Dantrolene alleviates mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury by modulating the NF-ĸß/Akt pathway.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers a bevy of changes including mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, oxidative stress, neurobehavioural impairment, and neuroinflammation, among others. Dantrolene (DNT), a muscle relaxant which inhibits intracellular Ca2+ signaling from the ER, has been repurposed as a potential neuroprotective agent in various neurological diseases. However, there have been limited studies on whether it can mitigate TBI-induced deficits and restore impaired mitochondrial dynamics. This study sought to evaluate whether Dantrolene can potentially provide neuroprotection in an in vivo model of TBI. Male wistar rats subjected to TBI were treated with DNT (10 mg/kg) 1 h and 12 h post surgery. Animals were assessed 24 h post-TBI to evaluate neurobehavioural deficits and cerebral edema. We evaluated the protein expressions of apoptotic, autophagic, and neuroinflammatory markers by immunoblotting, as well as Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP) and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) via Flow Cytometry to ascertain the effects of DNT on TBI. We further analysed immunofluorescence staining with Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) and immunohistochemistry with NF-κß to investigate neuroinflammation. H&E staining was also performed post-TBI. Our findings revealed DNT administration inhibits mitochondria-mediated apoptotis and reduces heightened oxidative stress. DNT treatment was also found to reverse neurobehavioural impairments and offer neuroprotection by preserving neuronal architechture. We also demonstrated that DNT inhibits neuronal autophagy and alleviates neuroinflammation following TBI by modulating the NF-κß/Akt signaling pathway. Thus, our results suggest a novel application of DNT in ameliorating the multitude of deficits induced by TBI, thereby conferring neuroprotection.

Eperisone Hydrochloride, a Muscle Relaxant, Is a Potent P2X7 Receptor Antagonist.

Eperisone Hydrochloride was launched in Japan in 1983 and has been used to improve muscle tone and treat spastic paralysis (Originator: Eisai Co., Ltd.). However, its biochemical mechanism of action is unknown. SB Drug Discovery was used to evaluate purinergic P2X (P2X) receptor antagonism using fluorescence. In this study, we discovered that its target protein is the P2X7 receptor. Also, P2X receptor subtype selectivity was high. This finding demonstrates the (Eperisone-P2X7-pain linkage), the validity of P2X7 as a drug target, and the possibility of drug repositioning of Eperisone Hydrochloride.

Moxifloxacin and gemifloxacin mediates its antispasmodic profile via ATP-sensitive potassium channels: An in-vitro bioassay study.

Moxifloxacin and gemifloxacin were tested on isolated rabbits' jejunal preparations as little is known about its effects on gastrointestinal tissues. Moxifloxacin and gemifloxacin were tested in concentrations 0.01-10µg/mL for possible effect(s) on isolated rabbits' jejunal preparations. The drugs were applied on spontaneous, on low K+ (20mM)-induced contractions and on high K+ (80mM)-induced contractions. Response was plotted as % of its respective controls. EC50 for Moxifloxacin and Gemifloxacin on spontaneous (without Glibenclamide) contractions are 2.83±0.5µg/mL and 1.11±0.2µg/mL, respectively. Moxifloxacin and Gemifloxacin relaxed the low K+ (20mM) -induced contractions, which were inhibited in presence of Glibenclamide (3µM). Our result indicates that the relaxant activity of Moxifloxacin and Gemifloxacin is mediated possibly through activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP). The relaxant effect of Moxifloxacin and Gemifloxacin is predominantly mediated by activation of ATP-Sensitive potassium channels (KATP), which could be cause of one of relaxing mechanisms.

Effects of the Rho/Rho-Kinase Pathway on Perfusion Pressure in the Isolated-Perfused Rat Hind Limb Vascular Bed.

BACKGROUND: Rho/ROCK signaling has been demonstrated to be involved in the vascular reactivity of many arterial networks. However, RhoA expression and the contribution of Rho/ROCK pathway to the control of perfusion pressure have not been investigated in the rat hind limb vascular bed as a skeletal muscle vascular network. AIMS: To investigate the contribution of the Rho/ROCK pathway in the control of perfusion pressure in the isolated-perfused rat hind limb vascular bed. STUDY DESIGN: Animal experimentation. METHODS: Two Rho inhibitors (atorvastatin and C3 exoenzyme) and ROCK inhibitors (Y-27632 and fasudil) were tested on the phenylephrine-elevated perfusion pressure in the isolated-perfused rat hind limb vascular bed. Furthermore, we sought the expression of RhoA protein in the femoral, popliteal and saphenous arteries as well as quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscles by Western blotting. RESULTS: The ROCK inhibitors Y-27632 and fasudil (both 10-8 to 10-5 M) induced substantial vasodilatations. The maximum vasodilatations induced by Y-27632 and fasudil (both at 10-5 M) were 84.0 ± 6.9% and 76.9 ± 6.9%, respectively (P = .091). Y-27632 was not more potent than fasudil, as the EC50 values for Y-27632 and fasudil were 0.7 ± 2.1 µM and 2.5 ± 2.4 µM, respectively (P = .177). Atorvastatin (10-7 to 10-4 M) and C3 exoenzyme (3 × 10-8 M) also produced vasodilatation (maximum vasodilatation; 20.3 ± 1.7% and 13.7 ± 3.6%, respectively). The EC50 value for atorvastatin was 94.9 ± 1.2 µM. The western blot analysis showed that the femoral, saphenous, and popliteal arteries, as well as the gastrocnemius and quadriceps muscles, express RhoA protein. CONCLUSION: The Rho/ROCK pathway contributes significantly to the control of perfusion pressure in the rat hind limb vascular bed.

Lumbriculus variegatus: A novel organism for in vivo pharmacology education.

Pharmacology graduates require an understanding of both in vitro and in vivo drug responses but there has been a decline in animal use in pharmacology education over the last 30 years. To address this, we present the novel invertebrate model, Lumbriculus variegatus, for in vivo testing of drugs in a teaching environment. We have developed two novel behavioral assays: the stereotypical movement assay, which measures the effect of drugs on the ability of L. variegatus to perform stereotypical movements following tactile stimulation, and the free locomotion assay, which measures drug effects on unstimulated movement. We report the effects of compounds with diverse pharmacodynamic properties on L. variegatus using these assays. The ryanodine receptor antagonist, dantrolene, altered the unstimulated movement of L. variegatus at 5 µM, whereas stimulated movement was inhibited at ≥25 µM. Lidocaine, a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker, and quinine, a nonselective sodium and potassium channel blocker, reduced both stimulated and unstimulated L. variegatus movement at ≥0.5 mM. Inhibitory effects of quinine persisted for up to 24 h after drug removal, whereas lidocaine effects were reduced 10 min after drug removal. Herein, we provide proof-of-concept utilization of L. variegatus as an organism for use in in vivo pharmacology education but without regulatory constraints or the need for specialized equipment and training.

Calcium ions trigger the exposure of phosphatidylserine on the surface of necrotic cells.

Intracellular Ca2+ level is under strict regulation through calcium channels and storage pools including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Mutations in certain ion channel subunits, which cause mis-regulated Ca2+ influx, induce the excitotoxic necrosis of neurons. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, dominant mutations in the DEG/ENaC sodium channel subunit MEC-4 induce six mechanosensory (touch) neurons to undergo excitotoxic necrosis. These necrotic neurons are subsequently engulfed and digested by neighboring hypodermal cells. We previously reported that necrotic touch neurons actively expose phosphatidylserine (PS), an "eat-me" signal, to attract engulfing cells. However, the upstream signal that triggers PS externalization remained elusive. Here we report that a robust and transient increase of cytoplasmic Ca2+ level occurs prior to the exposure of PS on necrotic touch neurons. Inhibiting the release of Ca2+ from the ER, either pharmacologically or genetically, specifically impairs PS exposure on necrotic but not apoptotic cells. On the contrary, inhibiting the reuptake of cytoplasmic Ca2+ into the ER induces ectopic necrosis and PS exposure. Remarkably, PS exposure occurs independently of other necrosis events. Furthermore, unlike in mutants of DEG/ENaC channels, in dominant mutants of deg-3 and trp-4, which encode Ca2+ channels, PS exposure on necrotic neurons does not rely on the ER Ca2+ pool. Our findings indicate that high levels of cytoplasmic Ca2+ are necessary and sufficient for PS exposure. They further reveal two Ca2+-dependent, necrosis-specific pathways that promote PS exposure, a "two-step" pathway initiated by a modest influx of Ca2+ and further boosted by the release of Ca2+ from the ER, and another, ER-independent, pathway. Moreover, we found that ANOH-1, the worm homolog of mammalian phospholipid scramblase TMEM16F, is necessary for efficient PS exposure in thapsgargin-treated worms and trp-4 mutants, like in mec-4 mutants. We propose that both the ER-mediated and ER-independent Ca2+ pathways promote PS externalization through activating ANOH-1.

Analysis of Drug Effects on iPSC Cardiomyocytes with Machine Learning.

Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) offer an attractive experimental platform to investigate cardiac diseases and therapeutic outcome. In this study, iPSC-CMs were utilized to study their calcium transient signals and drug effects by means of machine learning, a central part of artificial intelligence. Drug effects were assessed in six iPSC-lines carrying different mutations causing catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), a highly malignant inherited arrhythmogenic disorder. The antiarrhythmic effect of dantrolene, an inhibitor of sarcoplasmic calcium release, was studied in iPSC-CMs after adrenaline, an adrenergic agonist, stimulation by machine learning analysis of calcium transient signals. First, beats of transient signals were identified with our peak recognition algorithm previously developed. Then 12 peak variables were computed for every identified peak of a signal and by means of this data signals were classified into different classes corresponding to those affected by adrenaline or, thereafter, affected by a drug, dantrolene. The best classification accuracy was approximately 79% indicating that machine learning methods can be utilized in analysis of iPSC-CM drug effects. In the future, data analysis of iPSC-CM drug effects together with machine learning methods can create a very valuable and efficient platform to individualize medication in addition to drug screening and cardiotoxicity studies.

Cholinergic Chemotransmission and Anesthetic Drug Effects at the Carotid Bodies.

General anesthesia is obtained by administration of potent hypnotics, analgesics and muscle relaxants. Apart from their intended effects (loss of consciousness, pain relief and muscle relaxation), these agents profoundly affect the control of breathing, in part by an effect within the peripheral chemoreflex loop that originates at the carotid bodies. This review assesses the role of cholinergic chemotransmission in the peripheral chemoreflex loop and the mechanisms through which muscle relaxants and hypnotics interfere with peripheral chemosensitivity. Additionally, consequences for clinical practice are discussed.

Dantrolene Ameliorates Impaired Neurogenesis and Synaptogenesis in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines Derived from Patients with Alzheimer's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Overactivation of ryanodine receptors and the resulting impaired calcium homeostasis contribute to Alzheimer's disease-related pathophysiology. This study hypothesized that exposing neuronal progenitors derived from induced pluripotent stems cells of patients with Alzheimer's disease to dantrolene will increase survival, proliferation, neurogenesis, and synaptogenesis. METHODS: Induced pluripotent stem cells obtained from skin fibroblast of healthy subjects and patients with familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease were used. Biochemical and immunohistochemical methods were applied to determine the effects of dantrolene on the viability, proliferation, differentiation, and calcium dynamics of these cells. RESULTS: Dantrolene promoted cell viability and proliferation in these two cell lines. Compared with the control, differentiation into basal forebrain cholinergic neurons significantly decreased by 10.7% (32.9 ± 3.6% vs. 22.2 ± 2.6%, N = 5, P = 0.004) and 9.2% (32.9 ± 3.6% vs. 23.7 ± 3.1%, N = 5, P = 0.017) in cell lines from sporadic and familial Alzheimer's patients, respectively, which were abolished by dantrolene. Synapse density was significantly decreased in cortical neurons generated from stem cells of sporadic Alzheimer's disease by 58.2% (237.0 ± 28.4 vs. 99.0 ± 16.6 arbitrary units, N = 4, P = 0.001) or familial Alzheimer's disease by 52.3% (237.0 ± 28.4 vs.113.0 ± 34.9 vs. arbitrary units, N = 5, P = 0.001), which was inhibited by dantrolene in the familial cell line. Compared with the control, adenosine triphosphate (30 µM) significantly increased higher peak elevation of cytosolic calcium concentrations in the cell line from sporadic Alzheimer's patients (84.1 ± 27.0% vs. 140.4 ± 40.2%, N = 5, P = 0.049), which was abolished by the pretreatment of dantrolene. Dantrolene inhibited the decrease of lysosomal vacuolar-type H-ATPase and the impairment of autophagy activity in these two cell lines from Alzheimer's disease patients. CONCLUSIONS: Dantrolene ameliorated the impairment of neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, in association with restoring intracellular Ca homeostasis and physiologic autophagy, cell survival, and proliferation in induced pluripotent stem cells and their derived neurons from sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease patients.

Methanol Extract of Dicranopteris linearis Leaves Attenuate Pain via the Modulation of Opioid/NO-Mediated Pathway.

Dicranopteris linearis leaf has been reported to exert antinociceptive activity. The present study elucidates the possible mechanisms of antinociception modulated by the methanol extract of D. linearis leaves (MEDL) using various mouse models. The extract (25, 150, and 300 mg/kg) was administered orally to mice for 30 min priot to subjection to the acetic acid-induced writhing-, hot plate- or formalin-test to establish the antinociceptive profile of MEDL. The most effective dose was then used in the elucidation of possible mechanisms of action stage. The extract was also subjected to the phytochemical analyses. The results confirmed that MEDL exerted significant (p < 0.05) antinociceptive activity in those pain models as well as the capsaicin-, glutamate-, bradykinin- and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced paw licking model. Pretreatment with naloxone (a non-selective opioid antagonist) significantly (p < 0.05) reversed MEDL effect on thermal nociception. Only l-arginine (a nitric oxide (NO) donor) but not N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME; a NO inhibitor) or 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ; a specific soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor) significantly (p < 0.05) modified MEDL effect on the writhing test. Several polyphenolics and volatile antinociceptive compounds were detected in MEDL. In conclusion, MEDL exerted the opioid/NO-mediated antinociceptive activity, thus, justify D. linearis as a potential source for new analgesic agents development.

Recurrent Dystonic Crisis and Rhabdomyolysis Treated with Dantrolene in Two Patients with Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency.

Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency is a rare, autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism in which several neurotransmitters including serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine are deficient. Symptoms typically appear in the first year of life and include oculogyric crises and dystonia, hypotonia, and global developmental delay. Dystonia is of particular concern as a dystonic storm can ensue leading to rhabdomyolysis. Rhabdomyolysis can become life-threating and therefore its recognition and prompt management is of significant importance. Here we present two cases of patients with AADC deficiency and a history of dystonic crisis causing rhabdomyolysis. We hypothesize that in addition to the hypodopaminergic, a hypercholinergic state is contributing to the pathophysiology of dystonia in AADC deficiency, as well as to the associated rhabdomyolysis. We were able to prevent rhabdomyolysis in both patients with using Dantrolene and we suggest using a trial of this medication in cases of sustained dystonic crisis in AADC deficiency patients.

Dantrolene prevents ventricular tachycardia by stabilizing the ryanodine receptor in pressure- overload induced failing hearts.

Aberrant Ca2+ release from cardiac ryanodine receptors (RyR2) has been shown to be one of the most important causes of lethal arrhythmia in various types of failing hearts. We previously showed that dantrolene, a specific agent for the treatment of malignant hyperthermia, inhibits Ca2+ leakage from the RyR2 by correcting the defective inter-domain interaction between the N-terminal (1-619 amino acids) and central (2000-2500 amino acids) domains of the RyR2 and allosterically enhancing the binding affinity of calmodulin to the RyR2 in diseased hearts. In this study, we examined whether dantrolene inhibits this Ca2+ leakage, thereby preventing the pharmacologically inducible ventricular tachycardia in ventricular pressure-overloaded failing hearts. Ventricular tachycardia (VT) was easily induced after an injection of epinephrine in mice after 8 weeks of transverse aortic constriction-induced pressure-overload. Pretreatment with dantrolene almost completely inhibited the pharmacologically inducible VT. In the presence of dantrolene, the occurrence of both Ca2+ sparks and spontaneous Ca2+ transients was inhibited, which was associated with enhanced calmodulin binding affinity to the RyR2. These results suggest that dantrolene could be a new potent agent in the treatment of lethal arrhythmia in cases of acquired heart failure.

Role of DLC2 and RhoA/ROCK pathway in formalin induced inflammatory pain in mice.

Deficiency of deleted in liver cancer 2 (DLC2), a novel domain to inhibit RhoA activity, plays an important role in inflammatory pain. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated the role of DLC2 and its downstream cascade of RhoA/ROCK in formalin-induced inflammatory pain using DLC2-knockout (DLC2-/-) mice and compared them with DLC2 wild-type (DLC2+/+) mice. Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were evaluated using von Frey filament aesthesiometer and Hargreaves test, respectively. The spinal cord dorsal horn (L3-L5) was selected for molecular and cellular identification by Western blot and immunofluorescence. DLC2-/- mice showed increased mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Expression of ROCK1, ROCK2 and IL-1ß was significantly higher in DLC2-/- mice. Intrathecal administration of RhoA inhibitor (C3 exoenzyme) or ROCK inhibitor (Y27632) significantly attenuated formalin-induced inflammatory hyperalgesia in DLC2-/- mice. ROCK2 and IL-1ß expression were reduced by C3 exoenzyme or Y27632. Spinal p38 activation was also inhibited by C3 exoenzyme or Y27632. Double-labelling immunofluorescence demonstrated co-localization of DLC2 with spinal dorsal microglia. The number of activated microglia in the spinal dorsal horn was significantly higher in DLC2-/- mice, but was reduced by Y27632. These findings indicate that DLC2 deficiency increased formalin-induced inflammatory hyperalgesia through regulating RhoA/ROCK2, and IL-1ß may be a downstream effector. Our results also suggest that RhoA/ROCK enhanced p38 activation plays an important role in formalin-induced inflammatory pain. The finding that DLC2 attenuated inflammatory pain through inhibiting RhoA/ROCK2 suggests that the DLC2/RhoA/ROCK2/p38/IL-ß pathway may be a potential therapeutic target to reduce inflammatory pain.

Involvement of Potassium Channels, Nitric Oxide Synthase, and Guanylate Cyclase in the Spasmolytic Effect of Simaba ferruginea A.St.-Hil on Rat Isolated Ileum.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Simaba ferruginea A.St.-Hil. Popularly known as "calunga," is a typical Brazilian cerrado plant whose rhizomes are popular for treating diarrhea. AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the spasmolytic activity and the antidiarrheal effect of the ethanolic extract obtained from S. ferruginea (Sf-EtOH). METHODS: Ileal segments (1-2 cm) from male Wistar rats were mounted in isolated organ baths and connected to a force transducer, and then to an amplifier which was connected to a computer (AVS Projetos/São Paulo-SP). After stabilization for 60 min, under tension (1 gf), two submaximal contractions were induced with KCl 40 mM or carbachol 10-6 M on ileal segments. During the third tonic and sustained contraction, Sf-EtOH was added in cumulative concentrations to the organ bath. Incubations with L-NAME (10-4 M), ODQ (10-5 M), TEA+ (5 or 1 mM), glibenclamide (10-5 M), or apamine (100 nM) were prepared (n = 5), separately and used to verify the involvement of the nitric oxide synthase, guanylate cyclase, and potassium channels in the relaxing effect. The results were expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean and were statistically evaluated using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test, when necessary *p < 0.05. RESULTS: Sf-EtOH promotes relaxation on rat isolated ileum pre-contracted with CCh and KCl in a concentration-dependent manner. Sf-EtOH also inhibited ileum contractions against cumulative concentrations of carbachol (CCh), KCl, and CaCl2, shifting the curves to the right in a non-parallel manner with an Emax reduction. In the presence of potassium channel blockers, Sf-EtOH shifted the curves to the right with a reduction of Emax, suggesting the involvement of BKCa, KATP, and SKCa in its spasmolytic effect. In the presence of L-NAME or ODQ, the relaxation curves were shifted to the right, suggesting the involvement of this pathway in Sf-EtOH spasmolytic effect. CONCLUSIONS: Sf-EtOH acts in a concentration-dependent manner, involving the positive modulation of K+ channels and NO pathway.

Pharmacological modulation of the spatiotemporal disposition of micromotions in the intact resting urinary bladder of the rabbit; their pattern is under both myogenic and autonomic control.

OBJECTIVES: To explore and characterize the disposition and dynamics of micromotions in the wall of the intact resting teradotoxinized urinary bladder of the rabbit before and after the administration of adrenergic and cholinergic pharmaceutical agents. METHODS: Spatiotemporal maps and related intravesical pressure were used to analyse propagating patches of contractions (PPCs) and their component individual myogenic contractions [propagating individual contractions (PICs)] in the wall of the tetradotoxinized urinary bladder. RESULTS: The bladder wall exhibited two contractile states that were of similar frequencies to those of the two types of electrophysiological discharge described in previous studies; the first, in which cyclic PPCs predominated, the second in which small irregular PICs predominated. The addition of carbachol increased the size, frequency, speed and distance of propagation of PPCs, whereas the addition of isoprenaline temporarily halted the incorporation of PICs into PPCs, and reduced patch size and total area undergoing contraction. The RhoA kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632 reduced both largest patch index and mean patch size. Both carbenoxolone and ROCK inhibition decreased the duration of PPCs. Carbenoxolone also prolonged duration and accelerated PPC propagation velocity. The authors postulate that these differences arise from differing effects of these agents on myocytes and interstitial cells within the stress environment of the bladder, influencing the development, coordination and propagation of PPCs. CONCLUSIONS: The timings and structure of spontaneous micromotions in the wall of the isolated bladder change when it is treated with sympathetic/parasympathetic agonists and with myogenically active agents. Correspondingly, disorders of bladder wall contraction may result from disorders of either neurogenic or myogenic signalling and may be amenable to treatment with combinations of agents that influence both.

Role of dantrolene in dinitrophenol (DNP) overdose: A continuing question?

BACKGROUND: 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) is a known uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation that clinically results in hyperthermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, and metabolic acidosis. Overdoses of DNP are often fatal and there is no specific reversal therapy. Dantrolene interferes with calcium release in skeletal muscle and is traditionally used to treat malignant hyperthermia. There has been limited published data on its use in DNP toxicity. We present two cases of DNP toxicity that were treated with dantrolene. CASE 1: A 22-year-old male presented following an overdose of his bodybuilding supplements including DNP. He became altered, tachycardic, and hyperthermic to 40.0C. He required intubation and aggressive cooling. He received multiple doses of dantrolene over the initial 36 h with resolution of his hyperthermia. He was extubated and discharged home on hospital day 6. CASE 2: A 20-year-old male presented following a staggered ingestion of DNP. He was tachypneic and tachycardic on arrival. He became hyperthermic to 40.2C and required intubation. He underwent aggressive cooling and received 200 mg of IV dantrolene. His temperature normalized, however, he expired 4 h after ED arrival. CONCLUSION: DNP toxicity has limited treatment options. Dantrolene may ameliorate the hypermetabolic state in DNP toxicity by lessening excitation-contraction coupling in muscle cells and improving the associated hyperthermia. Our cases demonstrate the hyperthermia reducing effects of dantrolene in DNP toxicity and contribute to the existing literature on this topic. Being aware of the possible use of dantrolene to treat the associated hyperthermia could assist emergency physicians in the treatment of DNP toxicity.

Glacial Acetic Acid Catalyzed Synthesis, Physicochemical and Biological Evaluation of Benzodiazepines as Potent CNS Agents.

BACKGROUND: Approach for green chemistry for chemical synthesis is found to be very efficient as it makes the reaction more easily, less tedious, maximize desired products and minimize by-products. MATERIALS & METHODS: Utilizing this approach 1, 5-benzodiazepines and its derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated for skeletal muscle and antianxiety activity. 1, 5-benzodiazepine derivatives have attracted great attention due to its diversity of pharmacological activities and its application in heterocyclic synthesis and medicines. The target compounds were synthesized by first reacting o-phenylenediamine with acetophenone to yield 1, 5-benzodiazepines. In the next step the NH of 1, 5-benzodiazepines were chloroacetylated and then the chloro group was substituted with different anilines. The structures were confirmed on the basis of their TLC, IR, 1H NMR and CHN elemental studies. The physicochemical parameters were determined for BBB penetration through online software. RESULTS: The Log P values of the compounds tested showed that compounds have the potential to be CNS active. The compounds were evaluated for the skeletal muscle relaxant activity and antianxiety activity. It was investigated that 1, 5-benzodiazepines derivatives possess significant differences between control group and treated group. CONCLUSION: Among these derivatives, the compound bearing chloro group possesses the highest skeletal muscle relaxant and antianxiety activity.

Dantrolene is not the answer to 2,4-dinitrophenol poisoning: more heated debate.

There has been a resurgence in the use of 2,4-dinitrophenol, C6H4N2O5 (DNP) recently as an illegal weight loss drug. We present a case of a healthy 25-year-old girl who took two tablets of DNP, purchased from an overseas online retailer. She was managed with aggressive, invasive cooling measures and 2.5 mg kg-1 dantrolene. Despite this, her temperature continued to rise exponentially to 41.5°C. Cardiac arrest occurred and resuscitation was unsuccessful. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of the ineffective use of dantrolene in acute DNP poisoning. We review the pathophysiology of DNP toxicity and argue that the use of dantrolene therapy is biochemically implausible, based on poor evidence and likely to be futile. We have contacted the UK National Poisons Information Service (NPIS/TOXBASE) to propose changes to the management of acute DNP toxicity.