A maternal brain hormone that builds bone.

In lactating mothers, the high calcium (Ca2+) demand for milk production triggers significant bone loss1. Although oestrogen normally counteracts excessive bone resorption by promoting bone formation, this sex steroid drops precipitously during this postpartum period. Here we report that brain-derived cellular communication network factor 3 (CCN3) secreted from KISS1 neurons of the arcuate nucleus (ARCKISS1) fills this void and functions as a potent osteoanabolic factor to build bone in lactating females. We began by showing that our previously reported female-specific, dense bone phenotype2 originates from a humoral factor that promotes bone mass and acts on skeletal stem cells to increase their frequency and osteochondrogenic potential. This circulatory factor was then identified as CCN3, a brain-derived hormone from ARCKISS1 neurons that is able to stimulate mouse and human skeletal stem cell activity, increase bone remodelling and accelerate fracture repair in young and old mice of both sexes. The role of CCN3 in normal female physiology was revealed after detecting a burst of CCN3 expression in ARCKISS1 neurons coincident with lactation. After reducing CCN3 in ARCKISS1 neurons, lactating mothers lost bone and failed to sustain their progeny when challenged with a low-calcium diet. Our findings establish CCN3 as a potentially new therapeutic osteoanabolic hormone for both sexes and define a new maternal brain hormone for ensuring species survival in mammals.

CCN3/NOV inhibition attenuates oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of mouse neural stem/progenitor cells by blocking the activation of p38 MAPK: An in vitro study.

Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) hold immense promise in clinical applications, yet the harsh conditions resulting from central nervous system (CNS) injuries, particularly oxidative stress, lead to the demise of both native and transplanted NSPCs. Cellular communication network factor 3 (CCN3) exhibits a protective effect against oxidative stress in various cell types. This study investigates the impact of CCN3 on NSPCs apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. To establish models of primary cultured mouse NSPCs under oxidative stress, we exposed them to 50 µM H2O2 for 4 h. Remarkably, pre-exposing CCN3 exacerbated the H2O2-induced decline in cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. However, employing gene-targeted siRNA to inhibit CCN3 protected NSPCs against H2O2-induced cell death. Conversely, CCN3 replenishment reversed this protective effect, as evidenced by TUNEL staining, the ratio of Cleaved-caspase-3 to Pro-caspase-3, and Bcl-2/Bax. Further investigations revealed that CCN3 pretreatment increased the phosphorylation level of p38 MAPK, while silencing CCN3 diminished p38 MAPK activation. Ultimately, the impact of changes in CCN3 protein expression on H2O2-induced apoptosis was nullified using anisomycin (a p38 activator) and SB 203580 (a p38 inhibitor). Our findings suggest that CCN3 inhibition prevents H2O2-induced cell death in cultured mouse NSPCs via the p38 pathway. These discoveries may contribute to the development of strategies aimed at enhancing the survival of both endogenous and transplanted NSPCs following CNS oxidative stress insults.

CCN3/NOV Regulates Proliferation and Neuronal Differentiation in Mouse Hippocampal Neural Stem Cells via the Activation of the Notch/PTEN/AKT Pathway.

Neural stem cells (NSCs) persist in the subgranular zone (SGZ) throughout the lifespan and hold immense potential for the repair and regeneration of the central nervous system, including hippocampal-related diseases. Several studies have demonstrated that cellular communication network protein 3 (CCN3) regulates multiple types of stem cells. However, the role of CCN3 in NSCs remains unknown. In this study, we identified CCN3 expression in mouse hippocampal NSCs and observed that supplementing CCN3 improved cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, in vivo results showed that the injection of CCN3 in the dentate gyrus (DG) increased Ki-67- and SOX2-positive cells while decreasing neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin (Tuj1) and doublecortin (DCX)-positive cells. Consistently with the in vivo results, supplementing CCN3 in the medium increased the number of BrdU and Ki-67 cells and the proliferation index but decreased the number of Tuj1 and DCX cells. Conversely, both the in vivo and in vitro knockdown of the Ccn3 gene in NSCs had opposite effects. Further investigations revealed that CCN3 promoted cleaved Notch1 (NICD) expression, leading to the suppression of PTEN expression and eventual promotion of AKT activation. In contrast, Ccn3 knockdown inhibited the activation of the Notch/PTEN/AKT pathway. Finally, the effects of changes in CCN3 protein expression on NSC proliferation and differentiation were eliminated by FLI-06 (a Notch inhibitor) and VO-OH (a PTEN inhibitor). Our findings imply that while promoting proliferation, CCN3 inhibits the neuronal differentiation of mouse hippocampal NSCs and that the Notch/PTEN/AKT pathway may be a potential intracellular target of CCN3. Our findings may help develop strategies to enhance the intrinsic potential for brain regeneration after injuries, particularly stem cell treatment for hippocampal-related diseases.

The matricellular protein CCN3 supports lung endothelial homeostasis and function.

Aberrant vascular remodeling contributes to the progression of many aging-associated diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), where heterogeneous capillary density, endothelial transcriptional alterations, and increased vascular permeability correlate with poor disease outcomes. Thus, identifying disease-driving mechanisms in the pulmonary vasculature may be a promising strategy to limit IPF progression. Here, we identified Ccn3 as an endothelial-derived factor that is upregulated in resolving but not in persistent lung fibrosis in mice, and whose function is critical for vascular homeostasis and repair. Loss and gain of function experiments were carried out to test the role of CCN3 in lung microvascular endothelial function in vitro through RNAi and the addition of recombinant human CCN3 protein, respectively. Endothelial migration, permeability, proliferation, and in vitro angiogenesis were tested in cultured human lung microvascular endothelial cells (ECs). Loss of CCN3 in lung ECs resulted in transcriptional alterations along with impaired wound-healing responses, in vitro angiogenesis, barrier integrity as well as an increased profibrotic activity through paracrine signals, whereas the addition of recombinant CCN3 augmented endothelial function. Altogether, our results demonstrate that the matricellular protein CCN3 plays an important role in lung endothelial function and could serve as a promising therapeutic target to facilitate vascular repair and promote lung fibrosis resolution.

Molecular and Genetic Interactions between CCN2 and CCN3 behind Their Yin-Yang Collaboration.

Cellular communication network factor (CCN) 2 and 3 are the members of the CCN family that conduct the harmonized development of a variety of tissues and organs under interaction with multiple biomolecules in the microenvironment. Despite their striking structural similarities, these two members show contrastive molecular functions as well as temporospatial emergence in living tissues. Typically, CCN2 promotes cell growth, whereas CCN3 restrains it. Where CCN2 is produced, CCN3 disappears. Nevertheless, these two proteins collaborate together to execute their mission in a yin-yang fashion. The apparent functional counteractions of CCN2 and CCN3 can be ascribed to their direct molecular interaction and interference over the cofactors that are shared by the two. Recent studies have revealed the mutual negative regulation systems between CCN2 and CCN3. Moreover, the simultaneous and bidirectional regulatory system of CCN2 and CCN3 is also being clarified. It is of particular note that these regulations were found to be closely associated with glycolysis, a fundamental procedure of energy metabolism. Here, the molecular interplay and metabolic gene regulation that enable the yin-yang collaboration of CCN2 and CCN3 typically found in cartilage development/regeneration and fibrosis are described.

Resveratrol ameliorates the glucose uptake and lipid metabolism in gestational diabetes mellitus mice and insulin-resistant adipocytes via miR-23a-3p/NOV axis.

BACKGROUND: Resveratrol improves insulin-resistance (IR) of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) mice. Low-expressed miR-23a-3p in diabetes patients regulates IR of adipocytes. Hence, we speculated the effect of Res on GDM mice was realized through regulating miR-23a-3p. METHODS: The GDM model was established in mice by high-fat diet, treated with miR-23a-3p antagomiR, and further performed with glucose and insulin tolerance tests. The bodyweight, serum glucose and serum insulin, and the expressions of miR-23a-3p and nephroblastoma overexpressed (NOV) in mouse adipose tissues were detected. MiR-23a-3p target was identified by Starbase and dual-luciferase reporter. Then, an IR adipocyte model was established by dexamethasone-inducing and further treated with Resveratrol or transfected with miR-23a-3p inhibitor or siNOV. The cell glucose intake was detected by radioimmunoassay. The expressions of miR-23a-3p, NOV, Adiponectin, Leptin, p-PI3K, PI3K, p-Akt, and Akt in the adipocytes were determined by qPCR or Western blot. RESULTS: Resveratrol decreased bodyweight, glucose level, insulin level, and the expressions of miR-23a-3p and NOV in the GDM mice, which was reversed by miR-23a-3p antagomiR. MiR-23a-3p targeted NOV. Resveratrol increased the glucose intake and the expressions of miR-23a-3p, Adiponectin, Leptin, p-PI3K, and p-Akt, decreased NOV expression in the IR adipocytes. The effect of the miR-23a-3p inhibitor on adipocytes with IR was opposite to Resveratrol, and the effects siNOV was the same as Resveratrol, except for its effect on miR-23a-3p expression. Effect of Res on the adipocytes with IR was counteracted by miR-23a-3p inhibitor whose effect was reversed by siNOV. CONCLUSION: Resveratrol ameliorated glucose uptake and lipid metabolism of the GDM mice and adipocytes with IR by regulating miR-23a-3p/NOV axis.

CCN3 Proteins as a diagnostic marker in osteosarcoma patients: A case control study.

BACKGROUND: Osteosarcoma is the most prevalent type of primary bone sarcoma and is the major cause of deaths associated with cancer in children and adolescents. Despite novel and innovative therapies, early diagnosis of the osteosarcoma is still critically needed. Our study aimed to analyse the CCN3 proteins as a diagnostic marker and correlate their expression level with the severity of primary osteosarcoma patients. METHODS: In this prospective case-control study, after ethical clearance and informed consent, a total of 35 cases with primary osteosarcoma and ten otherwise healthy controls were enroled according to our strict inclusion-exclusion criteria. Tissue samples were collected during biopsy procedures in suspected cases and in controls during bone grafting procedures. The CCN3 expression level was measured by the western blotting assay. The clinic-radiological examinations were done in cases and graded according to the AJCC classification. Comparisons of CCN3 expression were measured between cases and controls, followed by correlation of their expression level with severity/grade of osteosarcoma in cases. RESULTS: All the demographic parameters showed insignificant differences. The CCN3 protein expressions were significantly upregulated in tissue samples of osteosarcoma patients (cases) compared to controls. The mean difference (p<0.0001) in CCN3 protein expression between cases' and controls' bony tissues was significant but showed insignificant correlation with the different grades of osteosarcoma. CONCLUSIONS: The upregulated CCN3 protein expression in osteosarcoma tissue along with significant differential manifestation in accordance with different grades of osteosarcoma make CCN3 suitable for a potential diagnostic biomarker. However, the author recommends further extensive multi-centric collaborative studies to increase our study reliability and generalizability.

RFX1-mediated CCN3 induction that may support chondrocyte survival under starved conditions.

Cellular communication network factor (CCN) family members are multifunctional matricellular proteins that manipulate and integrate extracellular signals. In our previous studies investigating the role of CCN family members in cellular metabolism, we found three members that might be under the regulation of energy metabolism. In this study, we confirmed that CCN2 and CCN3 are the only members that are tightly regulated by glycolysis in human chondrocytic cells. Interestingly, CCN3 was induced under a variety of impaired glycolytic conditions. This CCN3 induction was also observed in two breast cancer cell lines with a distinct phenotype, suggesting a basic role of CCN3 in cellular metabolism. Reporter gene assays indicated a transcriptional regulation mediated by an enhancer in the proximal promoter region. As a result of analyses in silico, we specified regulatory factor binding to the X-box 1 (RFX1) as a candidate that mediated the transcriptional activation by impaired glycolysis. Indeed, the inhibition of glycolysis induced the expression of RFX1, and RFX1 silencing nullified the CCN3 induction by impaired glycolysis. Subsequent experiments with an anti-CCN3 antibody indicated that CCN3 supported the survival of chondrocytes under impaired glycolysis. Consistent with these findings in vitro, abundant CCN3 production by chondrocytes in the deep zones of developing epiphysial cartilage, which are located far away from the synovial fluid, was confirmed in vivo. Our present study uncovered that RFX1 is the mediator that enables CCN3 induction upon cellular starvation, which may eventually assist chondrocytes in retaining their viability, even when there is an energy supply shortage.

High NOV/CCN3 expression during high-fat diet pregnancy in mice affects GLUT3 expression and the mTOR pathway.

We investigated the expression levels of nephroblastoma overexpressed [NOV or CCN3 (cellular communication network factor 3)] in the serum and placenta of pregnant women and of pregnant mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), and its effect on placental glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) expression, to examine its role in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). NOV/CCN3 expression was increased in the mouse serum during pregnancy. At gestational day 18, NOV/CCN3 protein expression was increased in the serum and placenta of the HFD mice compared with that of mice fed a normal diet. Compared with non-GDM patients, the patients with GDM had significantly increased serum NOV/CCN3 protein expression and placental NOV/CCN3 mRNA expression. Therefore, we hypothesized that NOV/CCN3 signaling may be involved in the pathogenesis of GDM. We administered NOV/CCN3 recombinant protein via intraperitoneal injections to pregnant mice fed HFD or normal diet. NOV/CCN3 overexpression led to glucose intolerance. Combined with the HFD, NOV/CCN3 exacerbated glucose intolerance and caused insulin resistance. NOV/CCN3 upregulates GLUT3 expression and affects the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in the GDM environment in vivo and in vitro. In summary, our results demonstrate, for the first time, the molecular mechanism of NOV/CCN3 signaling in maternal metabolism to regulate glucose balance during pregnancy. NOV/CCN3 may be a potential target for detecting and treating GDM.NEW & NOTEWORTHY NOV/CCN3 regulates glucose homeostasis in mice during pregnancy. NOV/CCN3 upregulates GLUT3 expression and affects the mTOR pathway in the GDM environment in vivo and in vitro.

Prostate cancer-secreted CCN3 uses the GSK3ß and ß-catenin pathways to enhance osteogenic factor levels in osteoblasts.

Prostate cancer osteoblastic bone metastases are incurable and associated with chronic bone pain and a high mortality rate. Osteoclast-targeting drugs intended to prevent skeletal-related events associated with prostate cancer bone metastases do not prolong overall survival. Improved understanding of the bone-derived factors that contribute to prostate cancer osteoblastic bone metastases is required to design treatments that will improve morbidities and overall survival. Activated osteoblasts stimulate prostate cancer growth in bone. In this study, we report that prostate cancer conditioned medium (CM) promoted bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, -4 and -7 production and the expression of osteogenic transcription factors Runx2 and osterix in osteoblasts. Treating the prostate cancer CM with antibody against CCN3 (nephroblastoma-overexpressed), a cysteine-rich protein that belongs to the CCN family, reduced all of these increases. Incubation of osteoblasts with CCN3 facilitated phosphorylation of GSK3ß and ß-catenin. GSK3ß and ß-catenin inhibitors or siRNAs all abolished CCN3-induced promotion of BMPs, Runx2 and osterix expression in osteoblasts. Our results indicate that prostate cancer-secreted CCN3 enhances BMP, Runx2 and osterix expression in osteoblasts via the GSK3ß and ß-catenin signaling pathways. This understanding of the role played by CCN3 in osteoblastic prostate bone metastasis may lead to more efficient targeted therapies.

SNAIL regulates gastric carcinogenesis through CCN3 and NEFL.

Among cancer cells, there are specific cell populations of whose activities are comparable to those of stem cells in normal tissues, and for whom the levels of cell dedifferentiation are reported to correlate with poor prognosis. Information concerning the mechanisms that modulate the stemness like traits of cancer cells is limited. Therefore, we examined five gastric cancer cell lines and isolated gastric oncospheres from three gastric cancer cell lines. The gastric cancer cells that expanded in the spheres expressed relatively elevated proportion of CD44, which is a marker of gastric cancer stem cells (CSCs), and displayed many properties of CSCs, for example: chemoresistance, tumorigenicity and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) acquisition. SNAIL, which is a key factor in EMT, was highly expressed in the gastric spheres. Microarray analysis in gastric cancer cell line HGC27 showed that CCN3 and NEFL displayed the greatest differential expression by knocking down of SNAIL; the former was upregulated and the latter downregulated, respectively. Downregulation of CCN3 and upregulation of NEFL gene expression impaired the SNAIL-dependent EMT activity: high tumorigenicity, and chemoresistance in gastric cancer cells. Thus, approach that disrupts SNAIL/CCN3/NEFL axis may be credible in inhibiting gastric cancer development.

CCN3 Signaling Is Differently Regulated in Placental Diseases Preeclampsia and Abnormally Invasive Placenta.

Objectives: An adequate development of the placenta includes trophoblast differentiation with the processes of trophoblast migration, invasion, cellular senescence and apoptosis which are all crucial to establishing a successful pregnancy. Altered placental development and function lead to placental diseases such as preeclampsia (PE) which is mainly characterized by insufficient trophoblast invasion and abnormally invasive placenta (AIP) disorders (Placenta accreta, increta, or percreta) which are characterized by excessive trophoblast invasion. Both of them will cause maternal and fetal morbidity/mortality. However, the etiology of these diseases is still unclear. Our previous study has shown that the matricellular protein nephroblastoma overexpressed (NOV, CCN3) induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, drives trophoblast cells into senescence and activates FAK and Akt kinases resulting in reduced cell proliferation and enhanced migration capability of the human trophoblast cell line SGHPL-5. The present study focuses on whether CCN3 can alter cell cycle-regulated pathways associated with trophoblast senescence and invasion activity in pathological versus gestational age-matched control placentas. Methods: Cell cycle regulator proteins were investigated by immunoblotting and qPCR. For localization of CCN3, p16, p21, and Cyclin D1 proteins, co-immunohistochemistry was performed. Results: In early-onset PE placentas, CCN3 was expressed at a significantly lower level compared to gestational age-matched controls. The decrease of CCN3 level is associated with an increase in p53, Cyclin E1 and pRb protein expression, whereas the level of cleaved Notch-1, p21, Cyclin D1, pFAK, pAKT, and pmTOR protein decreased. In term AIP placentas, the expression of CCN3 was significantly increased compared to matched term controls. This increase was correlated to an increase in p53, p16, p21, Cyclin D1, cleaved Notch-1, pFAK, pAkt, and pmTOR whereas pRb was significantly decreased. However, in late PE and early AIP placentas, no significant differences in CCN3, p16, p21, Cyclin D1, p53, and cleaved Notch-1 expression were found when matched to appropriate controls. Conclusions: CCN3 expression levels are correlated to markers of cell cycle arrest oppositely in PE and AIP by activating the FAK/AKT pathway in AIP or down-regulating in PE. This may be one mechanism to explain the different pathological features of placental diseases, PE and AIP.

CCN3 (NOV) Drives Degradative Changes in Aging Articular Cartilage.

Aging is a major risk factor of osteoarthritis, which is characterized by the degeneration of articular cartilage. CCN3, a member of the CCN family, is expressed in cartilage and has various physiological functions during chondrocyte development, differentiation, and regeneration. Here, we examine the role of CCN3 in cartilage maintenance. During aging, the expression of Ccn3 mRNA in mouse primary chondrocytes from knee cartilage increased and showed a positive correlation with p21 and p53 mRNA. Increased accumulation of CCN3 protein was confirmed. To analyze the effects of CCN3 in vitro, either primary cultured human articular chondrocytes or rat chondrosarcoma cell line (RCS) were used. Artificial senescence induced by H2O2 caused a dose-dependent increase in Ccn3 gene and CCN3 protein expression, along with enhanced expression of p21 and p53 mRNA and proteins, as well as SA-ß gal activity. Overexpression of CCN3 also enhanced p21 promoter activity via p53. Accordingly, the addition of recombinant CCN3 protein to the culture increased the expression of p21 and p53 mRNAs. We have produced cartilage-specific CCN3-overexpressing transgenic mice, and found degradative changes in knee joints within two months. Inflammatory gene expression was found even in the rib chondrocytes of three-month-old transgenic mice. Similar results were observed in human knee articular chondrocytes from patients at both mRNA and protein levels. These results indicate that CCN3 is a new senescence marker of chondrocytes, and the overexpression of CCN3 in cartilage may in part promote chondrocyte senescence, leading to the degeneration of articular cartilage through the induction of p53 and p21.

Dysregulation of CCN3 (NOV) expression in the epidermis of systemic sclerosis patients with pigmentary changes.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a severe disease whose pathophysiology remains partly unknown, combining autoimmune, vascular, and fibrotic features. Recently, we evidenced a link between vasculopathy and pigmentary changes in SSc. CCN3 (NOV) is a matricellular protein implicated in both angiogenesis and pigmentation regulation, in particular melanocyte adhesion to the basal layer. We decided to study CCN3 expression in SSc epidermis. We show that in SSc patients with pigmentary changes compared to patients with normal pigmentation, CCN3 is specifically downregulated in situ in melanocytes and upregulated in keratinocytes. Moreover, the number of melanocytes is significantly decreased in SSc patients with a disease duration of more than 5 years compared to the other patients. Altogether, our findings could provide new insights on the mechanisms of pigmentary changes in SSc patients, as well as treatment adaptation in a personalized manner.

Dynamic CCN3 expression in the murine CNS does not confer essential roles in myelination or remyelination.

CCN3 is a matricellular protein that promotes oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation and myelination in vitro and ex vivo. CCN3 is therefore a candidate of interest in central nervous system (CNS) myelination and remyelination, and we sought to investigate the expression and role of CCN3 during these processes. We found CCN3 to be expressed predominantly by neurons in distinct areas of the CNS, primarily the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, suprachiasmatic nuclei, anterior olfactory nuclei, and spinal cord gray matter. CCN3 was transiently up-regulated following demyelination in the brain of cuprizone-fed mice and spinal cord lesions of mice injected with lysolecithin. However, CCN3-/- mice did not exhibit significantly different numbers of oligodendroglia or differentiated oligodendrocytes in the healthy or remyelinating CNS, compared to WT controls. These results suggest that despite robust and dynamic expression in the CNS, CCN3 is not required for efficient myelination or remyelination in the murine CNS in vivo.

Decreased CCN3 in Systemic Sclerosis Endothelial Cells Contributes to Impaired Angiogenesis.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare and severe connective tissue disease combining autoimmune and vasculopathy features, ultimately leading to organ fibrosis. Impaired angiogenesis is an often silent and life-threatening complication of the disease. We hypothesize that CCN3, a member of the CCN family of extracellular matrix proteins, which is an antagonist of the profibrotic protein CCN2 as well as a proangiogenic factor, is implicated in SSc pathophysiology. We performed skin biopsies on 26 patients with SSc, both in fibrotic and nonfibrotic areas for 17 patients, and collected 18 healthy control skin specimens for immunohistochemistry and cell culture. Histological analysis of nonfibrotic and fibrotic SSc skin shows a systemic decrease of papillary dermis surface as well as disappearance of capillaries. CCN3 expression is systematically decreased in the dermis of patients with SSc compared with healthy controls, particularly in dermal blood vessels. Moreover, CCN3 is decreased in vitro in endothelial cells from patients with SSc. We show that CCN3 is essential for endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis in vitro. In conclusion, CCN3 may represent a promising therapeutic target for patients with SSc presenting with vascular involvement.

Regulatory mechanism of NOV/CCN3 in the inflammation and apoptosis of lung epithelial alveolar cells upon lipopolysaccharide stimulation.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces stress inflammation and apoptosis. Pulmonary epithelial cell apoptosis, which accelerates the progression of acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), is the leading cause of mortality in patients with ALI/ARDS. The nephroblastoma overexpressed protein (CCN3), an inflammatory modulator, is reported to be a biomarker in ALI. Using the LPS-induced ALI model, this study investigated the expression of CCN3 and its possible molecular mechanism in lung alveolar epithelial cell inflammation and apoptosis. Our data revealed that LPS treatment greatly increased the level of CCN3 in A549 cells. The A549 cells were transfected with specific CCN3 small interfering RNA (siRNA) using transfection reagent. CCN3 siRNA not only largely attenuated the expressions of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1ß and transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß1, but also reduced the apoptotic rate of the AEC II cells and affected the expressions of the apoptosis-associated proteins (Bcl-2 and caspase-3). Furthermore, CCN3 knockdown greatly inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-κB p65 in A549 cells. In addition, TGF-ß/p-Smad inhibitor (TP0427736) and NF-κB inhibitor (PDTC) significantly attenuated the expression level of CCN3 in A549 cells. In conclusion, our data indicated that CCN3 siRNA affected downstream signal through TGF-ß/ p-Smad or NF-κB pathway, leading to the inhibition of cell inflammation and apoptosis in human alveolar epithelial cells.

Remodeling of hepatic stellate cells orchestrated the stroma-derived oxaliplatin-resistance through CCN3 paracrine in hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) have a key role in fibrogenesis and in the filtrates of the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) stroma, in which they are remodeled and play a critical role in HCC progression. However, the precise role of HSCs trending, infiltration and paracrine in orchestrating the stroma-derived oxaliplatin-resistance in HCC is still vague. METHODS: The chemo-resistant models were established to explore the correlation between HSC cells and the condition of chemoresistance. The HCC clinical samples were collected to confirm this phenomenon. Then, the relationship between secretory CCN3 from oxaliplatin-resistant HCC and the infiltration of HSCs in associated HCC microenvironment was evaluated. Finally, the role and mechanism of HSCs remodeling in the orchestration of oxaliplatin-resistant HCC were explored. RESULTS: The increased infiltration of HSCs and collagen accumulation were found in the microenvironment of oxaliplatin-resistant HCC. The cDNA profiles of the oxaliplatin-resistant HCC was reanalyzed, and CCN3 was one of the significantly increased genes. In HCC clinical samples, the levels of CCN3 and α-SMA are positively correlated, and high expression of CCN3 and α-SMA are positively associated with malignant phenotype and poor prognosis. Then the enhanced abilities of migration and proliferation of HSCs, and elevation of the cytokines paracrine from HSCs relating to HCC malignancy were proved in vitro and in vivo, and which were related to CCN3-ERK signaling pathway activation. CONCLUSIONS: HSCs remodeling are positively related to CCN3 paracrine in hepatocellular carcinoma, which orchestrated the stroma-derived resistance to chemotherapy in HCC.

The Predictive Role of Tenascin-C and Cellular Communication Network Factor 3 (CCN3) in Post Hepatectomy Liver Failure in a Rat Model and 50 Patients Following Partial Hepatectomy.

BACKGROUND Matricellular proteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM) include tenascin-C (TNC) and cellular communication network factor 3 (CCN3). This study aimed to investigate the role of TNC and CCN3 as prognostic factors for post hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) in a rat model of partial hepatectomy and 50 patients following partial hepatectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats underwent 85% (n=53) or 90% hepatectomy (n=53) in the partial hepatectomy (PHx) model. TNC and CCN3 mRNA expression in residual liver tissue was evaluated using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) determined the serum levels of TNC and CCN3. In 50 patients who underwent partial hepatectomy, TNC and CCN3 serum levels were measured on postoperative day 1 and day 3. RESULTS In the rat partial hepatectomy model, mRNA and serum levels of TNC and CCN3 were significantly increased within the first 24 h, and were higher in the 90% PHx group compared with the 85% PHx group. Fifty patients who underwent partial hepatectomy, included patients with PHLF (n=12) and patients without PHLF (n=38). Multivariate analysis confirmed that serum levels on postoperative day 3 TNChigh+CCN3high was a significant predictor of PHLF, which was associated with more than twice the risk of severe morbidity when compared with the low-risk patients (80% vs. 30%) and a significantly longer hospital stay (17 days vs. 8 days). CONCLUSIONS Further studies are needed to evaluate the potential role of the matricellular proteins, TNC and CCN3 as early clinical predictors for PHLF.