Testing novel strategies for patients hospitalised with HIV-associated disseminated tuberculosis (NewStrat-TB): protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: HIV-associated tuberculosis (TB) contributes disproportionately to global tuberculosis mortality. Patients hospitalised at the time of the diagnosis of HIV-associated disseminated TB are typically severely ill and have a high mortality risk despite initiation of tuberculosis treatment. The objective of the study is to assess the safety and efficacy of both intensified TB treatment (high dose rifampicin plus levofloxacin) and immunomodulation with corticosteroids as interventions to reduce early mortality in hospitalised patients with HIV-associated disseminated TB. METHODS: This is a phase III randomised controlled superiority trial, evaluating two interventions in a 2 × 2 factorial design: (1) high dose rifampicin (35 mg/kg/day) plus levofloxacin added to standard TB treatment for the first 14 days versus standard tuberculosis treatment and (2) adjunctive corticosteroids (prednisone 1.5 mg/kg/day) versus identical placebo for the first 14 days of TB treatment. The study population is HIV-positive patients diagnosed with disseminated TB (defined as being positive by at least one of the following assays: urine Alere LAM, urine Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra or blood Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra) during a hospital admission. The primary endpoint is all-cause mortality at 12 weeks comparing, first, patients receiving intensified TB treatment to standard of care and, second, patients receiving corticosteroids to those receiving placebo. Analysis of the primary endpoint will be by intention to treat. Secondary endpoints include all-cause mortality at 2 and 24 weeks. Safety and tolerability endpoints include hepatoxicity evaluations and corticosteroid-related adverse events. DISCUSSION: Disseminated TB is characterised by a high mycobacterial load and patients are often critically ill at presentation, with features of sepsis, which carries a high mortality risk. Interventions that reduce this high mycobacterial load or modulate associated immune activation could potentially reduce mortality. If found to be safe and effective, the interventions being evaluated in this trial could be easily implemented in clinical practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04951986. Registered on 7 July 2021 https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04951986.

Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma With Cardiac Invasion Presented as Acute Myocardial Infarction and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: A Case Report.

Primary cardiac lymphoma is an exceedingly rare malignant tumor, with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) being the most prevalent histological subtype. This disease has non-specific clinical manifestations, making early diagnosis crucial. However, DLBCL diagnosis is commonly delayed, and its prognosis is typically poor. Herein, we report the case of a 51-year-old male patient with DLBCL who presented with recurrent chest tightness for 4 months as the primary clinical symptom. The patient was admitted to the hospital and diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction and left ventricular hypertrophy with heart failure. Echocardiography revealed a progression from left ventricular thickening to local pericardial thickening and adhesion in the inferior and lateral walls of the left ventricle. Finally, pathological analysis of myocardial biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of DLBCL. After treatment with the R-CHOP chemotherapy regimen, the patient's chest tightness improved, and he was discharged. After 2 months, the patient succumbed to death owing to sudden ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and decreased blood pressure despite rescue efforts. Transthoracic echocardiography is inevitable for the early diagnosis of DLBCL, as it can narrow the differential and guide further investigations and interventions, thereby improving the survival of these patients.

Increased proportions of circulating PD-1+ CD4+ memory T cells and PD-1+ regulatory T cells associate with good response to prednisone in pulmonary sarcoidosis.

BACKGROUND: The treatment response to corticosteroids in patients with sarcoidosis is highly variable. CD4+ T cells are central in sarcoid pathogenesis and their phenotype in peripheral blood (PB) associates with disease course. We hypothesized that the phenotype of circulating T cells in patients with sarcoidosis may correlate with the response to prednisone treatment. Therefore, we aimed to correlate frequencies and phenotypes of circulating T cells at baseline with the pulmonary function response at 3 and 12 months during prednisone treatment in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. METHODS: We used multi-color flow cytometry to quantify activation marker expression on PB T cell populations in 22 treatment-naïve patients and 21 healthy controls (HCs). Pulmonary function tests at baseline, 3 and 12 months were used to measure treatment effect. RESULTS: Patients with sarcoidosis showed an absolute forced vital capacity (FVC) increase of 14.2% predicted (± 10.6, p < 0.0001) between baseline and 3 months. Good response to prednisone (defined as absolute FVC increase of ≥ 10% predicted) was observed in 12 patients. CD4+ memory T cells and regulatory T cells from patients with sarcoidosis displayed an aberrant phenotype at baseline, compared to HCs. Good responders at 3 months had significantly increased baseline proportions of PD-1+CD4+ memory T cells and PD-1+ regulatory T cells, compared to poor responders and HCs. Moreover, decreased fractions of CD25+ cells and increased fractions of PD-1+ cells within the CD4+ memory T cell population correlated with ≥ 10% FVC increase at 12 months. During treatment, the aberrantly activated phenotype of memory and regulatory T cells reversed. CONCLUSIONS: Increased proportions of circulating PD-1+CD4+ memory T cells and PD-1+ regulatory T cells and decreased proportions of CD25+CD4+ memory T cells associate with good FVC response to prednisone in pulmonary sarcoidosis, representing promising new blood biomarkers for prednisone efficacy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NL44805.078.13.

Digital Gangrene as a Paraneoplastic Manifestation of Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma Not Otherwise Specified Type.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL), not otherwise specified (NOS) is a heterogenous group of predominantly nodal T cell lymphomas that generally presents with lymphadenopathy with or without extra nodal involvement. Acral vascular syndrome clinically presents as digital ischemia with Raynaud's phenomenon and acral cyanosis. Although, this condition is commonly associated with connective tissue disorder, smoking and vasculitis, its association with lymphoid malignancy is very rare. Here, we present a case report of a patient with digital gangrene of all toes and fingers as a presenting symptom of PTCL-NOS. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 62 year old male presented with digital ischemia associated with pain, low grade fever, loss of appetite and significant weight loss of 6 kilograms over a period of 3 months. On examination, he was found to have bilateral inguinal and axillary lymph nodes with gangrenous changes over toes and fingers but peripheral pulses were palpable. On evaluation he had anemia, elevated ESR and CRP. CT angiogram revealed thinned out digital arteries with multifocal areas of narrowing. Patient was screened for other causes of digital gangrene and was tested negative for ANCA, ANA, cryoglobulins and viral markers. Lymph node biopsy with IHC was suggestive of peripheral T-cell lymphoma-NOS and was started on CHOP regimen. Lymph nodes size decreased and gangrenous changes resolved. CONCLUSION: Though digital ischemia is a rare paraneoplastic presentation of lymphoma, it should be considered if there is a rapid progression of gangrene. Early initiation of chemotherapy may result in the reduction of further progression of digital gangrene and thus prevent permanent disability. In our patient, progression of gangrene was prevented even though it was an aggressive variant of T cell lymphoma.

Prednisone combined with Dihydroartemisinin attenuates systemic lupus erythematosus by regulating M1/M2 balance through the MAPK signaling pathway.

OBJECTIVE: Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) plays a very important role in various diseases. However, the precise involvement of DHA in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), relation to the equilibrium between M1 and M2 cells, remains uncertain. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the role of DHA in SLE and its effect on the M1/M2 cells balance. METHODS: SLE mice model was established by pristane induction. Flow cytometry was employed to measure the abundance of M1 and M2 cells within the peripheral blood of individuals diagnosed with SLE. The concentrations of various cytokines, namely TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10, within the serum of SLE patients or SLE mice were assessed via ELISA. Immunofluorescence staining was utilized to detect the deposition of IgG and complement C3 in renal tissues of the mice. We conducted immunohistochemistry analysis to assess the expression levels of Collagen-I, a collagen protein, and α-SMA, a fibrosis marker protein, in the renal tissues of mice. Hematoxylin-eosin staining, Masson's trichrome staining, and Periodic acid Schiff staining were used to examine histological alterations. In this study, we employed qPCR and western blot techniques to assess the expression levels of key molecular markers, namely CD80 and CD86 for M1 cells, as well as CD206 and Arg-1 for M2 cells, within kidney tissue. Additionally, we investigated the involvement of the MAPK signaling pathway. The Venny 2.1 online software tool was employed to identify shared drug-disease targets, and subsequently, the Cytoscape 3.9.2 software was utilized to construct the "disease-target-ingredient" network diagram. Protein-protein interactions of the target proteins were analyzed using the String database, and the network proteins underwent enrichment analysis for Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. RESULTS: The results showed that an increase in M1 cells and a decrease in M2 cells within the peripheral blood of individuals diagnosed with SLE. Further analysis revealed that prednisone (PDN) combined with DHA can alleviate kidney damage and regulate the balance of M1 and M2 cells in both glomerular mesangial cells (GMC) and kidney. The MAPK signaling pathway was found to be involved in SLE kidney damage and M1/M2 balance in the kidney. Furthermore, PDN and/or DHA were found to inhibit the MAPK signaling pathway in GMC and kidney. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that PDN combined with DHA attenuates SLE by regulating M1/M2 balance through MAPK signaling pathway. These findings propose that the combination of PDN and DHA could serve as a promising therapeutic strategy for SLE, as it has the potential to mitigate kidney damage and reinstate the equilibrium of M1 and M2 cells.

Prednisone use, disease activity and the occurrence of hyperglycaemia and diabetes in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: a 10-year subanalysis of the BeSt study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether prednisone use and/or disease activity score (DAS) are associated with the development of hyperglycaemia and diabetes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: We included 504 non-diabetic early RA patients from the BeSt study (Dutch acronym for treatment strategies). Patients were randomised to four DAS-steered treatment arms and followed for 10 years. The associations between DAS and prednisone use with glucose levels and the occurrence of hyperglycaemia over time were assessed with linear and logistic mixed effects regression models. Development of diabetes was analysed with Cox regression. Sensitivity analyses were performed in patients who had a first episode of hyperglycaemia. RESULTS: 31 of 504 patients (6.2%) with a mean age of 54 years developed diabetes during follow-up; 11 of these (35%) had received prior treatment with prednisone. Prednisone use was not associated with development of hyperglycaemia or diabetes after correction for multiple testing in main or sensitivity analyses. In the main analyses, DAS was significantly associated with development of diabetes (HR 1.802 per 1 point DAS increase, 95% CI 1.284 to 2.529) but not with glucose levels nor hyperglycaemia. In patients with previous hyperglycaemia, DAS was associated with glucose levels, recurrence of hyperglycaemia and diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: In non-diabetic early RA patients, the use of prednisone was not associated with developing hyperglycaemia or diabetes. However, high DAS increased the risk of diabetes. Potential risks associated with prednisone use may have been mitigated by its effect on DAS.

A novel flow cytometry panel to identify prognostic markers for steroid-sensitive forms of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in childhood.

Introduction: The clinical evolution of steroid-sensitive forms of pediatric idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) is highly heterogeneous following the standard treatment with prednisone. To date, no prognostic marker has been identified to predict the severity of the disease course starting from the first episode. Methods: In this monocentric prospective cohort study we set up a reproducible and standardized flow cytometry panel using two sample tubes (one for B-cell and one for T-cell subsets) to extensively characterized the lymphocyte repertoire of INS pediatric patients. A total of 44 children with INS at disease onset were enrolled, sampled before and 3 months after standard induction therapy with prednisone and followed for 12 months to correctly classify their disease based on relapses. Age-matched controls with non immune-mediated renal diseases or with urological disorders were also enrolled. Demographical, clinical, laboratory and immunosuppressive treatment data were registered. Results: We found that children with INS at disease onset had significantly higher circulating levels of total CD19+ and specific B-cell subsets (transitional, mature-naïve, plasmablasts/plasmacells, CD19+CD27+, unswitched, switched and atypical memory B cells) and reduced circulating levels of Tregs, when compared to age-matched controls. Prednisone therapy restored most B- and T-cell alterations. When patients were subdivided based on disease relapse, relapsing patients had significantly more transitional, CD19+CD27+ memory and in particular unswitched memory B cells at disease onset, which were predictive of a higher risk of relapse in steroid-sensitive patients by logistic regression analysis, irrespective of age. In accordance, B-cell dysregulations resulted mainly associated with steroid-dependence when patients were stratified in different disease severity forms. Of note, Treg levels were reduced independently from the disease subgroup and were not completely normalized by prednisone treatment. Conclusion: We have set up a novel, reproducible, disease-specific flow cytometry panel that allows a comprehensive characterization of circulating lymphocytes. We found that, at disease onset, relapsing patients had significantly more transitional, CD19+CD27+ memory and unswitched memory B cells and those who are at higher risk of relapse had increased circulating levels of unswitched memory B cells, independently of age. This approach can allow prediction of clinical evolution, monitoring of immunosuppression and tailored treatment in different forms of INS.

Intestinal Langerhans cell histiocytosis presenting with symptoms similar to inflammatory bowel disease: a case report.

Background: Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare disease characterized by the abnormal proliferation of Langerhans cells within a single organ or multiple organs. This case report aims to improve the knowledge of the presentation of gastrointestinal Langerhans cell histiocytosis to facilitate the diagnosis and management of this rare disorder. Case presentation: A 19-month-old female presented with repeatedly mucinous bloody stools. The abdominal ultrasound revealed a slightly enlarged spleen. The initial colonoscopy revealed chronic enteritis with a very early onset inflammatory bowel disease. After anti-inflammatory treatment without improvement, an intestinal biopsy was performed at The Forth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University. The final intestinal biopsy and histopathology examination confirmed the presence of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. After diagnosis, additional lung and head imaging examinations revealed no abnormalities. Her condition improved gradually after being treated with chemotherapy (vincristine and prednisone) and molecular-targeted drug(dalafinil) treatment. Conclusion: The clinical symptoms of Langerhans cell histiocytosis involving the gastrointestinal tract are not specific and may resemble symptoms observed in inflammatory bowel disease and other primary gastrointestinal tumors. Therefore, in cases of infants presenting with inflammatory gastrointestinal symptoms that do not resolve after treatment, a biopsy is essential to obtain a differential diagnosis.

A case of hypercalcemia from Pneumocystis jirovecii in an immunosuppressed non-HIV patient.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of non-HIV related Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) is increasing with use of immunosuppressive therapies. There are case reports of solid organ transplant recipients on immunosuppressive therapy presenting with mild hypercalcemia, leading to a diagnosis of PJP. Recent studies have shown efficacy of PJP prophylaxis for patients treated with rituximab with a favourable adverse effect profile. CASE PRESENTATION: A 78-year-old male with a history of PR3-ANCA vasculitis, chronic kidney disease and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction presented to our tertiary care hospital with a two-week history of confusion and non-productive cough. Background immunosuppression with rituximab was completed every six months. The patient was found to have hypercalcemia and new infiltrates and ground glass opacities on cross-sectional imaging. Bronchoscopy was performed that was positive for Pneumocystis jirovecii. He was treated with 21 days of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and prednisone with resolution of symptoms and hypercalcemia. CONCLUSIONS: Herein, we present a novel case of PJP in a non-transplant recipient preceded by hypercalcemia. Our case demonstrates the importance for a high suspicion for PJP in chronically immunosuppressed patients on rituximab presenting with PTH-independent hypercalcemia.

Real-World Challenges of Managing Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma in a Developing Country.

PURPOSE: To highlight challenges and cancer care disparities in patients of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma management in resource-constrained settings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This multicenter retrospective study included 738 patients from 12 public and private sector hematology-oncology centers across Pakistan. Patients were divided into limited-resource and enhanced-resource settings as per national diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) guidelines. RESULTS: The median age at diagnosis was 47 years (range, 14-89). Male:female ratio was 2.5:1. Majority of the patients (69.3%) were treated in limited-resource settings. Computed tomography was used as a staging modality in 442 (60%) patients. Limited-stage DLBCL was present in 13.5% of patients, while 86.3% had advanced-stage disease at diagnosis. First-line regimens included rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone in 56% and cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone in 34% of patients, while 10% of patients received palliative regimens upfront. Of evaluable data, complete remission was documented in 299 (74.4%) patients, 39 (9.8%) had partial response and 63 (13.5%) had progressive disease. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) status were not available for 345 (46.8%) patients at the time of data collection. Overall study cohort had a median follow-up of 2.2 years with a median OS of 3.6 years (95% CI, 3.1 to 4.1), median DFS of 3.1 years (95% CI, 2.6 to 3.6), and a 5-year OS of 40% and DFS of 36%. CONCLUSION: Patients from low- and middle-income countries present at an earlier age and have more advanced disease. Patients were frequently lost to follow-up, and record keeping was inadequate more so in patients treated in limited-resource settings. There is a need to establish a national lymphoma registry, improve record keeping, and standardize treatments to ensure improvement in treatment outcomes.

The Impact of Tumor Hypoxia Modulation on sIL-2R Levels in Newly Diagnosed Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVE: Tumor hypoxia induces the production of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF)-1 alpha, which interacts with NF-kB, leading to cancer proliferation and metastasis. This study investigated the effect of tumor hypoxia modulation using carbogen (95% O2 and 5% CO2) and nicotinamide on reducing soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) levels in newly diagnosed DLBCL patients with tissue overexpression of HIF-1α ≥10%. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted at Dr. Kariadi Hospital in Semarang, Indonesia, from 2021 to 2022. Newly diagnosed DLBCL patients with tissue HIF-1α ≥10% were randomized into an intervention group (nicotinamide 2,000 mg + carbogen 10 liters/min during R-CHOP) and a control group (R-CHOP alone) for one cycle. sIL-2R levels were measured in the blood before and after intervention. RESULTS: The intervention group showed a significant reduction in sIL-2R levels after chemotherapy (p=0.026), with 85% of samples exhibiting a decrease. In contrast, only 45% of samples in the control group demonstrated a decrease in sIL-2R levels (p=0.184). The median sIL-2R level decreased from 139.50 pg/mL to 70.50 pg/mL in the intervention group, while the control group exhibited an increase from 182.50 pg/mL to 250.00 pg/mL following one cycle of chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: Tumor hypoxia modulation led to a significant decrease in serum sIL-2R levels, potentially through improvements in the crosstalk between hypoxia and inflammation pathways.

Radiographical bony lesions after discontinuation of immunosuppressant therapy: bone involvement in sarcoidosis.

We describe a patient who had failed renal transplant after 13 years, eventually requiring a graft nephrectomy and discontinuation of immunosuppressive therapy, including antithymocyte globulin, tacrolimus and mycophenolate while on steroid avoidance protocol. Within a few months of complete discontinuation of the immunosuppressive medications, she developed lower back pain associated with numbness in her right anterolateral thigh. The radiological imaging demonstrated multiple bony lesions throughout her axial and appendicular skeleton with normal pulmonary findings. A computerised tomography-guided bone biopsy from the left iliac crest revealed fragments of bone with granulomatous inflammation, thus making the diagnosis of extrapulmonary sarcoidosis. Initiating treatment with prednisone resulted in near-complete resolution of symptoms. Long-term immunosuppressive therapy is administered to all renal transplant recipients to help prevent acute rejection and loss of renal allograft. This case highlights that immunosuppressants can conceal the presence of underlying conditions in transplant patients.

Real-world patient characteristics, treatment patterns, and treatment outcomes of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by line of therapy.

BACKGROUND: Although initial treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) can be effective, up to 50% of patients will develop refractory or relapsed (R/R) disease. This study aimed to provide contemporary data on characteristics, treatment patterns, and outcomes for R/R-DLBCL. METHODS: Patients with incident (January 2016 to March 2021) DLBCL age ≥18 years who initiated first-line (1L) therapy were identified from the COTA real-world database. Baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and real-world outcomes, including time to next treatment (rwTTNT) and overall survival (rwOS), were assessed for the study population and by line of therapy (LOT). RESULTS: A total of 1347 eligible DLBCL patients were identified. Of these, 340 (25.2%) proceeded to receive 2L, of whom 141 (41.5%) proceeded to receive 3L, of whom 51 (36.2%) proceeded to receive 4L+. Most common treatments were R-CHOP in 1L (63.6%), stem cell transplant (SCT) in 2L (17.9%), polatuzumab vedotin, bendamustine, and rituximab (Pola-BR) in 3L (9.9%), and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T) in 4L (11.8%). Treatment patterns were more variable in later LOTs. One- and 3-year rwOS from 1L initiation were 88.5% and 78.4%, respectively. Patients who received later LOTs experienced numerically lower 1- and 3-year rwOS (from 2L initiation: 62.4% and 46.4%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In this real-world analysis, 25.2% of patients experienced R/R-DLBCL after 1L with poor outcomes. Given the findings of this study, there is a high unmet need for novel, safe, and effective treatment options for patients with R/R DLBCL.

Experience of multi-disciplinary treatment of multiple cerebellar diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: A case report.

RATIONALE: Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare, highly malignant form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma categorized under the diffuse large B-cell type. It accounts for merely 1% of all non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases and comprises approximately 3% of all brain tumors. The involvement of the cerebellum is observed in only 9% of these cases. Recently, we came across an unusual instance: a young man presenting with multiple lesions located specifically within the cerebellum. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 26-year-old male was admitted to the hospital due to severe headaches. He has a medical history of sporadic headaches, accompanied by dizziness, nausea, and vomiting persisting for a month. Over the last 10 days, his headaches have intensified, coupled with decreased vision and protrusion of the eyeballs. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed abnormal signals in both cerebellar hemispheres. DIAGNOSES, INTERVENTIONS, AND OUTCOMES: Diagnostic procedures included cerebellar biopsy, posterior fossa decompression, and lateral ventricle drainage. Histopathological examination identified diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with high proliferative activity. To minimize neurotoxicity, chemotherapy involved intrathecal methotrexate (MTX) injections combined with the CHOP program. The patient has shown good tolerance to the treatment so far. LESSONS: While the definitive optimal treatment approach remains elusive, current chemotherapy centered on high-dose MTX stands as the standard induction therapy. Integrating surgery with radiotherapy and chemotherapy significantly extends patient survival.

Eosinophilic pulmonary disease with ulcerative colitis: A case report.

RATIONALE: Eosinophilic pulmonary disease (EPD) is a general term for a large group of diseases with complex etiology. Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Patients with IBD may have pulmonary involvement. We herein present a case of ulcerative colitis complicated with EPD. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 34-year-old woman with ulcerative colitis presented with dry cough. She had peripheral eosinophilia and apical ground glass opacities on CT (computed tomography) of her chest. Antibiotic treatment was ineffective. DIAGNOSES: Lung biopsy revealed eosinophil infiltration in the alveolar space and interstitial space, so EPD was considered. INTERVENTIONS: After oral administration of prednisone, the lung shadow on CT disappeared when the cough symptoms resolved. However, the symptoms recurred after drug withdrawal, and the lung shadow reappeared on imaging. The cough symptoms and lung shadow disappeared after oral prednisone was given again. Prednisone was slowly discontinued after 6 months of treatment. OUTCOMES: The patient stopped prednisone for half a year. No recurrence or abnormal CT findings were detected during the half-year follow-up. LESSONS: The clinical manifestations of EPD are atypical, laboratory and imaging findings are not specific, and it is difficult to make a definite diagnosis before lung biopsy. The diagnosis depends on pathological examination. Glucocorticoid treatment is effective, but some patients may relapse after drug withdrawal. Active follow-up after glucocorticoid treatment is very important for identifying disease recurrence. Patients with IBD are relatively prone to developing EPD. The etiology of EPD is complex. In clinical practice, we need to make a diagnosis and differential diagnosis to clarify its etiology.

Functional abilities, respiratory and cardiac function in a large cohort of adults with Duchenne muscular dystrophy treated with glucocorticoids.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The transition to adult services, and subsequent glucocorticoid management, is critical in adults with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. This study aims (1) to describe treatment, functional abilities, respiratory and cardiac status during transition to adulthood and adult stages; and (2) to explore the association between glucocorticoid treatment after loss of ambulation (LOA) and late-stage clinical outcomes. METHODS: This was a retrospective single-centre study on individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (≥16 years old) between 1986 and 2022. Logistic regression, Cox proportional hazards models and survival analyses were conducted utilizing data from clinical records. RESULTS: In all, 112 individuals were included. Mean age was 23.4 ± 5.2 years and mean follow-up was 18.5 ± 5.5 years. At last assessment, 47.2% were on glucocorticoids; the mean dose of prednisone was 0.38 ± 0.13 mg/kg/day and of deflazacort 0.43 ± 0.16 mg/kg/day. At age 16 years, motor function limitations included using a manual wheelchair (89.7%), standing (87.9%), transferring from a wheelchair (86.2%) and turning in bed (53.4%); 77.5% had a peak cough flow <270 L/min, 53.3% a forced vital capacity percentage of predicted <50% and 40.3% a left ventricular ejection fraction <50%. Glucocorticoids after LOA reduced the risk and delayed the time to difficulties balancing in the wheelchair, loss of hand to mouth function, forced vital capacity percentage of predicted <30% and forced vital capacity <1 L and were associated with lower frequency of left ventricular ejection fraction <50%, without differences between prednisone and deflazacort. Glucocorticoid dose did not differ by functional, respiratory or cardiac status. CONCLUSION: Glucocorticoids after LOA preserve late-stage functional abilities, respiratory and cardiac function. It is suggested using functional abilities, respiratory and cardiac status at transition stages for adult services planning.

Real-world total cost of care by line of therapy in relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

AIMS: There are multiple recently approved treatments and a lack of clear standard-of-care therapies for relapsed/refractory (R/R) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). While total cost of care (TCC) by the number of lines of therapy (LoTs) has been evaluated, more recent cost estimates using real-world data are needed. This analysis assessed real-world TCC of R/R DLBCL therapies by LoT using the IQVIA PharMetrics Plus database (1 January 2015-31 December 2021), in US patients aged ≥18 years treated with rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) or an R-CHOP-like regimen as first-line therapy. METHODS: Treatment costs and resources in the R/R setting were assessed by LoT. A sensitivity analysis identified any potential confounding of the results caused by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare utilization and costs. Overall, 310 patients receiving a second- or later-line treatment were included; baseline characteristics were similar across LoTs. Inpatient costs represented the highest percentage of total costs, followed by outpatient and pharmacy costs. RESULTS: Mean TCC per-patient-per-month generally increased by LoT ($40,604, $48,630, and $59,499 for second-, third- and fourth-line treatments, respectively). Costs were highest for fourth-line treatment for all healthcare resource utilization categories. Sensitivity analysis findings were consistent with the overall analysis, indicating results were not confounded by the COVID-19 pandemic. LIMITATIONS: There was potential misclassification of LoT; claims data were processed through an algorithm, possibly introducing errors. A low number of patients met the inclusion criteria. Patients who switched insurance plans, had insurance terminated, or whose enrollment period met the end of data availability may have had truncated follow-up, potentially resulting in underestimated costs. CONCLUSION: Total healthcare costs increased with each additional LoT in the R/R DLBCL setting. Further improvements of first-line treatments that reduce the need for subsequent LoTs would potentially lessen the economic burden of DLBCL.

Real-life study on the use of response adapted therapy in patients with Hodgkin Lymphoma: Results from a multicenter experience.

Few data are known regarding the use of interim positron emission tomography (iPET) after the first two cycles (iPET2) of chemotherapy in treatment-naïve classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) in routine clinical practice, and about the real-life adoption of intensification strategies for iPET positive patients. We conducted a multicenter retrospective study on cHL to investigate the use of iPET in the real-life setting, its prognostic role and outcomes of patients early shifted to intensification. Six hundreds and forty-one patients were enrolled (62% had advanced stage). iPET2 was positive in 89 patients (14%) including 8.7% and 17% early and advanced stage patients, respectively (p = 0.003). Among iPET 2 positive cases treatment was immediately modified in 19 cases; in 14 cases treatment was modified after an additional positive iPET4. Overall 56 iPET2 positive patients never received intensified therapies. Most frequently used intensified therapy was autologous stem cell transplantation followed by BEACOPP. After a median follow-up of 72 months, the 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) was 82% with iPET2 positive patients showing a worse PFS compared with iPET2 negative cases: 31% versus 85%. Focusing on advanced stage patients with a positive iPET2, the 5-year PFS was 59% for patients shifted to intensified therapy at any time point versus 61% for patients who never received intensified therapy. Our study confirmed the higher curability of naïve cHL patients in a real-world setting, and the prognostic role of iPET2 in this setting. A poor adherence to response-adapted strategy which however did not translate into a difference in patient outcomes.

Uveal effusion syndrome: a case report.

BACKGROUND: This case report is applicable to the field of ophthalmology because there is a paucity of medical literature related to the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of uveal effusion syndrome. This is an urgent concern because there are severe complications associated with this disease, including non-rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, angle closure glaucoma, and possible blindness. This report will fill clinical knowledge gaps using a patient example. CASE PRESENTATION: A 68-year-old white male with multiple cardiovascular risk factors initially presented to the Eye Institute Urgent Care Clinic with new onset visual symptoms, including eye pain, eye lid swelling, redness, and tearing of his left eye. He had experienced a foreign body sensation in the left eye and bilateral floaters weeks prior to his presentation. The patient was examined, and vision was 20/30 in both eyes, and intraocular pressure was 46 in the right eye and 36 in the left eye. After initial assessment, including compression gonioscopy, intermittent angle closure glaucoma was suspected. He received oral diamox 500 mg, one drop of alphagan in both eyes, one drop of latanoprost in both eyes, one drop of dorzolamide in both eyes, and one drop of 2% pilocarpine in both eyes. There was only slight response in intraocular pressure. Owing to the bilateral angle closure, he underwent laser peripheral iridotomy to decrease intraocular pressure and open the angle that was found closed on gonioscopy. The patient was discharged on oral and topical glaucoma drops and scheduled for the glaucoma clinic. When he presented for follow-up in the glaucoma clinic, he was evaluated and noted to have bilateral narrow angles and intraocular pressure in the mid-twenties. A brightness scan (B-scan) was performed and was noted to have bilateral choroidal effusions, confirmed by Optos fundus photos. He was started on prednisone at 60 mg once per day (QD) with taper, continuation of oral and topical glaucoma medications, and a retina evaluation. Evaluation with a retina specialist showed resolving choroidal effusion in the left eye. He continued the prednisone taper as well as glaucoma drops as prescribed. Follow-up in the glaucoma clinic revealed a grade 3 open angle. He continued the prednisone taper, cosopt twice per day in both eyes, and discontinued brimonidine. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that was performed showed results that were remarkable. No hemorrhage or mass was present. Follow-up with the retina specialist found that the choroidal effusions had resolved completely. CONCLUSION: This case report emphasizes the value in early detection, keen diagnostic evaluation, and cross-collaboration between multiple ophthalmology specialists to optimize healthcare outcomes for patients with uveal effusion syndrome.

Primary adrenal lymphoma presenting as neurolymphomatosis: A case report.

RATIONALE: Primary adrenal lymphoma (PAL) is a very rare and highly aggressive disease. Neurolymphomatosis (NL) is a rare manifestation of lymphoma characterized by the infiltration of lymphoma cells into peripheral nerves, resulting in neurological symptoms. To date, there have been very few reported cases of PAL with NL. By reviewing the entire treatment process of the patient, we aim to enhance recognition of PAL complicated with NL and guide clinicians to pay attention to the diagnosis of such diseases. Early recognition and diagnosis of NL are crucial for appropriate management and treatment decisions. PATIENT CONCERNS: We report a case of PAL in a 64-year-old female whose initial symptoms were pain and weakness in the left leg, which progressively worsened. In the half month before admission, the patient also showed signs of cranial nerve damage, such as diplopia and facial asymmetry. DIAGNOSIS: Computed tomography of the abdomen revealed an occupying lesion in the left adrenal region. Electromyography and somatosensory evoked potential examination of the extremities suggested left lumbar plexus damage and complete damage to the right facial nerve. Adrenal biopsy confirmed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. INTERVENTIONS: The patient was treated with the R-CHOP scheme (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) combined with lenalidomide. OUTCOME: After 6 rounds of chemotherapy, the symptoms improved slightly. However, the condition progressed, and the patient passed away 1 year later. LESSONS: Due to the nonspecific clinical presentation, patients with neurological damage should be alerted to the possibility of PAL and need to be evaluated thoroughly.