults without depression. The interaction between Pb and depression in type 2 diabetes was significant (P for interaction = 0.033). Log transformed-urinary leadâ¯*â¯depression was significantly associated with type 2 diabetes (OR: 1.82; 95â¯% CI: 1.01, 3.34) in adults. There was no significant interaction between cadmium and mercury exposure and depression in patients with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and metabolic syndrome (P for interaction > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of depression positively modified the adverse associations between urinary lead and type 2 diabetes.
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Cadmio , Depresión , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Plomo , Mercurio , Enfermedades Metabólicas , Metales Pesados , Humanos , Plomo/orina , Mercurio/orina , Cadmio/orina , Masculino , Femenino , Metales Pesados/orina , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Transversales , Encuestas NutricionalesRESUMEN
The contribution of the diet to potentially toxic trace element exposure in pregnancy has been rarely addressed. The objective of the present study was to determine the association between the maternal diet during pregnancy and biomarkers of exposure for arsenic (As), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) at delivery. As was assessed in maternal urine, Hg in maternal hair, and Pb in cord blood, as a proxy for in utero exposure. Based on 2995 women from the ELFE nationwide birth cohort, higher scores for dietary patterns considered healthy were associated with higher concentrations of As and Hg in maternal matrices. Levels of cord blood Pb were inconsistently associated with dietary patterns considered healthy, and lower with a dietary pattern driven by milk and breakfast cereals. Lower levels of Hg were associated with higher Western dietary pattern scores. In conclusion, higher levels of maternal urinary As and hair Hg are associated with diets considered as "Healthy", while cord blood Pb was not strongly correlated with dietary exposure.
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Biomarcadores , Dieta , Exposición Dietética , Exposición Materna , Oligoelementos , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Embarazo , Arsénico/orina , Arsénico/análisis , Arsénico/sangre , Biomarcadores/orina , Biomarcadores/sangre , Estudios de Cohortes , Dieta/normas , Sangre Fetal/química , Sangre Fetal/metabolismo , Cabello/química , Plomo/sangre , Plomo/análisis , Plomo/orina , Mercurio/sangre , Mercurio/orina , Mercurio/análisis , Oligoelementos/análisis , Oligoelementos/orina , Oligoelementos/sangreRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Childhood exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) or lead (Pb) is associated with epigenetic modifications. However, the effects of their co-exposures on IGF1 (Insulin-like growth factor 1) methylation and the potential role in child physical growth are unclear. METHODS: From our previous children study (N = 238, ages of 3-6), 75 children with higher total concentrations of urinary ten hydroxyl PAH metabolites (∑10OH-PAHs) from an e-waste recycling area, Guiyu, and 75 with lower ∑10OH-PAHs from Haojiang (reference area) were included. Pb and IGF1 P2 promoter methylation in peripheral blood were also measured. Multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to estimate individual associations, overall effects and interactions of co-exposure to OH-PAHs and Pb on IGF1 methylation were further explored using Bayesian kernel machine regression. RESULTS: Methylation of IGF1 (CG-232) was lower (38.00 vs. 39.74 %, P < 0.001), but of CG-207 and CG-137 were higher (59.94 vs. 58.41 %; 57.60 vs. 56.28 %, both P < 0.05) in exposed children than the reference. The elevated urinary 2-OHPhe was associated with reduced methylation of CG-232 (B = -0.051, 95 % CI: -0.096, -0.005, P < 0.05), whereas blood Pb was positively associated with methylation of CG-108 (B = 0.106, 95 %CI: 0.013, 0.199, P < 0.05), even after full adjustment. Methylations of CG-224 and 218 significantly decreased when all OH-PAHs and Pb mixtures were set at 35th - 40th and 45th - 55th percentile compared to when all fixed at 50th percentile. There were bivariate interactions of co-exposure to the mixtures on methylations of CG-232, 224, 218, and 108. Methylations correlated with height, weight, were observed in the exposed children. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood co-exposure to high PAHs and Pb from the e-waste may be associated with IGF1 promoter methylation alterations in peripheral blood. This, in turn, may interrupt the physical growth of preschool children.
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Residuos Electrónicos , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Contaminantes Ambientales , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina , Plomo , Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos , Reciclaje , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , China , Metilación de ADN , Contaminantes Ambientales/sangre , Contaminantes Ambientales/orina , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/metabolismo , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/genética , Plomo/efectos adversos , Plomo/sangre , Plomo/farmacología , Plomo/orina , Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos/efectos adversos , Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Metals have been proved to be one of risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetes, but the effect of mixed metal co-exposure and potential interaction between metals are still unclear. We assessed the urine and whole blood levels of cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and renal function in 3080 adults from National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES) (2011-2018) to explore the effect of mixed metal exposure on CKD especially in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Weighted quantile sum regression model and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression model were used to evaluate the overall exposure impact of metal mixture and potential interaction between metals. The results showed that the exposure to mixed metals was significantly associated with an increased risk of CKD in blood glucose stratification, with the risk of CKD being 1.58 (1.26,1.99) times in urine and 1.67 (1.19,2.34) times in whole blood higher in individuals exposed to high concentrations of the metal mixture compared to those exposed to low concentrations. The effect of urine metal mixture was elevated magnitude in stratified analysis. There were interactions between urine Pb and Cd, Pb and Mn, Pb and Hg, Cd and Mn, Cd and Hg, and blood Pb and Hg, Mn and Cd, Mn and Pb, Mn and Hg on the risk of CKD in patients with T2DM and no significant interaction between metals was observed in non-diabetics. In summary, mixed metal exposure increased the risk of CKD in patients with T2DM, and there were complex interactions between metals. More in-depth studies are needed to explore the mechanism and demonstrate the causal relationship.
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Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Encuestas Nutricionales , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica , Humanos , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/inducido químicamente , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/sangre , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/epidemiología , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/orina , Femenino , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Cadmio/sangre , Cadmio/orina , Cadmio/efectos adversos , Cadmio/toxicidad , Factores de Riesgo , Plomo/sangre , Plomo/orina , Plomo/toxicidad , Metales Pesados/sangre , Metales Pesados/orina , Metales Pesados/efectos adversos , Metales Pesados/toxicidad , Anciano , Metales/orina , Metales/sangre , Metales/efectos adversos , Manganeso/orina , Manganeso/sangre , Manganeso/efectos adversos , Teorema de BayesRESUMEN
Background: Exposure to environmental pollutants such as metals and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) has become common and increasingly associated with a decrease in the estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR), which is a marker often used to measure chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, there are limited studies involving the use of both eGFR and the urine albumin creatinine ratio (uACR), which are more comprehensive markers to determine the presence of CKD and the complexity of pollutant exposures and response interactions, especially for combined metals and PFAS, which has not been comprehensively elucidated. Objective: This study aims to assess the individual and combined effects of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), Cadmium (Cd), Mercury (Hg), and Lead (Pb) exposure on CKD using data from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2018. Methods: We employed the use of bivariate logistic regression and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) in our analysis of the data. Results: Logistic regression results revealed a positive association between PFOA and CKD. Our BKMR analysis revealed a non-linear and bi-phasic relationship between the metal exposures and CKD. In our univariate exposure-response function plot, Cd and Hg exhibited a U and N-shaped interaction, which indicated a non-linear and non-additive relationship with both low and high exposures associated with CKD. In addition, the bivariate exposure-response function between two exposures in a mixture revealed that Cd had a U-shaped relationship with CKD at different quantiles of Pb, Hg, PFOA, and PFOS, indicating that both low and high levels of Cd is associated with CKD, implying a non-linear and complex biological interaction. Hg's interaction plot demonstrated a N-shaped association across all quantiles of Cd, with the 75th quantile of Pb and the 50th and 75th quantiles of PFOA and PFOS. Furthermore, the PIP results underscored Cd's consistent association with CKD (PIP = 1.000) followed by Hg's (PIP = 0.9984), then PFOA and PFOS with a closely related PIP of 0.7880 and 0.7604, respectively, and finally Pb (PIP = 0.6940), contributing the least among the five environmental pollutants on CKD, though significant. Conclusions: Our findings revealed that exposure to environmental pollutants, particularly Hg and Cd, are associated with CKD. These findings highlight the need for public health interventions and strategies to mitigate the cumulative effect of PFAS and metal exposure and elucidate the significance of utilizing advanced statistical methods and tools to understand the impact of environmental pollutants on human health. Further research is needed to understand the mechanistic pathways of PFAS and metal-induced kidney injury and CKD, and longitudinal studies are required to ascertain the long-term impact of these environmental exposures.
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Ácidos Alcanesulfónicos , Cadmio , Caprilatos , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Contaminantes Ambientales , Fluorocarburos , Plomo , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/inducido químicamente , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/epidemiología , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/orina , Humanos , Fluorocarburos/toxicidad , Fluorocarburos/orina , Fluorocarburos/efectos adversos , Contaminantes Ambientales/orina , Contaminantes Ambientales/toxicidad , Femenino , Ácidos Alcanesulfónicos/orina , Ácidos Alcanesulfónicos/toxicidad , Caprilatos/toxicidad , Caprilatos/orina , Caprilatos/efectos adversos , Masculino , Cadmio/orina , Cadmio/toxicidad , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto , Plomo/orina , Plomo/toxicidad , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Encuestas Nutricionales , Mercurio/orina , Mercurio/toxicidad , Anciano , Teorema de Bayes , Tasa de Filtración Glomerular/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The reduction in cardiovascular disease (CVD) events with edetate disodium (EDTA) in the Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy (TACT) suggested that chelation of toxic metals might provide novel opportunities to reduce CVD in patients with diabetes. Lead and cadmium are vasculotoxic metals chelated by EDTA. We present baseline characteristics for participants in TACT2, a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial designed as a replication of the TACT trial limited to patients with diabetes. METHODS: TACT2 enrolled 1,000 participants with diabetes and prior myocardial infarction, age 50 years or older between September 2016 and December 2020. Among 959 participants with at least one infusion, 933 had blood and/or urine metals measured at the Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention using the same methodology as in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We compared metal levels in TACT2 to a contemporaneous subset of NHANES participants with CVD, diabetes and other inclusion criteria similar to TACT2's participants. RESULTS: At baseline, the median (interquartile range, IQR) age was 67 (60, 72) years, 27% were women, 78% reported white race, mean (SD) BMI was 32.7 (6.6) kg/m2, 4% reported type 1 diabetes, 46.8% were treated with insulin, 22.3% with GLP1-receptor agonists or SGLT-2 inhibitors, 90.2% with aspirin, warfarin or P2Y12 inhibitors, and 86.5% with statins. Blood lead was detectable in all participants; median (IQR) was 9.19 (6.30, 13.9) µg/L. Blood and urine cadmium were detectable in 97% and median (IQR) levels were 0.28 (0.18, 0.43) µg/L and 0.30 (0.18, 0.51) µg/g creatinine, respectively. Metal levels were largely similar to those in the contemporaneous NHANES subset. CONCLUSIONS: TACT2 participants were characterized by high use of medication to treat CVD and diabetes and similar baseline metal levels as in the general US population. TACT2 will determine whether chelation therapy reduces the occurrence of subsequent CVD events in this high-risk population. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov. Identifier: NCT02733185. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02733185.
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Terapia por Quelación , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Terapia por Quelación/métodos , Método Doble Ciego , Ácido Edético/uso terapéutico , Plomo/sangre , Plomo/orina , Cadmio/orina , Cadmio/sangre , Quelantes/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/sangreRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This study measured the concentrations of arsenic (As), aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) in the urine samples of the Iranian adult population. METHODS: This nationally representative study was conducted on 490 participants in six provinces of Iran who were selected based on the clustering method. Participants included healthy Iranian adults aged above 25 years without a history of illness and non-smokers. Fasting urine sampling, body composition, and demographic measurements were performed for each participant. Urine samples were analyzed by acid digesting method using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The analysis included descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression using Python programming language. RESULTS: The geometrical mean (with corresponding reference values, µg/l) concentrations of metal(loid)s in urine for women, men, and both were 198.2 (625.3), 163.5 (486.1), and 192.5(570.4) for Al, 15.6(51.7), 28.8(71.1), and 21.9 (61.64) for As, 18.5(55.2), 20.7(56.5), and 19.22(55.75) for Pb, 17.9(57.6), 17.9 (53.9), and 17.9(56) for Ni, 13.95(47.5), 20.3(62.2) and 16(51.6) for Cr, 3.5(12.2), 2.9(11.5), and 3.3(12) for Hg, 0.74(2.7), 0.95 (3.6), and 0.81(3.1) for Cd. There was a direct relationship between the concentration of metal(loid)s and demographic indicators and body composition (P<0.05). Moreover, there was a direct relationship between the concentration of As, Cr, Hg, Ni, and Pb with age and wealth index (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The concentrations found could be used as the reference range for As, Al, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, and Pb for human biomonitoring studies on the Iranian adult population.
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Monitoreo Biológico , Mercurio , Humanos , Adulto , Irán , Femenino , Masculino , Valores de Referencia , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mercurio/orina , Plomo/orina , Cadmio/orina , Metales/orina , Níquel/orina , Arsénico/orina , Aluminio/orina , Cromo/orinaRESUMEN
In low-income countries, a widespread but poorly studied type of cottage industry consists of melting scrap metal for making cookware. We assessed the exposure to lead (Pb) among artisanal workers, and their families, involved in manufacturing cookware from scrap metal. In a cross-sectional survey, we compared artisanal cookware manufacturing foundries with carpentry workshops (negative controls) and car battery repair workshops (positive controls), all located in residential areas, in Lubumbashi (DR Congo). We collected surface dust in the workspaces, and blood and urine samples among workers, as well as residents living in the cookware workshops. Trace elements were quantified in the samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). In surface dust, median Pb concentrations were higher in cookware foundries (347 mg/kg) than in carpentries (234 mg/kg) but lower than in battery repair workshops (22,000 mg/kg). In workers making the cookware (n = 24), geometric mean (GM) Pb blood cencentration was 118 µg/L [interquartile range (IQR) 78.4-204], i.e. nearly twice as high as among carpenters [60.2 µg/L (44.4-84.7), n = 33], and half the concentration of battery repair workers [255 µg/L (197-362), n = 23]. Resident children from the cookware foundries, had higher urinary Pb [6.2 µg/g creatinine (2.3-19.3), n = 6] than adults [2.3 (2.2-2.5), n = 3]. Our investigation confirms the high Pb hazard linked to car battery repair and reveals a high exposure to Pb among artisanal cookware manufacturers and their families, especially children, in residential areas of a city in a low-income country.
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Monitoreo Biológico , Plomo , Exposición Profesional , Humanos , Plomo/sangre , Plomo/orina , Plomo/análisis , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Masculino , Exposición Profesional/análisis , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Utensilios de Comida y Culinaria , Adulto Joven , Niño , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/análisis , Adolescente , Polvo/análisis , PreescolarRESUMEN
Toxic metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and arsenic (As) that lead to many visceral organ and nervous system diseases have attracted global attention due to their gradual accumulation in human bodies. The tolerance levels of exposure to toxic metals among race/ethnic groups are different due to the variance of sociodemographic, dietary, and behavioral characteristics. Few studies focused on investigating the biomarker levels of toxic metals in different race/ethnic groups and the potential mechanisms for controlling the accumulation in human bodies. Therefore, we selected eight biomarkers for four toxic metals from the National Health and Nutrition and Examination Survey (NHANES) in the 2-year data cycle of 2015-2016 to reveal the accumulation levels in different races. According to the NHANES rules, we applied probability sampling weights. The geometric mean levels of these biomarkers were calculated in all five race/ethnic groups (Mexican American, white, black, Asian, and other Hispanic) and two Asian subgroups (U.S.-born Asian, and other-born Asian), and compared with each other. The results showed that all the biomarkers in other-born Asians were 1.1-6.7 times in blood and 1.1-3.6 times in urine higher than other race/ethnic groups. Except Hg and As, the lowest biomarker levels were recorded in U.S.-born Asians, only 0.6-0.9 times of lead and 0.3-0.8 times of cadmium than other race/ethnic groups. Furthermore, the major factors of higher Hg and As biomarker levels in Asians were dietary intake of seafood and rice, indicating different accumulation mechanisms among Asians and other race/ethnic groups, especially for U.S.-born Asians. These findings provided new insight into a deeper understanding the accumulation of toxic metals and human health.
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Arsénico , Biomarcadores , Metales Pesados , Humanos , Arsénico/sangre , Arsénico/orina , Asiático/estadística & datos numéricos , Biomarcadores/sangre , Biomarcadores/orina , Cadmio/sangre , Cadmio/orina , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/análisis , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/estadística & datos numéricos , Mercurio/sangre , Mercurio/orina , Encuestas Nutricionales , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Plomo/sangre , Plomo/orina , Metales Pesados/sangre , Metales Pesados/orina , Bioacumulación , Grupos de Población/etnología , Grupos de Población/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
People intake metals from their environment. This study investigated type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) related to internal exposure to metals and attempted to identify possible biomarkers. A total of 734 Chinese adults were enrolled, and urinary levels of ten metals were measured. Multinomial logistic regression model was used to assess the association between metals and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and T2DM. Gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and protein-protein interaction were used to explore the pathogenesis of T2DM related to metals. After adjustment, lead (Pb) was positively associated with IFG (odds ratio [OR] 1.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.61) and T2DM (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.01-1.98), but cobalt was negatively associated with IFG (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.34-0.95). Transcriptome analysis showed 69 target genes involved in the Pb-target network of T2DM. GO enrichment indicated that the target genes are enriched mainly in the biological process category. KEGG enrichment indicated that Pb exposure leads to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, lipid and atherosclerosis, and insulin resistance. Moreover, there is alteration of four key pathways, and six algorithms were used to identify 12 possible genes in T2DM related to Pb. SOD2 and ICAM1 show strong similarity in expression, suggesting a functional correlation between these key genes. This study reveals that SOD2 and ICAM1 may be potential targets of Pb exposure-induced T2DM and provides novel insight into the biological effects and underlying mechanism of T2DM related to internal exposure to metals in the Chinese population.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Plomo , Adulto , Humanos , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/orina , Glucemia/análisis , Glucemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/inducido químicamente , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etiología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/orina , Pueblos del Este de Asia , Plomo/toxicidad , Plomo/orinaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Exposure to lead and cadmium has been linked to changes in lipid metabolism and the development of arteriosclerosis, but the role of lipoprotein profiles in this relationship is not well understood, including the potential role of novel lipid biomarkers. METHODS: In this study, we enrolled 736 young Taiwanese subjects aged 12 to 30 years to assess the correlation between urine levels of lead and cadmium, lipoprotein profiles, and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). RESULTS: Higher levels of lead and cadmium were significantly associated with higher levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), small dense LDL-C (sdLDL-C), LDL-triglyceride (LDL-TG), and CIMT. Participants with higher levels of lead and cadmium had the highest mean values of CIMT, LDL-C, sdLDL-C, and LDL-TG. In a structural equation model, lead had a direct and indirect association with CIMT through LDL-C and sdLDL-C, whereas cadmium had a direct association with CIMT and an indirect association through LDL-C. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest higher levels of lead and cadmium are associated with abnormal lipid profiles and increased CIMT. These heavy metals could have additive effects on lipids and CIMT, and the relationship between them may be mediated by lipoprotein levels. Further research is needed to determine the causal relationship.
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Arteriosclerosis , Cadmio , Grosor Intima-Media Carotídeo , Plomo , Lípidos , Humanos , Arteriosclerosis/epidemiología , Cadmio/orina , LDL-Colesterol , Plomo/orina , Factores de Riesgo , Taiwán , Lípidos/sangreRESUMEN
ABSTRACT: Cerebrovascular disease is the second commonest cause of mortality globally and among the commonest causes of disability. However, research executed to probe the heavy metal exposure-stroke incidence relationship is scarce. Accordingly, we executed our study to probe the relationship of heavy metal concentrations (ie, concentrations of lead [Pb], mercury [Hg], cadmium [Cd], and arsenic) in the serum and urine of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients with several patient variables.For enrollment, we chose patients who had a first AIS within 7âdays after the onset of a stroke. Thus, 33 newly diagnosed patients with AIS were recruited. We determined the aforementioned metals' concentrations by executing inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We also gauged the association between such metal concentrations and patient variables by employing Spearman correlation coefficient. To examine the differences in metal concentrations between the different variables, we implemented an independent Mann-Whitney U test.In our cohort analysis, we noted serum Pb and Cd concentrations to be positively correlated with serum creatinine and hemoglobin. Serum and urine Cd concentrations had a negative correlation with impaired HbA1c in AIS patients. Urine Hg had a positive correlation with C-reactive protein in the participants. Participants who smoked or consumed alcohol had significantly higher Pb and Cd levels in serum than did those who neither smoked nor drank. Patients with AIS who smoked or consumed alcohol had high levels of serum Pb and serum Cd than did those who did not. Patients with AIS who consumed alcohol had significantly higher Pb and Hg urine concentrations than did those who did not.Our study indicated that serum Cd and Pb elevation increased the AIS risk in southern Taiwan patients.
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Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Accidente Cerebrovascular Isquémico/epidemiología , Metales Pesados/sangre , Metales Pesados/orina , Adulto , Anciano , Arsénico/efectos adversos , Arsénico/sangre , Arsénico/orina , Cadmio/efectos adversos , Cadmio/sangre , Cadmio/orina , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Accidente Cerebrovascular Isquémico/sangre , Plomo/efectos adversos , Plomo/sangre , Plomo/orina , Masculino , Mercurio/sangre , Mercurio/orina , Metales Pesados/efectos adversos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fumar , Taiwán/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have suggested that exposures to heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, lead, and selenium) may be associated with differences in blood pressure. However, the findings of these studies have been inconsistent. This study was performed to examine the associations between urinary heavy metal concentrations and blood pressure among residents of four Asian countries (Bangladesh, Indonesia, Nepal, and Vietnam). METHODS: This cross-sectional study examined 1899 adults in four Asian countries. Urinary concentrations of heavy metals were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. A questionnaire survey was administered regarding individual characteristics. Anthropometric measurements (height and weight) were performed. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured after a short rest. Multiple linear regression models were applied to investigate associations between urinary heavy metal concentrations and blood pressure after adjustments for age, sex, and body mass index. RESULTS: The geometric means of the urinary concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and selenium were 84.6, 0.885, 2.09, and 16.5 µg/g creatinine, respectively. The urinary arsenic concentrations were slightly higher than those typically reported in non-polluted populations, while urinary cadmium, lead, and selenium concentrations were equivalent or slightly lower. The urinary lead concentrations were positively associated with both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, but urinary selenium concentrations were negatively associated with them. CONCLUSIONS: Variations in the urinary concentrations of lead and selenium were associated with blood pressure at low levels of exposure/intake.
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Arsénico/orina , Presión Sanguínea , Cadmio/orina , Plomo/orina , Metales Pesados/orina , Selenio/orina , Adulto , Bangladesh , Estudios Transversales , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Femenino , Humanos , Indonesia , Modelos Lineales , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nepal , VietnamRESUMEN
(1) Background: In previous research, higher levels of urine heavy metals, especially lead and cadmium, have been associated with increased cardiovascular risk. However, there is no information linking exposure to heavy metal to endothelial and platelet microparticles (EMPs and PMPs), particularly in the younger population, which are novel biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction. (2) Methods: From a nationwide database, which was incepted in 1992-2000, screening for renal health among Taiwanese school children, a total of 789 subjects were recruited. Cross-sectional analysis was performed to evaluate the association between serum EMPs/PMPs and urine iron, nickel, copper, cadmium, lead, chromium, manganese, and zinc levels in the adolescent and young adult population. (3) Results: After we adjusted the conventional cardiovascular risk factors, CD31+/CD42a- and CD31+/CD42a+ counts, in subjects' serum, respective markers of EMP and PMP displayed a significant positive dose-response relationship with urinary lead and cadmium levels. Higher quartiles of urine lead and cadmium levels were associated with an increased risk of higher EMPs/PMPs (≥75th percentile) in a multivariate logistic regression model. (4) Conclusion: Higher urinary lead and cadmium concentrations are strongly associated with endothelium-platelet microparticles in this adolescent and young adult population, which could help explain, in part, the mechanism through which heavy metal exposure results in cardiotoxicity.
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Plaquetas/metabolismo , Cadmio/orina , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Micropartículas Derivadas de Células/metabolismo , Endotelio/metabolismo , Plomo/orina , Adolescente , Adulto , Biomarcadores/orina , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/metabolismo , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Metales Pesados/orina , Complejo GPIb-IX de Glicoproteína Plaquetaria/metabolismo , Factores de Riesgo , Taiwán , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Metals and metalloids including lead (Pb), arsenic (As) and manganese (Mn) can occur as mixtures in occupational contexts, such as mines. These chemicals are all known to be neurotoxic and provoke changes in heme metabolism also known to induce neurotoxicity. The objective of this work was to propose a multi-biomarker (BM) methodology to screen subjects exposed to the mixture of Pb, As and Mn and assess the severity of their exposure/effects, in an individual basis. The urinary levels of the metals, dela-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and porphyrins were determined in Portuguese miners and in a control group. The combination of Pb and As urinary levels had the highest capability to identify subjects occupationally exposed to this mixture in mines, as evaluated through Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) (A = 98.2%; p < 0.05), allowing that 94.2% of 86 studied subjects were properly identified and the generation of an equation indicating the odd of a subject be considered as exposed to the metal mixture. The combination of urinary ALA and porphyrins revealed to be best one to be applied in the assessment of subjects with high, intermediate, and low magnitudes of exposure/effects, with 95.7% of 46 miners classified correctly according to their severity sub-group and allowing to generate equations, which can be applied in new subjects. The proposed methodology showed a satisfactory performance, evaluating in an integrated manner the magnitude of exposure/effects of the exposed workers, may contributing to improve the control of their health.
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Arsénico/efectos adversos , Monitoreo Biológico , Biomarcadores Ambientales , Contaminantes Ambientales/efectos adversos , Plomo/efectos adversos , Manganeso/efectos adversos , Exposición Profesional/efectos adversos , Ácido Aminolevulínico/orina , Arsénico/orina , Contaminantes Ambientales/orina , Humanos , Plomo/orina , Manganeso/orina , Minería , Salud Laboral , Porfirinas/orina , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Medición de Riesgo , UrinálisisRESUMEN
Human biomarkers were used to evaluate the lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) exposure of local people who lived in an agricultural area with intense agrochemical usage and who consumed groundwater. Although the heavy metals/metalloids in the groundwater were at low concentrations, they could cause adverse effects due to a high daily water intake rate over the long term. Biomarkers (hair, fingernails and urine) were collected from 100 subjects along with the local shallow groundwater and tap water, which is the treated deep groundwater, and investigated for the concentrations of As and Pb. Shallow groundwater had an average pH of 5.21 ± 1.90, ranging from 3.77 to 8.34, with average concentrations of As and Pb of 1.311 µg/L and 6.882 µg/L, respectively. Tap water had an average pH of 5.24 ± 1.63, ranging from 3.86 to 8.89, with the average concentrations of As and Pb of 0.77 µg/L and 0.004 µg/L, respectively. The levels of both As and Pb in the hair, fingernails and urine of shallow groundwater-consuming residents were greater than those in the hair, fingernails and urine of tap water-consuming residents. Interestingly, the As level in urine showed a linear relationship with the As concentration in groundwater (R2 = 0.91). The average water consumption rate was approximately two-fold higher than the standard; thus, its consumption posed a health risk even at the low As and Pb levels in the groundwater. The hazard index (HI) ranged from 0.01 to 16.34 (average of 1.20 ± 2.50), which was higher than the acceptable level. Finally, the concomitant factors for As and Pb in the urine, hair and nails from both binary logistic regression and odds ratio (OR) analysis indicated that groundwater consumption was the major concomitant risk factor. This study suggested that direct consumption of this groundwater should be avoided and that the groundwater should be treated, especially before consumption. In conclusion, urine is suggested to be a biomarker of daily exposure to As and Pb, while for long-term exposure to these metals, fingernails are suggested as a better biomarker than hair.