RESUMEN
To investigate biometric and refractive results in patients with type 1 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) treated by intravitreal injection (IVI) of ranibizumab (R) and bevacizumab (B) at the corrected age of 6. This is a single-center retrospective study. Infants diagnosed with type 1 ROP and treated with IVI of either R or B as the primary therapy were included. Data on axial length, anterior chamber depth (ACD), and lens thickness (LT) were obtained using A-scan ultrasound. Cycloplegic refraction, keratometry (K), and best-corrected visual acuity were also documented. Additionally, optical coherence tomography angiography was performed to assess the foveal avascular zone and the density of superficial and deep vessels. We analyzed the structural and functional differences between the 2 groups and compared them with findings from a previous study conducted when these children were between the ages of 1 and 3. The study included 60 eyes from 34 patients, with 34 eyes receiving B and 26 eyes receiving R injections for ROP. In biometric outcomes, there was still a deeper ACD (3.36â ±â 0.24 mm in the B group; 3.52â ±â 0.21 mm in the R group) and thinner LT (3.63â ±â 0.16 mm in the B group; 3.53â ±â 0.12 mm in the R group) in the R group, as previously reported at the age of 3. In the refractive aspect, the eyes treated with B had higher myopia at the ages of 1 and 3; however, at the age of 6, refractive errors did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. At the corrected age of 6, the eyes treated with IVI of R were associated with deeper ACD and thinner LT. Interestingly, the emmetropization process resulted in a similar incidence of high myopia at the age of 6, which was different from the outcomes observed at younger ages.
Asunto(s)
Inhibidores de la Angiogénesis , Bevacizumab , Inyecciones Intravítreas , Ranibizumab , Retinopatía de la Prematuridad , Humanos , Retinopatía de la Prematuridad/tratamiento farmacológico , Bevacizumab/administración & dosificación , Bevacizumab/uso terapéutico , Ranibizumab/administración & dosificación , Ranibizumab/uso terapéutico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Inhibidores de la Angiogénesis/administración & dosificación , Inhibidores de la Angiogénesis/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Resultado del Tratamiento , Agudeza Visual , Recién Nacido , Niño , Lactante , Preescolar , Tomografía de Coherencia Óptica/métodos , Refracción Ocular/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Background and Objectives: Myopia is the most widespread ocular disorder globally and its prevalence has been increasing over the past decades. Atropine eye drops stand out as the only pharmacological intervention used in clinical practice to control myopia progression. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of 0.01% atropine eye drops on myopia progression. Patients and Methods: Healthy children aged 6-12 years with cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) from -0.5 D to -5.0 D and astigmatism ≤1.5 D were included. Myopia progression was assessed by changes in SE and axial length (AL) over 1 year and SE changes 1 year before the study enrollment and during the 1-year follow-up. Adverse events were evaluated based on complaints reported by either parents or the children themselves during follow-up visits. Results: The analysis involved 55 patients in the 0.01% atropine eye drops group and 66 in the control group. After the 1-year follow-up, the change in SE was -0.50 (-2.25-0.50) D in the control group compared to -0.50 (-1.50-0.50) D in the 0.01% atropine group (p = 0.935); AL change was 0.31 (0.18) mm in the control group and 0.29 (0.18) mm in the 0.01% atropine group (p = 0.480). The change in SE was -0.68 (-2.0--0.25) D/year before the study and remained similar -0.50 (-2.25-0.25) D over the 1-year follow-up in the control group (p = 0.111); SE change was reduced from -1.01 (-2.0--0.25) D/year before the study to -0.50 (-1.5-0.5) D over the 1-year follow-up in the 0.01% atropine group (p < 0.001). In the 0.01% atropine group, ten (16.4%) children experienced mild adverse events, including blurred near vision, ocular discomfort, photophobia, dry eyes, and anisocoria. Conclusions: Compared to the control group, the administration of 0.01% atropine eye drops demonstrated no significant effect on changes in SE and AL over a 1-year follow-up. However, children in the 0.01% atropine group initially experienced higher myopia progression, which decreased with treatment over the course of 1 year. Future studies should explore the long-term effects, rebound effects, potential genetic associations, and efficacy of higher doses of atropine in managing myopia progression.
Asunto(s)
Atropina , Miopía , Soluciones Oftálmicas , Humanos , Atropina/administración & dosificación , Atropina/uso terapéutico , Niño , Soluciones Oftálmicas/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Femenino , Miopía/tratamiento farmacológico , Estudios de Seguimiento , Midriáticos/administración & dosificación , Midriáticos/uso terapéutico , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricos , Refracción Ocular/efectos de los fármacos , Refracción Ocular/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Myopia, characterized by excessive axial elongation of the eyeball, increases risks of having sight-threatening diseases and impose a financial burden to healthcare system. Although myopic control interventions showed their effectiveness in slowing progression, the efficacy varies between individuals and does not completely halt progression. The study aims to investigate the efficacy of combining 0.01% atropine administered twice daily with optical defocus for myopia control in schoolchildren. METHODS AND DESIGN: This is a prospective, parallel-group, single-blinded, randomized, active-control trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT06358755). Myopic schoolchildren with no previous myopic control interventions aged between 7 to 12 years will be recruited. They will be randomly allocated into two groups (n = 56 per group) after baseline measurement. Both groups will receive 0.01% atropine twice per day for 18 months (one drop in the morning and the other drop at night before bedtime). Defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses will be prescribed in atropine plus optical defocus (ATD) treatment group while single vision spectacle lenses will be given in atropine only (AT) group. Cycloplegic refraction and axial lengths will be monitored every 6 months over 18-month study period. The primary outcomes are changes in cycloplegic refraction and axial lengths relative to the baseline over the study period. DISCUSSION: The result will examine the combination effect of low dose atropine and myopic defocus on myopia control in a randomized controlled study. The findings will also explore the potential benefits of applying 0.01% atropine twice per day on myopic control and its potential side effects.
Asunto(s)
Atropina , Miopía , Humanos , Atropina/administración & dosificación , Miopía/tratamiento farmacológico , Miopía/prevención & control , Niño , Estudios Prospectivos , Masculino , Femenino , Refracción Ocular/efectos de los fármacos , Refracción Ocular/fisiología , Anteojos , Método Simple Ciego , Soluciones Oftálmicas/administración & dosificación , Midriáticos/administración & dosificación , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
This study was aimed to analyze ocular biometric changes following cycloplegia in pediatric patients with strabismus and amblyopia. Cycloplegia is routinely used to measure refractive error accurately by paralyzing accommodation. However, effects on axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), keratometry (Km), and white-to-white distance (WTW) are not well studied in this population. This retrospective study examined 797 patients (1566 eyes) undergoing cycloplegic refraction at a Samsung Kangbuk hospital pediatric ophthalmology clinic from 2010 to 2023. Ocular biometry was measured before and after instilling 1% cyclopentolate and 0.5% phenylephrine/0.5% tropicamide. Patients were categorized by strabismus diagnosis, age, refractive error and amblyopia status. Differences in AL, ACD, Km, WTW, and refractive error pre- and post-cycloplegia were analyzed using paired t tests. ACD (3.44â ±â 0.33 vs 3.58â ±â 0.29 mm, Pâ <â .05) and WTW (12.09â ±â 0.42 vs 12.30â ±â 0.60 mm, Pâ <â .05) increased significantly after cycloplegia in all groups except other strabismus subgroup (Cs) in both parameters and youngest subgroup (G1) in ACD. Refractive error demonstrated a hyperopic shift from -0.48â ±â 3.00 D to -0.06â ±â 3.32 D (Pâ <â .05) in overall and a myopic shift from -6.97â ±â 4.27 to -8.10â ±â 2.26 in high myopia (HM). Also, AL and Km did not change significantly. In conclusion, cycloplegia impacts ocular biometrics in children with strabismus and amblyopia, significantly increasing ACD and WTW. Refractive error shifts hyperopically in esotropia subgroup (ET) and myopically in high myopia subgroup (HM), eldest subgroup (G3) relating more to anterior segment changes than AL/Km. Understanding cycloplegic effects on biometry is important for optimizing refractive correction in these patients.
Asunto(s)
Ambliopía , Biometría , Ciclopentolato , Midriáticos , Refracción Ocular , Estrabismo , Humanos , Ambliopía/fisiopatología , Estrabismo/fisiopatología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Biometría/métodos , Midriáticos/administración & dosificación , Midriáticos/farmacología , Preescolar , Refracción Ocular/efectos de los fármacos , Refracción Ocular/fisiología , Ciclopentolato/administración & dosificación , Errores de Refracción/fisiopatología , Adolescente , Cámara Anterior/efectos de los fármacos , Cámara Anterior/patología , Longitud Axial del OjoRESUMEN
Four hundred myopic children randomly received atropine 0.02% (n = 138) or 0.01% (n = 142) in both eyes once-nightly or only wore single-vision spectacles (control group) (n = 120) for 2 years. Spherical equivalent refractive error (SER), axial length (AL), pupil diameter (PD), and amplitude of accommodation (AMP) were measured every 4 months. After 2 years, the SER changes were - 0.80 (0.52) D, - 0.93 (0.59) D and - 1.33 (0.72) D and the AL changes were 0.62 (0.29) mm, 0.72 (0.31) mm and 0.88 (0.35) mm in the 0.02% and 0.01% atropine groups and control group, respectively. There were significant differences between changes in SER and AL in the three groups (all P < 0.001). The changes in SER and AL in the 2nd year were similar to the changes in the 1st year in the three groups (all P > 0.05). From baseline to 2 years, the overall decrease in AMP and increase in PD were not significantly different in the two atropine groups, whereas the AMP and PD in the control group remained stable (all P > 0.05). 0.02% atropine had a better effect on myopia control than 0.01% atropine, and its effects on PD and AMP were similar to 0.01% atropine. 0.02% or 0.01% atropine controlled myopia progression and AL elongation synchronously and had similar effects on myopia control each year.
Asunto(s)
Atropina/administración & dosificación , Midriáticos/administración & dosificación , Miopía Degenerativa/tratamiento farmacológico , Atropina/efectos adversos , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Manejo de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Midriáticos/efectos adversos , Miopía Degenerativa/diagnóstico , Refracción Ocular/efectos de los fármacos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Three hundred and twenty-eight myopic children, randomized to use either 0.01% (N = 166) or 0.02% (N = 162) atropine were enrolled in this study. Gender, age, body mass index(BMI), parental myopia status, atropine concentration used, pupil diameter, amplitude of accommodation, spherical equivalent refractive error (SER), anterior chamber depth (ACD) and axial length (AL) were collected at baseline and 1 year after using atropine. Rapid AL elongation was defined as > 0.36 mm growth per year. Univariate analyses showed that children with rapid AL elongation tend to be younger, have a smaller BMI, use of 0.01% atropine, narrow ACD, lower SER, shorter AL, smaller change in pupil diameter between 1 year and baseline (all P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analyses confirmed that rapid AL elongation was associated with children that were younger at baseline (P < 0.0001), use of 0.01% atropine (P = 0.04), a shorter baseline AL (P = 0.03) and a smaller change in pupil diameter between 1 year and baseline (P = 0.04). Younger children with shorter AL at baseline, less change in their pupil diameter with atropine treatment and using the lower of the two atropine concentrations may undergo rapid AL elongation over a 12 months myopia control treatment period.
Asunto(s)
Atropina/administración & dosificación , Atropina/efectos adversos , Longitud Axial del Ojo/efectos de los fármacos , Miopía/tratamiento farmacológico , Miopía/fisiopatología , Administración Oftálmica , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Oportunidad Relativa , Refracción Ocular/efectos de los fármacos , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To examine the pupil and visual impact of a single early morning drop of a low concentration miotic. METHODS: Pupil size, refraction, visual acuity (VA), near reading performance and intraocular pressure were monitored for 8 h at a wide range of light levels following bilateral instillation of single drops of 0.1% brimonidine tartate in 19 early presbyopes (40-50 years) and 11 mature presbyopes (>50 years). RESULTS: Pupil miosis did not alter distance VA or refraction. Significant pupil miosis peaked at 1-2 h after dosing, which expanded the depth of focus of mature presbyopes with the mean improvement in near logMAR VA of -0.15, -0.07 and -0.03, at 20, 200 and 2000 lux, respectively. One hour after instillation, near reading speed improved by 21, 24 and 5 words per min for text size commonly seen in US newspaper and cellphone text messages, 18, 21 and 19 words per min for text size of grocery labels and 12, 13 and 30 words per min for text size of over-the-counter medications at light levels of 20, 200 and 2000 lux, respectively. No such improvements in near VA and near reading speed were observed in the young presbyopes having some residual accommodation. Most of the pupil miosis remained 8 h after instillation, whereas near VA improvements disappeared after 4 h. CONCLUSION: Low dose miotics can enhance near vision in presbyopic subjects while retaining high quality distance vision over a wide range of light levels. Significant improvements in near vision were observed only during the 1-2 h period after dosing when miosis peaked.
Asunto(s)
Acomodación Ocular/efectos de los fármacos , Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos alfa 2/administración & dosificación , Tartrato de Brimonidina/administración & dosificación , Presbiopía/fisiopatología , Pupila/efectos de los fármacos , Refracción Ocular/efectos de los fármacos , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Presión Intraocular/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Lectura , Factores de Tiempo , Agudeza Visual/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To determine the frequency, symptoms and risk factors for adverse reactions to two-times instillation of 1% cyclopentolate in children. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, observational study. METHODS: The subjects were 646 patients who underwent cycloplegic refraction with cyclopentolate (mean age; 7.0 ± 3.5 years, age range; 0-15 years). Five minutes after instillation of 0.4% oxybuprocaine hydrochloride, a 1% cyclopentolate eye drop was instilled twice, with an interval of 10 min. Fifty minutes later, two certified orthoptists evaluated adverse reactions using a questionnaire and interviewed the patients' guardians. The relationship between the adverse reaction rates and age, gender, additional instillation, complications of the central nervous system (CNS), time of day and season were analysed using binominal and polytomous logistic regression models. RESULTS: The overall frequency of adverse reactions was 18.3% (118/646 patients). The main symptoms included conjunctival injection (10.5%, 68/646), drowsiness (6.8%, 44/646) and facial flush (2.2%, 14/646). The odds ratio (OR) of conjunctival injection increased with patient's age (p < 0.05), in boys (p < 0.01) and in winter (p < 0.001). In contrast, the OR of drowsiness decreased with age (p < 0.001). Facial flush was observed mostly in children younger than 4 years. CNS complications were not a significant risk factor for any of the symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Adverse reactions to 1% cyclopentolate eye drops were more frequent than previously expected, but all were mild and transient. The probability of each symptom was associated with a clear age-specific trend.
Asunto(s)
Conjuntiva/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedades de la Conjuntiva/inducido químicamente , Ciclopentolato/efectos adversos , Pupila/efectos de los fármacos , Refracción Ocular/fisiología , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Conjuntiva/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades de la Conjuntiva/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de la Conjuntiva/epidemiología , Ciclopentolato/administración & dosificación , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Japón/epidemiología , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Midriáticos/administración & dosificación , Midriáticos/efectos adversos , Soluciones Oftálmicas/efectos adversos , Prevalencia , Estudios Prospectivos , Refracción Ocular/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
UVA/riboflavin corneal cross-linking (CXL) is a common used approach to treat progressive keratoconus. This study aims to investigate the alteration of corneal stiffness following CXL by mimicking the inflation of the eye under the in vivo loading conditions. Seven paired porcine eye globes were involved in the inflation test to examine the corneal behaviour. Cornea-only model was constructed using the finite element method, without considering the deformation contribution from sclera and limbus. Inverse analysis was conducted to calibrate the non-linear material behaviours in order to reproduce the inflation test. The corneal stress and strain values were then extracted from the finite element models and tangent modulus was calculated under stress level at 0.03 MPa. UVA/riboflavin cross-linked corneas displayed a significant increase in the material stiffness. At the IOP of 27.25 mmHg, the average displacements of corneal apex were 307 ± 65 µm and 437 ± 63 µm (p = 0.02) in CXL and PBS corneas, respectively. Comparisons performed on tangent modulus ratios at a stress of 0.03 MPa, the tangent modulus measured in the corneas treated with the CXL was 2.48 ± 0.69, with a 43±24% increase comparing to its PBS control. The data supported that corneal material properties can be well-described using this inflation methods following CXL. The inflation test is valuable for investigating the mechanical response of the intact human cornea within physiological IOP ranges, providing benchmarks against which the numerical developments can be translated to clinic.
Asunto(s)
Córnea/efectos de los fármacos , Queratocono/terapia , Refracción Ocular/efectos de los fármacos , Riboflavina/farmacología , Algoritmos , Animales , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Córnea/fisiopatología , Reactivos de Enlaces Cruzados/farmacología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Humanos , Presión Intraocular/efectos de los fármacos , Queratocono/fisiopatología , Refracción Ocular/fisiología , Porcinos , Rayos Ultravioleta , Terapia Ultravioleta/métodosRESUMEN
Importance: Because studies have suggested that atropine might slow the progression of myopia in children, randomized clinical trials are warranted to understand this potential causal relationship. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of atropine, 0.01%, eyedrops on slowing myopia progression and axial elongation in Chinese children. Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked study. A total of 220 children aged 6 to 12 years with myopia of -1.00 D to -6.00 D in both eyes were enrolled between April 2018 and July 2018 at Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China. Cycloplegic refraction and axial length were measured at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Adverse events were also recorded. Interventions: Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to atropine, 0.01%, or placebo groups to be administered once nightly to both eyes for 1 year. Main Outcomes and Measures: Mean changes and percentage differences in myopia progression and axial elongation between atropine, 0.01%, or placebo groups. Results: Of 220 participants, 103 were girls (46.8%), and the mean (SD) age was 9.64 (1.68) years. The mean (SD) baseline refractive error and axial length were -2.58 (1.39) D and 24.59 (0.87) mm. Follow-up at 1 year included 76 children (69%) and 83 children (75%) allocated into the atropine, 0.01%, and placebo groups, respectively, when mean myopia progression was -0.49 (0.42) D and -0.76 (0.50) D in the atropine, 0.01%, and placebo groups (mean difference, 0.26 D; 95% CI, 0.12-0.41 D; P < .001), with a relative reduction of 34.2% in myopia progression. The mean (SD) axial elongation in the atropine, 0.01%, group was 0.32 (0.19) mm compared with 0.41 (0.19) mm in the placebo group (mean difference, 0.09 mm; 95% CI, 0.03-0.15 mm; P = .004), with relative reduction of 22.0% in axial elongation. Fifty-one percent and 13.2% of children progressed by at least 0.50 D and 1.00 D in the atropine, 0.01%, group, compared with 69.9% and 34.9% in the placebo group. No serious adverse events related to atropine were reported. Conclusions and Relevance: While the clinical relevance of the results cannot be determined from this trial, these 1-year results, limited by approximately 70% follow-up, suggest that atropine, 0.01%, eyedrops can slow myopia progression and axial elongation in children and warrant future studies to determine longer-term results and potential effects on slowing sight-threatening pathologic changes later in life. Trial Registration: http://www.chictr.org.cn Identifier: ChiCTR-IOR-17013898.
Asunto(s)
Acomodación Ocular/efectos de los fármacos , Atropina/administración & dosificación , Miopía Degenerativa/tratamiento farmacológico , Refracción Ocular/fisiología , Agudeza Visual , Longitud Axial del Ojo/diagnóstico por imagen , Niño , China/epidemiología , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Incidencia , Masculino , Midriáticos/administración & dosificación , Miopía Degenerativa/epidemiología , Miopía Degenerativa/fisiopatología , Soluciones Oftálmicas , Refracción Ocular/efectos de los fármacos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of cyclopentolate 1% administered as a spray in pediatric patients between 3 and 6 years old. METHODS: In this prospective, randomized, parallel group study, healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to receive cyclopentolate 1% as a single drop or a single puff into closed eyes. RESULTS: There were 61 patients included in the study; 31 received cyclopentolate 1% as drops and 30 received cyclopentolate 1% as spray. The mean age at presentation was 4.5 ± 1.07 years (range: 3 to 6 years) and 4.2 ± 1.06 years (range: 3 to 6 years) in the drops and spray groups, respectively. The distress level was significantly lower at the time of receiving cyclopentolate as a spray (P < .0001), with the exception of patients aged 6 years. There were no significant differences in pupil diameter between the two groups (P = .51), whereas 5 of 30 patients (16.6%) with dark irises who received cyclopentolate spray did not have adequate cycloplegia to allow for accurate refraction. CONCLUSIONS: Cycloplegia achieved with cyclopentolate 1% administered as a spray may be an option in uncooperative children because it is less distressing compared to cyclopentolate 1% drops. However, physicians should be aware that cycloplegia obtained is only partially effective in children with dark irises. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2020;57(5):301-304.].
Asunto(s)
Ciclopentolato/administración & dosificación , Miopía/tratamiento farmacológico , Pupila/efectos de los fármacos , Refracción Ocular/efectos de los fármacos , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Midriáticos/administración & dosificación , Miopía/fisiopatología , Soluciones Oftálmicas , Estudios Prospectivos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Animal models have demonstrated a link between dysregulation of the retinal dopamine system and the development of experimental myopia (short-sightedness). However, pharmacological investigations of dopamine in animal models rely heavily on intravitreal or systemic administration, which have several limitations for longer-term experiments. We therefore investigated whether administration of dopamine as a topical eye drop can inhibit the development of form-deprivation myopia (FDM) in chicks. We also examined whether chemical modification of dopamine through deuterium substitution, which might enhance stability and bioavailability, can increase dopamine's effectiveness against FDM when given topically. METHODS: Dopamine or deuterated dopamine (Dopamine-1,1,2,2-d4 hydrochloride) was administered as a daily intravitreal injection or as daily topical eye drops to chicks developing FDM over an ascending dose range (min. n = 6 per group). Axial length and refraction were measured following 4 days of treatment. RESULTS: Both intravitreal (ED50 = 0.002µmoles) and topical application (ED50 = 6.10µmoles) of dopamine inhibited the development of FDM in a dose-dependent manner. Intravitreal injections, however, elicited a significantly higher level of protection relative to topical eye drops (p < 0.01). Deuterated dopamine inhibited FDM to a similar extent as unmodified dopamine when administered as intravitreal injections (p = 0.897) or topical eye drops (p = 0.921). CONCLUSIONS: Both intravitreal and topical application of dopamine inhibit the development of FDM in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that topical administration may be an effective avenue for longer-term dopamine experiments. Deuterium substitution does not alter the protection afforded by dopamine against FDM when given as either an intravitreal injection or topical eye drop.
Asunto(s)
Dopamina/administración & dosificación , Miopía/tratamiento farmacológico , Refracción Ocular/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Pollos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Dopaminérgicos/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Miopía/fisiopatología , Soluciones Oftálmicas/administración & dosificación , Refracción Ocular/fisiología , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Ultraviolet A (UVA) light-based photoactivation of riboflavin (Rf) to induce corneal crosslinking (CXL) and mechanical stiffening is now a well-known treatment for corneal ectasia and Keratoconus that is being used in a topographically guided photorefractive intrastromal CXL (PiXL) procedure to treat low degrees of refractive errors. Alternative approaches for non-invasive treatment of refractive errors have also been proposed that use femtosecond lasers (FS) that provide much faster, more precise, and safer results than UVA CXL. One such treatment, nonlinear optical crosslinking (NLO CXL), has been able to replicate the effects of UVA CXL, while producing a smaller area of cellular damage and requiring a shorter procedure time. Unlike UVA CXL, the treatment volume of NLO CXL only occurs within the focal volume of the laser, which can be placed at any depth and scanned into any pattern for true topographically guided refractive correction. This review presents our experience with using FS lasers to photoactivate Rf and perform highly controlled corneal CXL that leads to mechanical stiffening and changes in corneal shape.
Asunto(s)
Colágeno/farmacología , Reactivos de Enlaces Cruzados/farmacología , Queratocono/tratamiento farmacológico , Fotoquimioterapia/métodos , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/farmacología , Refracción Ocular/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Queratocono/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
Purpose: In vitro studies found that 17ß-estradiol (estrogen) modulates corneal biomechanical properties and reduces tissue stiffness. Therefore we hypothesized that topical estrogen might affect the refractive properties of the cornea, inducing a myopic shift. Methods: Twelve female New Zealand white rabbits 16 weeks old were used. The rabbits were randomly divided to either the treatment group receiving 1.5% (w/v) estrogen eye drops or a control group receiving vehicle only (n = 6 each group). Both groups were given drops (50 µL) to the right eye every 12 hours for 35 days. Ocular examination, pachymetry, intraocular pressure (IOP), keratometry ,and refraction were evaluated at baseline and on a weekly basis. Results: No significant differences were observed between the two groups at baseline in all outcome measures. Both groups displayed corneal flattening and a hyperopic shift. However, the change rate was slower in the treatment group. Repeated measurements analysis revealed a statistically significant difference in keratometry readings between groups (P = 0.034) with steeper keratometry by up to 0.6 diopters in the treatment group. The difference between the two groups diminished and became statistically insignificant after treatment cessation. No significant changes were observed in IOP and pachymetry throughout the study period. No side effects were observed in either group. Conclusions: Estrogen eye drops induced a myopic shift in keratometry readings. These results suggest that corneal refractive power might be manipulated pharmacologically. Further studies on the physiology behind this change are warranted to facilitate a pathway for development of novel pharmacologic treatments to correct refractive errors.
Asunto(s)
Córnea/diagnóstico por imagen , Estrógenos/administración & dosificación , Hiperopía/tratamiento farmacológico , Refracción Ocular/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Córnea/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Hiperopía/fisiopatología , Soluciones Oftálmicas , Conejos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To investigate the variance in keratometric (K) values after administration of different eye drops (three tested), and the effects on intraocular lens (IOL) power calculations in relation to standard cataract surgery. METHODS: A prospective intervention study (pilot study) on 38 participants (22 women, 16 men, 58-88 years) undergoing 57 cataract surgeries. Three keratometries on each eye were performed: a baseline ('standard') keratometry about 9 weeks preoperatively, and two on the operation day; a 'dry'-measurement before interventions and a 'wet'-measurement after applying one of three eye drops (saline, Systane Ultra® , or Systane Complete® ). All standard cataract operations were uneventful. Variabilities in K-values, spherical equivalents (SEQs) for IOL power calculations (Barrett TK Universal II) and subjective manifest refractions (SRs) 6 weeks postoperatively were compared between groups. RESULTS: The 'wet' K-values had a similar variability to those of the 'standard' and 'dry' K-values (p > 0.05, anova on ranks). The mean paired differences in K-measurements between groups ranged within a small interval from -0.0107 to 0.0096 mm. After comparing the SEQ predictions with SR-measurements, the most precise IOL calculation was achieved after administration of a saline eye drop, but the precision was not statistically improved compared to the other drop modalities. CONCLUSION: The variability in K-values was not significantly changed by administration of any of the different eye drops tested, suggesting that artificial eye drops do not impact the keratometry or IOL power prediction.
Asunto(s)
Queratotomía Radial/métodos , Soluciones Oftálmicas/administración & dosificación , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Extracción de Catarata/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Lentes Intraoculares , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Óptica y Fotónica/métodos , Proyectos Piloto , Estudios Prospectivos , Refracción Ocular/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Background: To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of topical 1% atropine for retarding moderate myopia. Methods: A randomized, controlled study evaluating atropine and placebo in 660 Chinese children. Patients received drops q1month for 24 months, then q2month for 12 months, followed by no drops for 12 months. Spherical equivalent, axial length, intraocular pressure and atropine-related side effects were examined at 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 months for all children. Results: Spherical equivalent, myopic progression, axial length augmentation, and progression rate were significantly reduced in the atropine group than those in the placebo group (all P<0.05), indicating that 1% atropine effectively retarded myopia. Moreover, myopic rebound and adverse effects of 1% atropine were eliminated by gradual withdrawal and elimination of 1% atropine. Furthermore, pupil size, near visual acuity, and amplitude of accommodation returned to pretreatment levels after withdrawal of atropine. Conclusion: Topical 1% atropine periodically and alternatively in phase I with gradual reduction in phase II and final withdrawal in phase III may effectively improve atropine efficacy, retard moderate myopia, reduce atropine side effects, minimize myopic rebound, and increase compliance of children simultaneously.
Asunto(s)
Acomodación Ocular/efectos de los fármacos , Atropina/administración & dosificación , Miopía/tratamiento farmacológico , Soluciones Oftálmicas/administración & dosificación , Administración Tópica , Atropina/efectos adversos , Niño , China/epidemiología , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Miopía/epidemiología , Miopía/patología , Soluciones Oftálmicas/efectos adversos , Refracción Ocular/efectos de los fármacos , Agudeza Visual/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: To evaluate the refractive outcomes in children treated with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab (IVR) for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS: A retrospective study of 95 patients (186 eyes) was conducted. All patients received IVR treatment. The cycloplegic refraction was evaluated at three months, six months, 12 months and 24 months. RESULT: The average spherical equivalent (SE) refraction value for patients with ROP who were treated with IVR as a monotherapy at the three, six, 12 and 24 months was +1.84 ± 2.11 D, +1.02 ± 2.41 D, +0.43 ± 2.23 D and +0.13 ± 2.73 D, respectively (p < 0.001). Myopia (SE < -0.25 D) was observed in 24 eyes (15.9 per cent) at the three-month follow-up, 33 eyes (21.8 per cent) at the six-month follow-up, 33 eyes (26.5 per cent) at the 12-month follow-up and 34 eyes (37.5 per cent) at the 24-month follow-up, respectively (p < 0.05). The percentage of eyes with high myopia (SE < -5.0 D) was 0.6 per cent, 1.4 per cent, 1.7 per cent and 3.4 per cent at the three-month, six-month, 12-month and 24-month follow-up visits in the IVR group. There were 59 eyes that received repeated IVR injections at the follow-ups. The average SE of patients receiving repeated injections at the three-, six-, 12- and 24-month visits was +1.53 ± 2.03 D, +1.25 ± 1.95 D, +0.58 ± 2.24 D and -0.17 ± 3.22 D, respectively (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Our large sample study found that 37.5 per cent and 3.4 per cent of patients treated with IVR developed myopia and high myopia respectively, at the 24-month follow-up. Furthermore, the mean SE decreased, and the trend of myopia increased, in the IVR group at the follow-ups. Repeated injections might promote myopia in ROP patients. The refractive status needs to be monitored in patients treated with ranibizumab.
Asunto(s)
Ranibizumab/administración & dosificación , Refracción Ocular/fisiología , Errores de Refracción/terapia , Retinopatía de la Prematuridad/tratamiento farmacológico , Inhibidores de la Angiogénesis/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Inyecciones Intravítreas , Masculino , Refracción Ocular/efectos de los fármacos , Errores de Refracción/etiología , Errores de Refracción/fisiopatología , Retinopatía de la Prematuridad/complicaciones , Retinopatía de la Prematuridad/fisiopatología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del Tratamiento , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/antagonistas & inhibidoresRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of topical pilocarpine on topical cycloplegia and on the results of refractive surgery. METHODS: The study included 100 eyes of 100 patients who underwent laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis. Group 1 comprised patients who wanted to undergo surgery on the same day after cycloplegic examination and were applied with 2% pilocarpine hydrochloride; group 2 comprised patients whose pupils spontaneously went into the natural position. Corneal thickness, mean refractive spherical equivalent (MRSE), uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), pupil diameter, pupil center shift and high-order aberrations (HOAs) were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in respect of preoperative age, gender, corneal thickness, MRSE, UDVA and CDVA. The pupil diameter was not statistically significant between the groups. Pupil diameter after pilocarpine was not statistically significant when compared with the natural pupil diameter. There were no statistically significant differences in postoperative HOA between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The pupillary dilatation and the associated pupillary shift were reduced with pilocarpine. Postoperative refractive values and aberrations showed no difference between the groups.
Asunto(s)
Queratomileusis por Láser In Situ/métodos , Láseres de Excímeros/uso terapéutico , Miopía/terapia , Pilocarpina/administración & dosificación , Refracción Ocular/fisiología , Agudeza Visual , Adolescente , Adulto , Topografía de la Córnea , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Mióticos/administración & dosificación , Miopía/diagnóstico , Miopía/fisiopatología , Soluciones Oftálmicas , Periodo Posoperatorio , Refracción Ocular/efectos de los fármacos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Intake of 7-methylxanthine (7-MX), an adenosine receptor (AR) antagonist, has been shown to inhibit school myopia in children and deprivation myopia in rhesus monkeys, but the underlying mechanisms are not known. Also retinal dopamine seems to be involved in the control of eye growth, and in the brain, ARs and dopamine receptors interact widely by heteromerization. We have studied whether 7-MX can inhibit deprivation myopia also in chickens and whether inhibition may involve the retinal dopamine system. METHODS: 7-MX was applied by either tube-feeding (100 µg/g body weight, twice a day) or intravitreal injection (12.5 µg, every other day). Forty-eight 2-week-old chicks wore unilateral diffusers and were randomly assigned to either the tube-feeding group (involving 7-MX, vehicle [xanthan gum], or no feeding, for 13 days) or the intravitreal injection group (involving 7-MX, vehicle, or DMSO, for 8 days). Refractions (REs), ocular biometry (AL, VCD), and scleral and choroidal thickness (ChT) were measured before and after treatment. Dopamine and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) content were determined in retina and vitreous by HPLC at the end of the experiments. RESULTS: No matter how 7-MX was applied, it did not inhibit deprivation myopia in chicks. No significant differences were observed in RE, VCD, AL, and scleral fibrous layer thickness. Feeding 7-MX produced more choroidal thinning in the open contralateral eye compared to control eyes in the vehicle-fed group (-40 ± 14 vs. -1 ± 7 µm, unpaired t test, p < 0.05). DOPAC and dopamine concentration in vitreous and DOPAC concentration in retina did not change with 7-MX. Vitreal dopamine content was significantly decreased in deprived eyes in the groups fed with the vehicle xanthan gum (paired t test, p < 0.01) but not in 7-MX-treated eyes, perhaps indicating a small effect of 7-MX on dopamine. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, 7-MX had no effect on DM in chicks and only minor effects on ChT and retinal dopamine. It remains unclear whether 7-MX inhibits myopia through a retinal mechanism or whether it acts directly on choroid and sclera. In the latter case, the finding that myopia is suppressed in mammals but not birds might be explained by differences in scleral structure.