RESUMEN
As the U.S. military became embroiled in "jungle warfare" across the Pacific during World War II, it was caught off guard by the rapid deterioration of materials and equipment in the tropics, where the air was hot, humid, and teeming with fungal spores. This article tells the story of how American scientists and engineers understood the "tropical deterioration" of portable radios and electronics and developed techniques to counteract it. Examining scientific efforts to prevent tropical decay reveals how exposure to tropical conditions during World War II shaped the development of portable electronics. Contributing to envirotech history and environmental media studies, this article uncovers the importance of climate proofing to the history of electronics miniaturization. Tropical deterioration, furthermore, provides a technology-focused lens for enriching our historical understanding of the tropics as an environmental imaginary.
Asunto(s)
Segunda Guerra Mundial , Estados Unidos , Historia del Siglo XX , Radio/historia , Radio/instrumentación , Personal Militar/historia , Clima Tropical , Electrónica/historia , Electrónica/instrumentación , Hongos , HumanosRESUMEN
En 2022 se cumplen 100 años del comienzo formal de la radiodifusión en el Uruguay. Varios médicos estuvieron vinculados y desempeñaron un rol dominante en su inicio y en las actividades culturales desarrolladas a partir de la instalación de las radioemisoras.
The year 2022 marks the 100th anniversary of the formal beginning of radio broadcasting in Uruguay. Several physicians were linked to and played a dominant role in its beginning and in the cultural activities developed since the installation of radio stations.
2022 marca o 100º aniversário do início formal das transmissões de rádio no Uruguai. Vários médicos estiveram envolvidos e desempenharam um papel dominante em seu início e nas atividades culturais desenvolvidas desde a instalação das estações de rádio.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Médicos/historia , Radio/historia , Ondas de Radio/historia , UruguayAsunto(s)
Inventores/historia , Radio/historia , Lesiones Oculares , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , ItaliaRESUMEN
How are fundamental constants, such as "c" for the speed of light, related to the technological environments that produce them? Relativistic cosmology, developed first by Albert Einstein, depended on military and commercial innovations in telecommunications. Prominent physicists (Hans Reichenbach, Max Born, Paul Langevin, Louis de Broglie, and Léon Brillouin, among others) worked in radio units during WWI and incorporated battlefield lessons into their research. Relativity physicists, working at the intersection of physics and optics by investigating light and electricity, responded to new challenges by developing a novel scientific framework. Ideas about lengths and solid bodies were overhauled because the old Newtonian mechanics assumed the possibility of "instantaneous signaling at a distance." Einstein's universe, where time and space dilated, where the shortest path between two points was often curved and non-Euclidean, followed the rules of electromagnetic "signal" transmission. For these scientists, light's constant speed in the absence of a gravitational field-a fundamental tenet of Einstein's theory-was a lesson derived from communication technologies.
Asunto(s)
Física/historia , Telecomunicaciones/historia , Europa (Continente) , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Luz , Radio/historia , Telecomunicaciones/instrumentación , Primera Guerra MundialAsunto(s)
Personal Militar/educación , Personal Militar/historia , Armas Nucleares/historia , Física/educación , Física/historia , Segunda Guerra Mundial , Electrónica/educación , Electrónica/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Japón , Armas Nucleares/economía , Radar/historia , Radio/historia , Investigadores/historia , Medidas de Seguridad/historia , Universidades/historia , Universidades/organización & administraciónRESUMEN
In December 1966, the French School Radio devoted three of its emissions to Pharmacy. Found in the archives of the National Center for Educational Documentation (CNDP), those short programs resumed life.
Asunto(s)
Servicios Farmacéuticos/historia , Radio/historia , Francia , Historia del Siglo XX , HumanosRESUMEN
This article shows how history can be used as a tool to influence political debate. Public health education over the radio became remarkably popular in the United States in the years leading up to World War II. Lectures, monologues, round tables, question and answer sessions, and dramas were all used by health departments to communicate ideas and knowledge about preserving health. In Baltimore, Maryland, a radio series called Keeping Well began in 1932 and ran until 1957. From 1939, 15-minute weekly dramas were broadcast that adopted many of the tropes of contemporary entertainment programs. Some of these dramas were based on interpretations of past events and imposed a particular kind of narrative of medical and social progress that reflected the wider purpose of educational radio programming to uplift and reform listeners. This article demonstrates how public health administrators manipulated historical narratives and fictionalized history for their own purposes. This manipulation was particularly evident in regard to divisive issues such as residential segregation, whereby the public health dramas downplayed Baltimore's troubled encounter with race and health.
Asunto(s)
Educación en Salud/historia , Política , Salud Pública/historia , Racismo/historia , Baltimore , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Salud Pública/ética , Administración en Salud Pública/historia , Radio/historiaRESUMEN
Those sketches, restaured by the French "Institut national de l'audiovisuel", are transcribed and analyzed for the first time. They was probably broadcasted during the summer of 1939 by the private station Radio Gard Nîmes.
Asunto(s)
Publicidad/historia , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/historia , Radio/historia , Francia , Historia de la Farmacia , Historia del Siglo XXRESUMEN
This article researches in an interdisciplinary way the relationship of sound technology and political culture at the beginning of the twentieth century. It sketches the different strategies that politicians--Franklin D. Roosevelt, Adolf Hitler, Winston Churchill, and Dutch prime minister Hendrikus Colijn--found for the challenges that sound amplification and radio created for their rhetoric and presentation. Taking their different political styles into account, the article demonstrates that the interconnected technologies of sound amplification and radio forced a transition from a spellbinding style based on atmosphere and pathos in a virtual environment to "political crooning" that created artificial intimacy in despatialized simultaneity. Roosevelt and Colijn created the best examples of this political crooning, while Churchill and Hitler encountered problems in this respect. Churchill's radio successes profited from the special circumstances during the first period of World War II. Hitler's speeches were integrated into a radio regime trying to shape, with dictatorial powers, a national socialistic community of listeners.
Asunto(s)
Política , Radio/historia , Conducta Verbal , Europa (Continente) , Historia del Siglo XX , Estados Unidos , Segunda Guerra MundialAsunto(s)
Radio , Ciencia/educación , Animales , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Sector Público , Radio/historia , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
The history of New Commonwealth migration to Great Britain and its impact on British national identity have been the subjects of growing scholarly interest, but they are often viewed overwhelmingly in terms of racial tension and conflict, a perspective reinforced by the tendency to trace this history as a succession of crisis moments marked by violence and immigration restriction. This article instead focuses on an instance of cultural collaboration between two Trinidadian settler-artists, Edric and Pearl Connor, and Britain's premier cultural institution, the BBC. The BBC careers of these two individuals suggest that the Connors used their professional opportunities to integrate West Indian history, culture, and talent into BBC programming in an effort to formulate and promote an inclusive conception of British culture, one that embraced the imperial connections between the colonies and the 'mother country' and involved the growing West Indian and New Commonwealth communities in Britain itself. Furthermore, their success highlights a moment, between roughly 1945 and 1965, when the BBC was open to the Connors' progressive vision of a British culture 6f the future. Only when the cultural priorities of the Connors and the Corporation diverged in the 1960s did the disillusionment so characteristic of later generations of 'black British' artists become pronounced.
Asunto(s)
Conducta Cooperativa , Diversidad Cultural , Emigrantes e Inmigrantes/psicología , Radio/historia , Emigración e Inmigración , Historia del Siglo XX , Trinidad y Tobago/etnología , Reino Unido , Indias Occidentales/etnologíaRESUMEN
This note analyzes the association between media exposure and reproductive behavior in 48 developing countries. A summary of part of a more extensive Demographic and Health Surveys report, it shows strong connections between media exposure and the use of modern contraception, the number of children desired, and recent fertility. Television viewing is particularly important; it is assumed to expose viewers to aspects of modern life that compete with traditional attitudes toward the family and is associated with greater use of modern contraceptive methods, with a desire for fewer children, and with lower fertility. These relationships are particularly noteworthy because the data measure only the frequency of media exposure with no information about its content.
Asunto(s)
Anticonceptivos , Composición Familiar , Radio , Conducta Reproductiva , Televisión , Anticonceptivos/economía , Anticonceptivos/historia , Países en Desarrollo/economía , Países en Desarrollo/historia , Composición Familiar/etnología , Composición Familiar/historia , Fertilidad , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Radio/economía , Radio/historia , Conducta Reproductiva/etnología , Conducta Reproductiva/historia , Conducta Reproductiva/fisiología , Conducta Reproductiva/psicología , Televisión/economía , Televisión/historiaRESUMEN
This paper examines how Goto Shinpei (1857-1929) sought to develop imperial networks emanating out of Tokyo in the fields of public health, railways, and communications. These areas helped define colonial modernity in the Japanese empire. In public health, Goto's friendship with the bacteriologist Kitasato Shibasaburo led to the establishment of an Institute of Infectious Diseases in Tokyo. Key scientists from the institute took up positions in colonial medical colleges, creating a public health network that serviced the empire. Much of the empire itself was linked by a network of railways. Goto was the first president of the South Manchuria Railway company (SMR). Communication technologies, especially radio, helped to bring the empire closer. By 1925, the Tokyo Broadcasting Station had begun its public radio broadcasts. Broadcasting soon came under the umbrella of the new organization, the Nippon Hoso Kyokai (NHK). Goto was NHK's first president. The empire would soon be linked by radio, and it was by radio that Emperor Hirohito announced to the nation in 1945 that the empire had been lost.
Asunto(s)
Academias e Institutos , Redes Comunitarias , Gobierno Local , Salud Pública , Cambio Social , Condiciones Sociales , Academias e Institutos/economía , Academias e Institutos/historia , Academias e Institutos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Colonialismo/historia , Enfermedades Transmisibles/economía , Enfermedades Transmisibles/etnología , Enfermedades Transmisibles/historia , Redes Comunitarias/economía , Redes Comunitarias/historia , Redes Comunitarias/legislación & jurisprudencia , Historia del Siglo XX , Japón/etnología , Gobierno Local/historia , Salud Pública/economía , Salud Pública/educación , Salud Pública/historia , Salud Pública/legislación & jurisprudencia , Práctica de Salud Pública/economía , Práctica de Salud Pública/historia , Práctica de Salud Pública/legislación & jurisprudencia , Radio/economía , Radio/historia , Radio/legislación & jurisprudencia , Vías Férreas/economía , Vías Férreas/historia , Vías Férreas/legislación & jurisprudencia , Salud Rural/historia , Población Rural/historia , Facultades de Medicina/economía , Facultades de Medicina/historia , Facultades de Medicina/legislación & jurisprudencia , Cambio Social/historia , Condiciones Sociales/economía , Condiciones Sociales/historia , Condiciones Sociales/legislación & jurisprudenciaRESUMEN
In this paper, I consider the activities of a group of individuals who tinker with and build radio hardware in an informal setting called 'Geek Group'. They conceive of Geek Group as a radical pedagogical activity, which constitutes an aspect of activism surrounding citizen access to low-power FM radio. They are also concerned with combating the gendered nature of hardware skills, yet in spite of their efforts men tend to have more skill and familiarity with radio hardware than women. Radio tinkering has a long history as a masculine undertaking and a site of masculine identity construction. I argue that this case represents an interplay between geek, activist, and gendered identities, all of which are salient for this group, but which do not occur together without some tension.