Endocrine-circadian interactions in birds: implications when nights are no longer dark.

Biological clocks are evolved time-keeping systems by which organisms rhythmically coordinate physiology within the body, and align it with rhythms in their environment. Clocks are highly sensitive to light and are at the interface of several major endocrine pathways. Worryingly, exposure to artificial-light-at-night (ALAN) is rapidly increasing in ever more extensive parts of the world, with likely impact on wild organisms mediated by endocrine-circadian pathways. In this overview, we first give a broad-brush introduction to biological rhythms. Then, we outline interactions between the avian clock, endocrine pathways, and environmental and internal modifiers. The main focus of this review is on the circadian hormone, melatonin. We summarize information from avian field and laboratory studies on melatonin and its relationships with behaviour and physiology, including often neglected developmental aspects. When exposed to ALAN, birds are highly vulnerable to disruption of behavioural rhythms and of physiological systems under rhythmic control. Several studies suggest that melatonin is likely a key mediator for a broad range of effects. We encourage further observational and experimental studies of ALAN impact on melatonin, across the full functional range of this versatile signalling molecule, as well as on other candidate compounds at the endocrine-circadian interface. This article is part of the theme issue 'Endocrine responses to environmental variation: conceptual approaches and recent developments'.

Taking biological rhythms into account: From study design to results reporting.

Numerous physiological and behavioral processes in living organisms exhibit strong rhythmicity and are regulated within a 24-hour cycle. These include locomotor activity and sleep patterns, feeding-fasting cycles, hormone synthesis, body temperature, and even mood and cognitive abilities, all of which are segregated into different phases throughout the day. These processes are governed by the internal timing system, a hierarchical multi-oscillator structure conserved across all organisms, from bacteria to humans. Circadian rhythms have been seen across multiple taxonomic kingdoms. In mammals, a hierarchical internal timing system is comprised of so-called central and periphereal clocks. Although these rhythms are intrinsic, they are under environmental influences, such as seasonal temperature changes, photoperiod variations, and day-night cycles. Recognizing the existence of biological rhythms and their primary external influences is crucial when designing and reporting experiments. Neglecting these physiological variations may result in inconsistent findings and misinterpretations. Thus, here we propose to incorporate biological rhythms into all stages of human and animal research, including experiment design, analysis, and reporting of findings. We also provide a flowchart to support decision-making during the design process, considering biological rhythmicity, along with a checklist outlining key factors that should be considered and documented throughout the study. This comprehensive approach not only benefits the field of chronobiology but also holds value for various other research disciplines. The insights gained from this study have the potential to enhance the validity, reproducibility, and overall quality of scientific investigations, providing valuable guidance for planning, developing, and communicating scientific studies.

Hypoxia Induces Alterations in the Circadian Rhythm in Patients with Chronic Respiratory Diseases.

The function of the circadian cycle is to determine the natural 24 h biological rhythm, which includes physiological, metabolic, and hormonal changes that occur daily in the body. This cycle is controlled by an internal biological clock that is present in the body's tissues and helps regulate various processes such as sleeping, eating, and others. Interestingly, animal models have provided enough evidence to assume that the alteration in the circadian system leads to the appearance of numerous diseases. Alterations in breathing patterns in lung diseases can modify oxygenation and the circadian cycles; however, the response mechanisms to hypoxia and their relationship with the clock genes are not fully understood. Hypoxia is a condition in which the lack of adequate oxygenation promotes adaptation mechanisms and is related to several genes that regulate the circadian cycles, the latter because hypoxia alters the production of melatonin and brain physiology. Additionally, the lack of oxygen alters the expression of clock genes, leading to an alteration in the regularity and precision of the circadian cycle. In this sense, hypoxia is a hallmark of a wide variety of lung diseases. In the present work, we intended to review the functional repercussions of hypoxia in the presence of asthma, chronic obstructive sleep apnea, lung cancer, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, obstructive sleep apnea, influenza, and COVID-19 and its repercussions on the circadian cycles.

A dual-clock-driven model of lymphatic muscle cell pacemaking to emulate knock-out of Ano1 or IP3R.

Lymphatic system defects are involved in a wide range of diseases, including obesity, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. Fluid return through the lymphatic vascular system is primarily provided by contractions of muscle cells in the walls of lymphatic vessels, which are in turn driven by electrochemical oscillations that cause rhythmic action potentials and associated surges in intracellular calcium ion concentration. There is an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms involved in these repeated events, restricting the development of pharmacological treatments for dysfunction. Previously, we proposed a model where autonomous oscillations in the membrane potential (M-clock) drove passive oscillations in the calcium concentration (C-clock). In this paper, to model more accurately what is known about the underlying physiology, we extend this model to the case where the M-clock and the C-clock oscillators are both active but coupled together, thus both driving the action potentials. This extension results from modifications to the model's description of the IP3 receptor, a key C-clock mechanism. The synchronised dual-driving clock behaviour enables the model to match IP3 receptor knock-out data, thus resolving an issue with previous models. We also use phase-plane analysis to explain the mechanisms of coupling of the dual clocks. The model has the potential to help determine mechanisms and find targets for pharmacological treatment of some causes of lymphoedema.

A single photoreceptor splits perception and entrainment by cotransmission.

Vision enables both image-forming perception, driven by a contrast-based pathway, and unconscious non-image-forming circadian photoentrainment, driven by an irradiance-based pathway1,2. Although two distinct photoreceptor populations are specialized for each visual task3-6, image-forming photoreceptors can additionally contribute to photoentrainment of the circadian clock in different species7-15. However, it is unknown how the image-forming photoreceptor pathway can functionally implement the segregation of irradiance signals required for circadian photoentrainment from contrast signals required for image perception. Here we report that the Drosophila R8 photoreceptor separates image-forming and irradiance signals by co-transmitting two neurotransmitters, histamine and acetylcholine. This segregation is further established postsynaptically by histamine-receptor-expressing unicolumnar retinotopic neurons and acetylcholine-receptor-expressing multicolumnar integration neurons. The acetylcholine transmission from R8 photoreceptors is sustained by an autocrine negative feedback of the cotransmitted histamine during the light phase of light-dark cycles. At the behavioural level, elimination of histamine and acetylcholine transmission impairs R8-driven motion detection and circadian photoentrainment, respectively. Thus, a single type of photoreceptor can achieve the dichotomy of visual perception and circadian photoentrainment as early as the first visual synapses, revealing a simple yet robust mechanism to segregate and translate distinct sensory features into different animal behaviours.

The ups and downs of biological oscillators: a comparison of time-delayed negative feedback mechanisms.

Many biochemical oscillators are driven by the periodic rise and fall of protein concentrations or activities. A negative feedback loop underlies such oscillations. The feedback can act on different parts of the biochemical network. Here, we mathematically compare time-delay models where the feedback affects production and degradation. We show a mathematical connection between the linear stability of the two models, and derive how both mechanisms impose different constraints on the production and degradation rates that allow oscillations. We show how oscillations are affected by the inclusion of a distributed delay, of double regulation (acting on production and degradation) and of enzymatic degradation.

Emergent activity, heterogeneity, and robustness in a calcium feedback model of the sinoatrial node.

The sinoatrial node (SAN) is the primary pacemaker of the heart. SAN activity emerges at an early point in life and maintains a steady rhythm for the lifetime of the organism. The ion channel composition and currents of SAN cells can be influenced by a variety of factors. Therefore, the emergent activity and long-term stability imply some form of dynamical feedback control of SAN activity. We adapt a recent feedback model-previously utilized to describe control of ion conductances in neurons-to a model of SAN cells and tissue. The model describes a minimal regulatory mechanism of ion channel conductances via feedback between intracellular calcium and an intrinsic target calcium level. By coupling a SAN cell to the calcium feedback model, we show that spontaneous electrical activity emerges from quiescence and is maintained at steady state. In a 2D SAN tissue model, spatial variability in intracellular calcium targets lead to significant, self-organized heterogeneous ion channel expression and calcium transients throughout the tissue. Furthermore, multiple pacemaking regions appear, which interact and lead to time-varying cycle length, demonstrating that variability in heart rate is an emergent property of the feedback model. Finally, we demonstrate that the SAN tissue is robust to the silencing of leading cells or ion channel knockouts. Thus, the calcium feedback model can reproduce and explain many fundamental emergent properties of activity in the SAN that have been observed experimentally based on a minimal description of intracellular calcium and ion channel regulatory networks.

Cell time: How cells control developmental timetables.

An overview on the molecular and metabolic mechanisms behind individual cell differences in developmental timing in the segmentation clock and the central nervous system.

Real time, in vivo measurement of neuronal and peripheral clocks in Drosophila melanogaster.

Circadian clocks are highly conserved transcriptional regulators that control ~24 hr oscillations in gene expression, physiological function, and behavior. Circadian clocks exist in almost every tissue and are thought to control tissue-specific gene expression and function, synchronized by the brain clock. Many disease states are associated with loss of circadian regulation. How and when circadian clocks fail during pathogenesis remains largely unknown because it is currently difficult to monitor tissue-specific clock function in intact organisms. Here, we developed a method to directly measure the transcriptional oscillation of distinct neuronal and peripheral clocks in live, intact Drosophila, which we term Locally Activatable BioLuminescence, or LABL. Using this method, we observed that specific neuronal and peripheral clocks exhibit distinct transcriptional properties. Loss of the receptor for PDF, a circadian neurotransmitter critical for the function of the brain clock, disrupts circadian locomotor activity but not all tissue-specific circadian clocks. We found that, while peripheral clocks in non-neuronal tissues were less stable after the loss of PDF signaling, they continued to oscillate. We also demonstrate that distinct clocks exhibit differences in their loss of oscillatory amplitude or their change in period, depending on their anatomical location, mutation, or fly age. Our results demonstrate that LABL is an effective tool that allows rapid, affordable, and direct real-time monitoring of individual clocks in vivo.

The daily rhythms in our lives are driven by biological mechanisms called circadian clocks. These biological clocks are protein machines found in almost every cell and organ of the body, in nearly all living things, from fungi and plants to fruit flies and humans. These clocks control 24-hour cycles of gene activity and behaviour, and are kept in-time by so-called 'master clocks' in the brain. Ideally, scientists would be able to observe how circadian clocks work in different parts of the brain in a living animal and track changes throughout the day, as the animal performs different behaviours. However, the tools that are currently available to study circadian clocks do not allow this. To overcome this difficulty, Johnstone et al. used fruit flies to develop a new method that allows scientists to measure the oscillations of the circadian clocks in the brain in real time. Circadian clocks are composed of proteins called 'transcription factors' that activate different genes throughout the day, producing different proteins at different times. Transcription factors control the activity of genes by binding to DNA sequences called 'promoters' and switching the genes regulated by these promoters on or off. Knowing this, Johnstone et al. engineered fruit flies to carry the gene that codes for a protein called luciferase, which emits light, and placed it under the control of the promoter for the period gene, a gene that is regulated by the circadian clock. To prevent all of the cells in the fly from producing luciferase any time the period promoter was active, Johnstone et al. placed a second gene between the promoter and the luciferase gene. This second gene contains 'stop' sequences that prevent luciferase from being produced as long as the second gene is present. Importantly, this gene can be genetically removed from specific cells in live flies, so only these cells will produce luciferase. When Johnstone et al. removed the second gene from specific cells in the fly brain that are involved in controlling behaviours related to the circadian clocks, these cells started emitting light in cycles that reproduced the activity of the circadian clocks. Thus, by monitoring how the brightness of luciferase changed throughout the day in these flies, Johnstone et al. were able to reveal how the circadian clocks work in different parts of the fly brain. They found that each clock had slightly different cycling lengths, suggesting that the clocks work differently in different parts of the brain to control behaviour. Interestingly, Johnstone et al. found that if a key gene responsible for communication between cells was mutated, the effects of the mutation also varied in different parts of the brain. This suggests that different clocks respond differently to communication cues. Additionally, the results showed that circadian clock activity also changed with age: older flies had weaker circadian behaviours ­ fewer changes in both behavioural and genetic activity levels between the day and night ­ than younger animals. Johnstone et al.'s approach makes it possible to track a living animal's circadian clocks in different parts of the brain and in different organs in real time without the need to dissect the animal. In the future, this method will help scientists understand the links between different circadian clocks, the genes associated with them, and the behaviours they control.

Recombinant Adeno-Associated Viral Vector-Mediated Gene Transfer of hTBX18 Generates Pacemaker Cells from Ventricular Cardiomyocytes.

Sinoatrial node dysfunction can manifest as bradycardia, leading to symptoms of syncope and sudden cardiac death. Electronic pacemakers are the current standard of care but are limited due to a lack of biological chronotropic control, cost of revision surgeries, and risk of lead- and device-related complications. We therefore aimed to develop a biological alternative to electronic devices by using a clinically relevant gene therapy vector to demonstrate conversion of cardiomyocytes into sinoatrial node-like cells in an in vitro context. Neonatal rat ventricular myocytes were transduced with recombinant adeno-associated virus vector 6 encoding either hTBX18 or green fluorescent protein and maintained for 3 weeks. At the endpoint, qPCR, Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry were used to assess for reprogramming into pacemaker cells. Cell morphology and Arclight action potentials were imaged via confocal microscopy. Compared to GFP, hTBX18-transduced cells showed that hTBX18, HCN4 and Cx45 were upregulated. Cx43 was significantly downregulated, while sarcomeric α-actinin remained unchanged. Cardiomyocytes transduced with hTBX18 acquired the tapering morphology of native pacemaker cells, as compared to the block-like, striated appearance of ventricular cardiomyocytes. Analysis of the action potentials showed phase 4 depolarization and a significant decrease in the APD50 of the hTBX18-transduced cells. We have demonstrated that rAAV-hTBX18 gene transfer to ventricular myocytes results in morphological, molecular, physiological, and functional changes, recapitulating the pacemaker phenotype in an in vitro setting. The generation of these induced pacemaker-like cells using a clinically relevant vector opens new prospects for biological pacemaker development.

Predictions and experimental tests of a new biophysical model of the mammalian respiratory oscillator.

Previously our computational modeling studies (Phillips et al., 2019) proposed that neuronal persistent sodium current (INaP) and calcium-activated non-selective cation current (ICAN) are key biophysical factors that, respectively, generate inspiratory rhythm and burst pattern in the mammalian preBötzinger complex (preBötC) respiratory oscillator isolated in vitro. Here, we experimentally tested and confirmed three predictions of the model from new simulations concerning the roles of INaP and ICAN: (1) INaP and ICAN blockade have opposite effects on the relationship between network excitability and preBötC rhythmic activity; (2) INaP is essential for preBötC rhythmogenesis; and (3) ICAN is essential for generating the amplitude of rhythmic output but not rhythm generation. These predictions were confirmed via optogenetic manipulations of preBötC network excitability during graded INaP or ICAN blockade by pharmacological manipulations in slices in vitro containing the rhythmically active preBötC from the medulla oblongata of neonatal mice. Our results support and advance the hypothesis that INaP and ICAN mechanistically underlie rhythm and inspiratory burst pattern generation, respectively, in the isolated preBötC.

Cell-Fibronectin Interactions and Actomyosin Contractility Regulate the Segmentation Clock and Spatio-Temporal Somite Cleft Formation during Chick Embryo Somitogenesis.

Fibronectin is essential for somite formation in the vertebrate embryo. Fibronectin matrix assembly starts as cells emerge from the primitive streak and ingress in the unsegmented presomitic mesoderm (PSM). PSM cells undergo cyclic waves of segmentation clock gene expression, followed by Notch-dependent upregulation of meso1 in the rostral PSM which induces somite cleft formation. However, the relevance of the fibronectin matrix for these molecular processes remains unknown. Here, we assessed the role of the PSM fibronectin matrix in the spatio-temporal regulation of chick embryo somitogenesis by perturbing (1) extracellular fibronectin matrix assembly, (2) integrin-fibronectin binding, (3) Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) activity and (4) non-muscle myosin II (NM II) function. We found that integrin-fibronectin engagement and NM II activity are required for cell polarization in the nascent somite. All treatments resulted in defective somitic clefts and significantly perturbed meso1 and segmentation clock gene expression in the PSM. Importantly, inhibition of actomyosin-mediated contractility increased the period of hairy1/hes4 oscillations from 90 to 120 min. Together, our work strongly suggests that the fibronectin-integrin-ROCK-NM II axis regulates segmentation clock dynamics and dictates the spatio-temporal localization of somitic clefts.

Peptide-Modulated pH Rhythms.

Many drugs adjust and/or control the spatiotemporal dynamics of periodic processes such as heartbeat, neuronal signaling and metabolism, often by interacting with proteins or oligopeptides. Here we use a quasi-biocompatible, non-equilibrium pH oscillatory system as a biomimetic biological clock to study the effect of pH-responsive peptides on rhythm dynamics. The added peptides generate feedback that can lengthen or shorten the oscillatory period during which the peptides alternate between random coil and coiled-coil conformations. This modulation of a chemical clock supports the notion that short peptide reagents may have utility as drugs to regulate human body clocks.

Deciphering clock cell network morphology within the biological master clock, suprachiasmatic nucleus: From the perspective of circadian wave dynamics.

The biological master clock, suprachiasmatic nucleus (of rat and mouse), is composed of ~10,000 clock cells which are heterogeneous with respect to their circadian periods. Despite this inhomogeneity, an intact SCN maintains a very good degree of circadian phase (time) coherence which is vital for sustaining various circadian rhythmic activities, and it is supposedly achieved by not just one but a few different cell-to-cell coupling mechanisms, among which action potential (AP)-mediated connectivity is known to be essential. But, due to technical difficulties and limitations in experiments, so far very little information is available about the morphology of the connectivity at a cellular scale. Building upon this limited amount of information, here we exhaustively and systematically explore a large pool (~25,000) of various network morphologies to come up with some plausible network features of SCN networks. All candidates under consideration reflect an experimentally obtained 'indegree distribution' as well as a 'physical range distribution of afferent clock cells.' Then, importantly, with a set of multitude criteria based on the properties of SCN circadian phase waves in extrinsically perturbed as well as in their natural states, we select out appropriate model networks: Some important measures are, 1) level of phase dispersal and direction of wave propagation, 2) phase-resetting ability of the model networks subject to external circadian forcing, and 3) decay rate of perturbation induced "phase-singularities." The successful, realistic networks have several common features: 1) "indegree" and "outdegree" should have a positive correlation; 2) the cells in the SCN ventrolateral region (core) have a much larger total degree than that of the dorsal medial region (shell); 3) The number of intra-core edges is about 7.5 times that of intra-shell edges; and 4) the distance probability density function for the afferent connections fits well to a beta function. We believe that these newly identified network features would be a useful guide for future explorations on the very much unknown AP-mediated clock cell connectome within the SCN.

Mechanosensors control skeletal muscle mass, molecular clocks, and metabolism.

BACKGROUND: Skeletal muscles (SkM) are mechanosensitive, with mechanical unloading resulting in muscle-devastating conditions and altered metabolic properties. However, it remains unexplored whether these atrophic conditions affect SkM mechanosensors and molecular clocks, both crucial for their homeostasis and consequent physiological metabolism. METHODS: We induced SkM atrophy through 14 days of hindlimb suspension (HS) in 10 male C57BL/6J mice and 10 controls (CTR). SkM histology, gene expressions and protein levels of mechanosensors, molecular clocks and metabolism-related players were examined in the m. Gastrocnemius and m. Soleus. Furthermore, we genetically reduced the expression of mechanosensors integrin-linked kinase (Ilk1) and kindlin-2 (Fermt2) in myogenic C2C12 cells and analyzed the gene expression of mechanosensors, clock components and metabolism-controlling genes. RESULTS: Upon hindlimb suspension, gene expression levels of both core molecular clocks and mechanosensors were moderately upregulated in m. Gastrocnemius but strongly downregulated in m. Soleus. Upon unloading, metabolism- and protein biosynthesis-related genes were moderately upregulated in m. Gastrocnemius but downregulated in m. Soleus. Furthermore, we identified very strong correlations between mechanosensors, metabolism- and circadian clock-regulating genes. Finally, genetically induced downregulations of mechanosensors Ilk1 and Fermt2 caused a downregulated mechanosensor, molecular clock and metabolism-related gene expression in the C2C12 model. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, these data shed new lights on mechanisms that control muscle loss. Mechanosensors are identified to crucially control these processes, specifically through commanding molecular clock components and metabolism.

Circadian pacemaker neurons display cophasic rhythms in basal calcium level and in fast calcium fluctuations.

Circadian pacemaker neurons in the Drosophila brain display daily rhythms in the levels of intracellular calcium. These calcium rhythms are driven by molecular clocks and are required for normal circadian behavior. To study their biological basis, we employed genetic manipulations in conjunction with improved methods of in vivo light-sheet microscopy to measure calcium dynamics in individual pacemaker neurons over complete 24-h durations at sampling frequencies as high as 5 Hz. This technological advance unexpectedly revealed cophasic daily rhythms in basal calcium levels and in high-frequency calcium fluctuations. Further, we found that the rhythms of basal calcium levels and of fast calcium fluctuations reflect the activities of two proteins that mediate distinct forms of calcium fluxes. One is the inositol trisphosphate receptor (ITPR), a channel that mediates calcium fluxes from internal endoplasmic reticulum calcium stores, and the other is a T-type voltage-gated calcium channel, which mediates extracellular calcium influx. These results suggest that Drosophila molecular clocks regulate ITPR and T-type channels to generate two distinct but coupled rhythms in basal calcium and in fast calcium fluctuations. We propose that both internal and external calcium fluxes are essential for circadian pacemaker neurons to provide rhythmic outputs and thereby, regulate the activities of downstream brain centers.

Systematic modeling-driven experiments identify distinct molecular clockworks underlying hierarchically organized pacemaker neurons.

In metazoan organisms, circadian (∼24 h) rhythms are regulated by pacemaker neurons organized in a master-slave hierarchy. Although it is widely accepted that master pacemakers and slave oscillators generate rhythms via an identical negative feedback loop of transcription factor CLOCK (CLK) and repressor PERIOD (PER), their different roles imply heterogeneity in their molecular clockworks. Indeed, in Drosophila, defective binding between CLK and PER disrupts molecular rhythms in the master pacemakers, small ventral lateral neurons (sLNvs), but not in the slave oscillator, posterior dorsal neuron 1s (DN1ps). Here, we develop a systematic and expandable approach that unbiasedly searches the source of the heterogeneity in molecular clockworks from time-series data. In combination with in vivo experiments, we find that sLNvs exhibit higher synthesis and turnover of PER and lower CLK levels than DN1ps. Importantly, light shift analysis reveals that due to such a distinct molecular clockwork, sLNvs can obtain paradoxical characteristics as the master pacemaker, generating strong rhythms that are also flexibly adjustable to environmental changes. Our results identify the different characteristics of molecular clockworks of pacemaker neurons that underlie hierarchical multi-oscillator structure to ensure the rhythmic fitness of the organism.

From the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction to biochemical clocks, traveling waves and cell cycle regulation.

In the last 20 years, a growing army of systems biologists has employed quantitative experimental methods and theoretical tools of data analysis and mathematical modeling to unravel the molecular details of biological control systems with novel studies of biochemical clocks, cellular decision-making, and signaling networks in time and space. Few people know that one of the roots of this new paradigm in cell biology can be traced to a serendipitous discovery by an obscure Russian biochemist, Boris Belousov, who was studying the oxidation of citric acid. The story is told here from an historical perspective, tracing its meandering path through glycolytic oscillations, cAMP signaling, and frog egg development. The connections among these diverse themes are drawn out by simple mathematical models (nonlinear differential equations) that share common structures and properties.

The vicious circle between physical, psychological, and physiological characteristics of shift work in nurses: a multidimensional approach.

PURPOSE: To compare physical, psychological, and physiological adaptations between rotating and morning shift health workers using objective and subjective approaches. METHODS: Forty nurses [n = 20 morning shift (MS) group; n = 20 rotating shift (RS) group] were evaluated for anthropometry, body composition, and handgrip strength. Quality of life, depression, fatigue, daytime sleepiness, and sleep quality were assessed with SF-36, Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), respectively. Physical activity was assessed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and triaxial accelerometers. Sleep-related data were monitored with sleep actigraphy. Salivary melatonin levels were analyzed before/after sleep, and blood lipid profiles were measured the following morning. RESULTS: The RS group had higher mean BMI and total and abdominal fat and scored lower in the SF-36 (p < 0.01). All nurses showed reduced physical activity levels, which, in the RS group, were negatively correlated with FSS (p = 0.033) and SDS scores (p = 0.025). Poor sleep was revealed in 53% of nurses. The RS group had worse sleep quality by PSQI than the MS group (p = 0.045). PSQI scores were inversely related to SF-36 scores and positively correlated with FSS, BMI, waist circumference, and body fat (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: RS nurses showed increased body mass and total and abdominal fat along with decreased quality of life and sleep quality compared to MS counterparts. A strong relationship was found between physical, psychological, and physiological domains. Further studies should consider workplace interventions to prevent obesity, promote physical activity, and manage poor sleeping patterns in nurses.

Consolidation and maintenance of long-term memory involve dual functions of the developmental regulator Apterous in clock neurons and mushroom bodies in the Drosophila brain.

Memory is initially labile but can be consolidated into stable long-term memory (LTM) that is stored in the brain for extended periods. Despite recent progress, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the intriguing neurobiological processes of LTM remain incompletely understood. Using the Drosophila courtship conditioning assay as a memory paradigm, here, we show that the LIM homeodomain (LIM-HD) transcription factor Apterous (Ap), which is known to regulate various developmental events, is required for both the consolidation and maintenance of LTM. Interestingly, Ap is involved in these 2 memory processes through distinct mechanisms in different neuronal subsets in the adult brain. Ap and its cofactor Chip (Chi) are indispensable for LTM maintenance in the Drosophila memory center, the mushroom bodies (MBs). On the other hand, Ap plays a crucial role in memory consolidation in a Chi-independent manner in pigment dispersing factor (Pdf)-containing large ventral-lateral clock neurons (l-LNvs) that modulate behavioral arousal and sleep. Since disrupted neurotransmission and electrical silencing in clock neurons impair memory consolidation, Ap is suggested to contribute to the stabilization of memory by ensuring the excitability of l-LNvs. Indeed, ex vivo imaging revealed that a reduced function of Ap, but not Chi, results in exaggerated Cl- responses to the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in l-LNvs, indicating that wild-type (WT) Ap maintains high l-LNv excitability by suppressing the GABA response. Consistently, enhancing the excitability of l-LNvs by knocking down GABAA receptors compensates for the impaired memory consolidation in ap null mutants. Overall, our results revealed unique dual functions of the developmental regulator Ap for LTM consolidation in clock neurons and LTM maintenance in MBs.