RESUMEN
Importance: Reducing children's exposure to advertisements promoting unhealthy foods and beverages has been recognized by the World Health Organization as a key strategy to improve children's diets and reduce childhood obesity. Objective: To examine changes in children's exposure to food-related (food, beverage, and restaurant) television advertising, including for products high in nutrients to limit (NTL; ie, saturated fat, trans fat, total sugars, and sodium) based on federal Interagency Working Group guidelines, following changes in the voluntary industry self-regulatory Children's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative (CFBAI). Design, Setting, and Participants: This repeated cross-sectional study used US television ratings data on advertising exposure from The Nielsen Company for 2013, 2014, 2015, 2018, and 2022. Food and beverage product advertisements were assessed for nutritional content. Participants included 2- to 5-year-old and 6-to 11-year-old children. Data analysis was performed from July 2023 to January 2024. Exposure: Changes in CFBAI standards in 2014 and 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the number of food-related advertisements seen per year and percentage of food and beverage product advertisements high in NTL, on all programming and children's programming (defined as ≥35% child audience share). Results: From 2013 to 2022, total advertisements seen per year declined by 77.6% (from 4611 to 1035) for 2- to 5-year-olds and by 78.5% (from 4860 to 1046) for 6- to 11-year-olds. Advertisements seen on children's programming decreased by 95.1% (from 1703 to 84 per year) for 2- to 5-year-olds and by 97.0% (from 1745 to 52 per year) for 6- to 11-year-olds. The percentages of advertisements for products high in NTL decreased from 2013 to 2022 but were still high: 68.9% for all programming and 63.9% for children's programming for 2- to 5-year-olds, and 68.4% for all programming and 60.6% for children's programming for 6- to 11-year-olds. The majority (51%-52%) of CFBAI-member food and beverage advertisements on children's programming remained high in NTL. Black children saw more food-related television advertisements than White children (58% more for 2- to 5-year-olds and 72% more for 6- to 11-year-olds); however, the percentage of advertisements for food and beverage products high in NTL seen was similar by race. Conclusions and Relevance: In this repeated cross-sectional study of children's exposure to food-related television advertisements, exposure via children's programming decreased substantially. However, most advertisements seen were still for unhealthy products, and exposure from all programming remained substantial. Findings of more than 90% of advertising exposure not from children's programming and more than 1000 food-related advertisements seen per year suggest the need for government regulations based on time of day rather than programming.
Asunto(s)
Publicidad , Bebidas , Alimentos , Televisión , Humanos , Televisión/estadística & datos numéricos , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Publicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Publicidad/tendencias , Publicidad/legislación & jurisprudencia , Bebidas/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Masculino , Preescolar , Alimentos/estadística & datos numéricos , Estados Unidos , Obesidad Infantil/prevención & control , Obesidad Infantil/epidemiología , Industria de AlimentosRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: On January 1, 2017, Philadelphia implemented a beverage excise tax. The study's objective was to determine whether beverage advertising expenditures and the number of beverage ads purchased changed in Philadelphia compared to Baltimore because of this tax. METHODS: Monthly beverage ad expenditures and the number of beverage ads purchased by brand from January 2016 through December 2019 were obtained. Ads were coded as being for taxed or not taxed beverages and analyzed in 2023. The primary outcomes were quarterly taxed beverage ad expenditures and number of ads purchased. A controlled interrupted time series design on segmented linear regression models was used. Models (aggregated and stratified by internet, spot TV, and local radio) compared whether levels and trends in the outcomes changed from pre- to post-tax in Philadelphia compared to Baltimore. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in taxed beverage advertising expenditures between Philadelphia and Baltimore for trends pretax, at implementation, or post-tax. There were 0.13 (95% CI: -0.25, -0.003) fewer quarterly taxed beverage ads purchased per 100 households in Philadelphia versus Baltimore at baseline. Among internet advertising, there were 0.42 (95% CI: -0.77, -0.06) fewer quarterly taxed beverage ads purchased per 100 households in Philadelphia versus Baltimore immediately post-tax. For spot TV ads, the percentage of taxed beverages ads purchased per quarter was greater at baseline in Philadelphia by 28.0 percentage points (95% CI: 1.9, 54.1). CONCLUSIONS: This study found little evidence of changes in mass media advertising on the examined platforms between 2016 and 2019 due to the Philadelphia beverage tax.
Asunto(s)
Publicidad , Bebidas , Impuestos , Impuestos/economía , Impuestos/tendencias , Impuestos/estadística & datos numéricos , Philadelphia , Humanos , Baltimore , Bebidas/economía , Bebidas/estadística & datos numéricos , Publicidad/tendencias , Publicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Publicidad/economía , Análisis de Series de Tiempo Interrumpido , Comercio/estadística & datos numéricos , Comercio/economía , Comercio/tendenciasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The objective of the current study is to evaluate the temporal trends in the prevalence of cigarette and electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) advertisement exposure by venue and sociodemographic correlates among US adolescents from 2012 to 2020. METHODS: We conducted a serial cross-sectional analysis of nationally representative samples of middle and high school youth from the 2012-2020 National Youth Tobacco Survey. Advertisement exposure was defined as self-report of seeing advertisements "sometimes," "most of the time," and "always." The prevalence of cigarette (and other tobacco products) and e-cigarette advertisement exposure, including overall and at specific venues (Internet, press, screen, and retail stores), was estimated by survey year. RESULTS: A total of 139 795 adolescents aged 11 to 19 years old were included in the analysis. The prevalence of exposure to combustible cigarette marketing remained high across all years (any venue ranging from 77.0% [2018] to 91.1% [2014]). An increasing trend for cigarette advertisement exposure was observed from 2017 to 2020 after a drop in 2015 (ß2012-2015 = 2.8, P for trend < .001; ß2017-2020 = .7, P for trend = .03), driven by retail store-based and Internet-based exposure. A similar increasing pattern in the estimated prevalence of e-cigarette marketing was observed (ß2014-2016 = 4.6, P for trend < .001; ß2017-2020 = 5.1, P for trend < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Given the high estimated prevalence of cigarette and e-cigarette marketing exposure among US adolescents, further regulation efforts for both off-line and online tobacco marketing are needed to mitigate adolescent exposure to content regarding these products, reducing susceptibility to uptake.
Asunto(s)
Publicidad/tendencias , Sistemas Electrónicos de Liberación de Nicotina/estadística & datos numéricos , Productos de Tabaco/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Publicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Niño , Etnicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Grupos Raciales/estadística & datos numéricos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Infant formula is the only acceptable substitute for breastmilk from 0 to 6 months old when human milk cannot be provided in sufficient amounts. Manufacturers have developed options that intend to meet the changing needs of the child aged from six to twelve months (follow-on formulae) and after the age of one year (young child formulae). The international code for marketing breast milk substitute stipulates standards for marketing practices of these products. In Latin America there are local variations of marketing practices. Novel marketing strategies such as advertising through social media and influencers pose new threats for breastfeeding success in Latin America. This review aims to examine variations in local regulations for marketing of infant formulae and to analyze the emerging phenomenon of influencer advertising. We reviewed the local norms for Latin American countries and examined differences and possible gaps. Emerging evidence of influencer marketing was explored. The results indicate that national regulations differ among Latin American countries, particularly with respect to product labelling and the requirement to use a local native language, highlighting the cost of the product, and different regulations prohibiting certain messages and illustrations. Regarding new marketing strategies, there is limited evidence on advertising infant formula through social media influencers, where different categories of marketing strategies can be described. More transparent reporting of social marketing by formula providers and more independent research on novel marketing strategies are needed.
Asunto(s)
Publicidad/tendencias , Fórmulas Infantiles/estadística & datos numéricos , Mercadotecnía/tendencias , Sustitutos de la Leche/estadística & datos numéricos , Medios de Comunicación Sociales/tendencias , Publicidad/legislación & jurisprudencia , Lactancia Materna , Femenino , Etiquetado de Alimentos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Etiquetado de Alimentos/métodos , Humanos , Lactante , Fórmulas Infantiles/legislación & jurisprudencia , Recién Nacido , América Latina , Masculino , Mercadotecnía/legislación & jurisprudencia , Sustitutos de la Leche/legislación & jurisprudenciaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a devastating impact on healthcare systems and care delivery, changing the context for patient and family engagement activities. Given the critical contribution of such activities in achieving health system quality goals, we undertook to address the question: What is known about work that has been done on patient engagement activities during the pandemic? OBJECTIVE: To examine peer-reviewed and grey literature to identify the range of patient engagement activities, broadly defined (inclusive of engagement to support clinical care to partnerships in decision-making), occurring within health systems internationally during the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as key barriers and facilitators for sustaining patient engagement activities during the pandemic. METHODS: The following databases were searched: Medline, Embase and LitCOVID; a search for grey literature focused on the websites of professional organizations. Articles were required to be specific to COVID-19, describe patient engagement activities, involve a healthcare organization and be published from March 2020 to September 2020. Data were extracted and managed using Microsoft Excel. A content analysis of findings was conducted. RESULTS: Twenty-nine articles were included. Few examples of more genuine partnership with patients were identified (such as co-design and organizational level decision making); most activities related to clinical level interactions (e.g. virtual consultations, remote appointments, family visits using technology and community outreach). Technology was leveraged in almost all reported studies to interact or connect with patients and families. Five main descriptive categories were identified: (1) Engagement through Virtual Care; (2) Engagement through Other Technology; (3) Engagement for Service Improvements/ Recommendations; (4) Factors Impacting Patient Engagement; and (5) Lessons Learned though Patient Engagement. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence of how healthcare systems and organizations stayed connected to patients and families during the pandemic was identified; the majority of activities involved direct care consultations via technology. Since this review was conducted over the first six months of the pandemic, more work is needed to unpack the spectrum of patient engagement activities, including how they may evolve over time and to explore the barriers and facilitators for sustaining activities during major disruptions like pandemics.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19/psicología , Participación del Paciente/tendencias , Publicidad/tendencias , Toma de Decisiones , Humanos , Pandemias , Participación del Paciente/psicología , Participación del Paciente/estadística & datos numéricos , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidadRESUMEN
Attempts to find central "influencers," "opinion leaders," "hubs," "optimal seeds," or other important people who can hasten or slow diffusion or social contagion has long been a major research question in network science. We demonstrate that opinion leadership occurs only under conventional but implausible scope conditions. We demonstrate that a highly central node is a more effective seed for diffusion than a random node if nodes can only learn via the network. However, actors are also subject to external influences such as mass media and advertising. We find that diffusion is noticeably faster when it begins with a high centrality node, but that this advantage only occurs in the region of parameter space where external influence is constrained to zero and collapses catastrophically even at minimal levels of external influence. Importantly, nearly all prior agent-based research on choosing a seed or seeds implicitly occurs in the network influence only region of parameter space. We demonstrate this effect using preferential attachment, small world, and several empirical networks. These networks vary in how large the baseline opinion leadership effect is, but in all of them it collapses with the introduction of external influence. This implies that, in marketing and public health, advertising broadly may be underrated as a strategy for promoting network-based diffusion.
Asunto(s)
Publicidad/tendencias , Red Social , Humanos , Modelos EstadísticosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: A growing body of research suggests that exposure to alcohol advertising increases the risk of alcohol-related adverse health consequences among underage populations. The alcohol industry has voluntary advertising guidelines to restrict the placement of alcohol advertisements only to media in which youth younger than age 21 comprise no more than 28.4% of the audience. However, the current guidelines do not account for variations in exposure among subpopulations of underage television viewers. Most youth exposure to alcohol advertising in traditional media in the United States comes from advertisements placed on cable television. Therefore, this study assessed trends among underage populations in per capita alcohol advertising exposure on cable television programs. METHOD: Advertising placement and audience data on cable television were licensed from Nielsen (New York, NY). Per capita alcohol advertising exposure (gross rating points, or GRPs) was calculated for youth ages 2-11, 12-17, and 18-20 years from 2013 to 2018. We compared relative trends in exposure between age groups. RESULTS: Alcohol advertising exposure among youth ages 2-11 grew from 13,011 to 15,470 GRPs from 2013 to 2018, whereas exposure declined among youth ages 12-17 (24,663 to 17,780), and 18-20 (35,022 to 25,700). From 2016 to 2018, youth exposure to noncompliant advertising declined for all three underage groups assessed in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol advertising exposure among younger children grew faster than in other age groups assessed in this study. This was also the case for advertisements that complied with the alcohol industry's placement guidelines. Continued monitoring of alcohol advertising exposure among underage populations can help detect emerging trends.
Asunto(s)
Publicidad/tendencias , Bebidas Alcohólicas , Televisión , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Humanos , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
During the lockdown declared in Spain to fight the spread of COVID-19 from 14 March to 3 May 2020, a context in which health information has gained relevance, the agenda-setting theory was used to study the proportion of health advertisements broadcasted during this period on Spanish television. Previous and posterior phases were compared, and the period was compared with the same period in 2019. A total of 191,738 advertisements were downloaded using the Instar Analytics application and analyzed using inferential statistics to observe the presence of health advertisements during the four study periods. It was observed that during the lockdown, there were more health advertisements than after, as well as during the same period in 2019, although health advertisements had the strongest presence during the pre-lockdown phase. The presence of most types of health advertisements also changed during the four phases of the study. We conclude that, although many differences can be explained by the time of the year-due to the presence of allergies or colds, for instance-the lockdown and the pandemic affected health advertising. However, the effects were mostly visible after the lockdown, when advertisers and broadcasters had had time to adapt to the unexpected circumstances.
Asunto(s)
Publicidad/tendencias , COVID-19 , Pandemias , Televisión , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles , Promoción de la Salud , Humanos , EspañaRESUMEN
Sex workers become increasingly economically vulnerable due to the restrictive measures implemented to combat the coronavirus pandemic. In this respect, the scope of this study is to analyze the content of prostitution websites and advertisements regarding measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic. It involved a description of the visits and analysis of content of communications on websites that advertise commercial sex transactions. The percentage change in the number of visits for three periods from 02/2019 to 04/2020 was calculated. Subsequently, ads with the terms "corona," "pandemic" and "quarantine" on websites that offer search engines were extracted. The Bardin method was then used for content analysis. There was an increase in the number of visits to prostitution websites between 2019 and 2020, followed by a decrease with the advent of the coronavirus pandemic crisis. With regard to the protection measures during the pandemic, health recommendations and the incentive to engage in virtual sex are highlighted. Of the 1,991,014 advertisements, 0.51% mention the COVID-19 crisis regarding noncompliance with social distancing, protection measures and the offer of online sex.
Trabalhadores do sexo tornam-se cada vez mais vulneráveis economicamente como resultado das medidas restritivas implementadas para responder à pandemia de coronavírus. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo é analisar o conteúdo dos websites e anúncios de prostituição sobre medidas relacionadas à pandemia por COVID-19. Trata-se de descrição do fluxo de visitas e análise de conteúdo das comunicações em websites que anunciam transações de sexo comercial. Realizou-se cálculo de variação percentual do número de visitas para três períodos compreendidos entre 02/2019 a 04/2020. Posteriormente, extraíram-se anúncios com os termos "corona", "pandemia" e "quarentena" em websites que oferecem mecanismo de busca. Para análise de conteúdo, utilizou-se o método de Bardin. Houve aumento no número de acessos nos websites de prostituição entre o ano de 2019 e 2020, seguido de queda com a advento da crise pandêmica por coronavírus. Dentre as medidas de proteção durante a pandemia, destacam-se as recomendações de saúde e o incentivo ao sexo virtual. Dentre 1.991.014 anúncios, 0,51% mencionam a crise por COVID-19 quanto ao descumprimento do distanciamento social, medidas de proteção e oferta de sexo on-line.
Asunto(s)
Publicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Betacoronavirus , Infecciones por Coronavirus/prevención & control , Internet/estadística & datos numéricos , Pandemias/prevención & control , Neumonía Viral/prevención & control , Trabajo Sexual/estadística & datos numéricos , Publicidad/métodos , Publicidad/tendencias , COVID-19 , Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Francia , Humanos , Italia , América Latina , Neumonía Viral/epidemiología , Portugal , SARS-CoV-2 , Motor de Búsqueda/estadística & datos numéricos , EspañaRESUMEN
Resumo Trabalhadores do sexo tornam-se cada vez mais vulneráveis economicamente como resultado das medidas restritivas implementadas para responder à pandemia de coronavírus. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo é analisar o conteúdo dos websites e anúncios de prostituição sobre medidas relacionadas à pandemia por COVID-19. Trata-se de descrição do fluxo de visitas e análise de conteúdo das comunicações em websites que anunciam transações de sexo comercial. Realizou-se cálculo de variação percentual do número de visitas para três períodos compreendidos entre 02/2019 a 04/2020. Posteriormente, extraíram-se anúncios com os termos "corona", "pandemia" e "quarentena" em websites que oferecem mecanismo de busca. Para análise de conteúdo, utilizou-se o método de Bardin. Houve aumento no número de acessos nos websites de prostituição entre o ano de 2019 e 2020, seguido de queda com a advento da crise pandêmica por coronavírus. Dentre as medidas de proteção durante a pandemia, destacam-se as recomendações de saúde e o incentivo ao sexo virtual. Dentre 1.991.014 anúncios, 0,51% mencionam a crise por COVID-19 quanto ao descumprimento do distanciamento social, medidas de proteção e oferta de sexo on-line.
Abstract Sex workers become increasingly economically vulnerable due to the restrictive measures implemented to combat the coronavirus pandemic. In this respect, the scope of this study is to analyze the content of prostitution websites and advertisements regarding measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic. It involved a description of the visits and analysis of content of communications on websites that advertise commercial sex transactions. The percentage change in the number of visits for three periods from 02/2019 to 04/2020 was calculated. Subsequently, ads with the terms "corona," "pandemic" and "quarantine" on websites that offer search engines were extracted. The Bardin method was then used for content analysis. There was an increase in the number of visits to prostitution websites between 2019 and 2020, followed by a decrease with the advent of the coronavirus pandemic crisis. With regard to the protection measures during the pandemic, health recommendations and the incentive to engage in virtual sex are highlighted. Of the 1,991,014 advertisements, 0.51% mention the COVID-19 crisis regarding noncompliance with social distancing, protection measures and the offer of online sex.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Neumonía Viral/prevención & control , Trabajo Sexual/estadística & datos numéricos , Infecciones por Coronavirus/prevención & control , Publicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Internet/estadística & datos numéricos , Pandemias/prevención & control , Betacoronavirus , Neumonía Viral/epidemiología , Portugal , España , Infecciones por Coronavirus , Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Publicidad/métodos , Publicidad/tendencias , Motor de Búsqueda/estadística & datos numéricos , Francia , Italia , América LatinaRESUMEN
Messaging about the Affordable Care Act (ACA) has seemingly produced a variety of outcomes: millions of Americans gained access to health insurance, yet much of the US public remains confused about major components of the law, and there remain stark and persistent political divides in support of the law. Our analysis of the volume and content of ACA-related media (including both ads and news) helps explain these phenomena, with three conclusions. First, the information environment around the ACA has been complex and competitive, with messaging originating from diverse sponsors with multiple objectives. Second, partisan cues in news and political ads are abundant, likely contributing to the crystallized politically polarized opinion about the law. Third, partisan discussions of the ACA in political ads have shifted in volume, direction, and tone over the decade, presenting divergent views regarding which party is accountable for the law's successes (or failures). We offer evidence for each of these conclusions from longitudinal analyses of the volume and content of ACA messaging, also referencing studies that have linked these messages to attitudes and behavior. We conclude with implications for health communication, political science, and the future outlook for health reform.
Asunto(s)
Publicidad/tendencias , Comunicación en Salud/tendencias , Política de Salud/legislación & jurisprudencia , Medios de Comunicación de Masas/tendencias , Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , Política , Opinión Pública , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Tobacco point-of-sale advertising, particularly in retailers surrounding schools, is associated with youth tobacco use and must be monitored. This study examines how the point-of-sale environment surrounding youth changed over time with regard to diverse tobacco products. METHODS: Each spring from 2015 to 2018, research staff visited the same tobacco retailers (n = 141) within a half-mile of New Jersey high schools. For cigarettes, cigars, electronic cigarettes, and smokeless tobacco, advertisement presence, volume, and share of advertising voice (SAV) were measured for both the exterior and interior of the store. Analyses examined changes over time by product, controlling for store type and poverty. RESULTS: Over time, exterior cigarette advertisements declined in presence (61% to 49%) and SAV (50% to 40%), whereas interior advertisements maintained stable presence, volume, and SAV. In contrast, cigar advertisements increased in presence (exterior 11% to 23%; interior 19% to 30%) and volume (exterior mean 0.2 to 0.5; interior 0.3 to 0.8). For electronic cigarettes, exterior and interior advertising presence, volume, and SAV decreased from 2015 to 2017 but increased in 2018. Smokeless tobacco advertising was infrequent and stayed consistent except in volume in the interior of stores (mean 0.2 to 0.3). When there were any differences by store type, chain convenience stores had the most exterior and interior advertising for all products. CONCLUSIONS: The longitudinal changes observed for each product's advertising reflect national youth use rates of the corresponding products. The point-of-sale environment around schools may be influencing youth tobacco use and must be monitored and regulated.
Asunto(s)
Publicidad/economía , Publicidad/tendencias , Comercio/economía , Comercio/tendencias , Instituciones Académicas/tendencias , Productos de Tabaco/economía , Adolescente , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Mercadotecnía/economía , Mercadotecnía/tendencias , New Jersey/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Israel was once a leader in tobacco control, but fell behind other countries, particularly during the past decade, as smoking rates stagnated. TEXT: Landmark tobacco control legislation, which banned advertising (with the exception of the print press) and limited marketing, was passed in Israel on Dec. 31rst, 2018. The changes occurred following years of attempts which culminated in successful last-minute efforts to promote the legislation just before the early disbanding of the 20th Knesset (Israeli Parliament). Regulations concerning marketing and advertising were substantially strengthened to address all tobacco, nicotine and smoking products. Digital media was included for the first time. Electronic cigarettes, which were previously largely unregulated, now fall under existing tobacco legislation. The changes overcame intense opposition from the tobacco lobby, and occurred despite the fact that the basic elements for prevention policy postulated by the Richmond model were not in place. CONCLUSIONS: This legislation represents an important and long-awaited change in Israeli tobacco control policy. Many deficiencies in existing tobacco control regulation were overcome, and some measures went beyond current international regulations. The cohesive partnership between legislators, public health organizations and professionals, advocacy groups, academia, and leading journalists was critical to this success. The progress was lauded by the World Health Organization with its highest award for tobacco control, which was presented to Smoke Free Israel. This case study provides important lessons for up-to-date tobacco control policy, in the age of rapid global changes in the tobacco, vaping and nicotine landscape.
Asunto(s)
Legislación como Asunto/historia , Uso de Tabaco/legislación & jurisprudencia , Publicidad/legislación & jurisprudencia , Publicidad/tendencias , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Israel , Legislación como Asunto/tendencias , Uso de Tabaco/tendenciasRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Extensive marketing of 'toddler milks' (sugar-sweetened milk-based drinks for toddlers) promotes unsubstantiated product benefits and raises concerns about consumption by young children. The present study documents trends in US toddler milk sales and assesses relationships with brand and category marketing. DESIGN: We report annual US toddler milk and infant formula sales and marketing from 2006 to 2015. Sales response models estimate associations between marketing (television advertising spending, product price, number of retail displays) and volume sales of toddler milks by brand and category. SETTING: US Nielsen retail scanner sales and advertising spending data from 2006 to 2015. PARTICIPANTS: Researchers analysed all Universal Product Codes (n 117·4 million) sold by seven infant formula and eight toddler milk brands from 2006 to 2015. RESULTS: Advertising spending on toddler milks increased fourfold during this 10-year period and volume sales increased 2·6 times. In contrast, advertising spending and volume sales of infant formulas declined. Toddler milk volume sales were positively associated with television advertising and retail displays, and negatively associated with price, at both the brand and category levels. CONCLUSIONS: Aggressive marketing of toddler milks has likely contributed to rapid sales increases in the USA. However, these sugar-sweetened drinks are not recommended for toddler consumption. Health-care providers, professional organizations and public health campaigns should provide clear guidance and educate parents to reduce toddler milk consumption and address misperceptions about their benefits. These findings also support the need to regulate marketing of toddler milks in countries that prohibit infant formula marketing to consumers.
Asunto(s)
Publicidad/tendencias , Comercio/tendencias , Fórmulas Infantiles/estadística & datos numéricos , Leche/estadística & datos numéricos , Bebidas Azucaradas/estadística & datos numéricos , Animales , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Fórmulas Infantiles/economía , Masculino , Leche/economía , Bebidas Azucaradas/economía , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
There have been significant changes in the gambling landscape particularly relating to gambling in the digital age. As the gambling landscape changes, regulation of gambling also needs to change. In 2018, the Office of Responsible Gambling in New South Wales, Australia, commissioned a gap analysis to inform their research objectives and priority focus areas. This included an identification of gaps in our understanding of emerging technologies and new trends in gambling. A gap analysis of the peer-reviewed literature published since 2015 was undertaken, identifying 116 articles. The main area of focus was Internet gambling, followed by articles exploring the relationship between video gaming and gambling, the expansion of the sports betting market, Electronic Gambling Machines characteristics and articles exploring new technologies and trends in advertising and inducements. Key gaps related to the need for more research in general, as well as research focusing on subpopulations such as those using different gambling formats, those with varying levels of problem gambling, and vulnerable populations. From a methods perspective, researchers saw the need for longitudinal studies, more qualitative research and improved outcome measures. The development and testing of a public health approach to addressing the harms associated with gambling in these areas is needed.
Asunto(s)
Publicidad/tendencias , Juego de Azar/epidemiología , Deportes , Humanos , Nueva Gales del SurRESUMEN
Gambling is recognized as a significant public health problem. However, there is little research exploring community attitudes towards gambling and the development of advocacy initiatives. Engaging adults and young people in advocacy efforts is recognized as being beneficial to the successful implementation of harm prevention and reduction strategies. This study explored the attitudes of young people and their parents towards the alignment of gambling with sport, and the strategies they perceive could be used to prevent and reduce gambling related harm. Using a Constructivist Grounded Theory approach, 30 family groups from Melbourne, Australia participated in semi-structured interviews. Parents and young people were asked about gambling and its promotion, alignment with sporting codes, the potential impact on young people and strategies that may prevent or reduce gambling harm. Thematic analysis was undertaken to interpret the data. The sample comprised 29 parents, one grandparent and 48 young people. Themes emerging from the data related to the use of imagery and appeal strategies in advertisements, the normalization of betting in advertisements and the alignment of betting with sport. Parents and young people also identified a number of potential gambling harm prevention and reduction initiatives. Parents and young people were able to describe a range of strategies used by gambling companies to promote their products, understand the potential impact of these strategies, and recommend strategies to reduce harm. Given this level of understanding there is clearly an opportunity to engage young people and stakeholders in advocacy initiatives aimed at reducing and preventing gambling harm.
Asunto(s)
Publicidad/tendencias , Juego de Azar/psicología , Reducción del Daño , Padres/psicología , Deportes , Adolescente , Adulto , Australia , Concienciación , Niño , Femenino , Teoría Fundamentada , Humanos , Entrevistas como Asunto , Masculino , Salud PúblicaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In 2018, Facebook introduced Ad Archive as a platform to improve transparency in advertisements related to politics and "issues of national importance." Vaccine-related Facebook advertising is publicly available for the first time. After measles outbreaks in the US brought renewed attention to the possible role of Facebook advertising in the spread of vaccine-related misinformation, Facebook announced steps to limit vaccine-related misinformation. This study serves as a baseline of advertising before new policies went into effect. METHODS: Using the keyword 'vaccine', we searched Ad Archive on December 13, 2018 and again on February 22, 2019. We exported data for 505 advertisements. A team of annotators sorted advertisements by content: pro-vaccine, anti-vaccine, not relevant. We also conducted a thematic analysis of major advertising themes. We ran Mann-Whitney U tests to compare ad performance metrics. RESULTS: 309 advertisements were included in analysis with 163 (53%) pro-vaccine advertisements and 145 (47%) anti-vaccine advertisements. Despite a similar number of advertisements, the median number of ads per buyer was significantly higher for anti-vaccine ads. First time buyers are less likely to complete disclosure information and risk ad removal. Thematically, anti-vaccine advertising messages are relatively uniform and emphasize vaccine harms (55%). In contrast, pro-vaccine advertisements come from a diverse set of buyers (83 unique) with varied goals including promoting vaccination (49%), vaccine related philanthropy (15%), and vaccine related policy (14%). CONCLUSIONS: A small set of anti-vaccine advertisement buyers have leveraged Facebook advertisements to reach targeted audiences. By deeming all vaccine-related content an issue of "national importance," Facebook has further the politicized vaccines. The implementation of a blanket disclosure policy also limits which ads can successfully run on Facebook. Improving transparency and limiting misinformation should not be separate goals. Public health communication efforts should consider the potential impact on Facebook users' vaccine attitudes and behaviors.
Asunto(s)
Publicidad/tendencias , Movimiento Anti-Vacunación/tendencias , Comunicación , Curaduría de Datos/tendencias , Programas de Inmunización/tendencias , Medios de Comunicación Sociales/tendencias , Adolescente , Adulto , Publicidad/métodos , Anciano , Movimiento Anti-Vacunación/psicología , Curaduría de Datos/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Programas de Inmunización/métodos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Vacunas , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
In November 2018, US Food and Drug Administration announced its intent to prohibit menthol in combustible tobacco products, prohibit flavored cigars, and prohibit flavored e-cigarettes unless they are sold in age-restricted, in-person locations. This study assessed adult attitudes toward prohibiting flavors in all tobacco products, including e-cigarettes. Data were from the 2016 Summer Styles survey of 4203 US adults aged ≥18â¯years. Respondents were asked whether they favored or opposed prohibiting flavors (e.g., menthol, spicy, sweet, or fruity flavor) in all tobacco products. Prevalence and correlates of favorability were assessed using weighted percentages and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) respectively. Assessed correlates were: sex, age, race/ethnicity, income, US Census region, marital status, children <18â¯years living in the home, perceptions toward e-cigarette advertising, and current (past 30-day) tobacco product use. Overall, 47.3% of adults reported favorable attitudes toward prohibiting flavors in all tobacco products. By tobacco product use status, prevalence was 52.0%, 48.4%, and 34.8% among never, former, and current users, respectively (pâ¯<â¯.05). Among current tobacco product users, favorability was more likely among adults who believed e-cigarette ads exposure makes youth think about smoking (aPRâ¯=â¯1.82; 95% CIâ¯=â¯1.20-2.78) and those with any children aged <18â¯years in their household (aPRâ¯=â¯1.38; 95% CIâ¯=â¯1.05-1.82). To conclude, nearly half of adults favored prohibiting flavors in all tobacco products, including e-cigarettes. Prohibiting flavors in tobacco products could benefit public health by reducing both individual-level and population-level harms, including tobacco use initiation especially among youth.