RESUMEN
This article focuses on how nutrition may help prevent and/or assist with recovery from the harmful effects of strenuous acute exercise and physical training (decreased immunity, organ injury, inflammation, oxidative stress, and fatigue), with a focus on nutritional supplements. First, the effects of ketogenic diets on metabolism and inflammation are considered. Second, the effects of various supplements on immune function are discussed, including antioxidant defense modulators (vitamin C, sulforaphane, taheebo), and inflammation reducers (colostrum and hyperimmunized milk). Third, how 3-hydroxy-3-methyl butyrate monohydrate (HMB) may offset muscle damage is reviewed. Fourth and finally, the relationship between exercise, nutrition and COVID-19 infection is briefly mentioned. While additional verification of the safety and efficacy of these supplements is still necessary, current evidence suggests that these supplements have potential applications for health promotion and disease prevention among athletes and more diverse populations.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/uso terapéutico , Atletas , Suplementos Dietéticos , Ejercicio Físico/inmunología , Estrés Oxidativo , Resistencia Física , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/inmunología , Humanos , Inflamación/epidemiología , Inflamación/inmunología , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Oxidativo/inmunología , Resistencia Física/efectos de los fármacos , Resistencia Física/inmunología , SARS-CoV-2/inmunología , Ciencias de la Nutrición y del DeporteRESUMEN
This study examined the effect of short-term adaptation to a ketogenic diet (KD) on resting and post-exercise immune markers. Using a randomized, repeated-measures, crossover design, eight trained, male, endurance athletes ingested a 31-day low carbohydrate (CHO), KD (energy intake: 4% CHO; 78% fat) or their habitual diet (HD) (energy intake: 43% CHO; 38% fat). On days 0 and 31, participants ran to exhaustion at 70% VO2max . A high-CHO (2 g·kg-1 ) meal was ingested prior to the pre-HD, post-HD, and pre-KD trials, with CHO (~55 g·h-1 ) ingested during exercise, whereas a low-CHO (<10 g) meal was ingested prior to the post-KD trial, with fat ingested during exercise. Blood and saliva samples were collected at pre-exercise, exhaustion, and 1 hour post-exhaustion. T-cell-related cytokine gene expression within peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and whole-blood inflammatory cytokine production were determined using 24-hour multi-antigen-stimulated whole-blood cultures. Multi-antigen-stimulated PBMC IFN-γ mRNA expression and the IFN-γ/IL-4 mRNA expression ratio were higher at exhaustion in the post-KD compared with pre-KD trial (P = 0.003 and P = 0.004); however, IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA expression were unaltered (P > 0.05). Multi-antigen-stimulated whole-blood IL-10 production was higher in the post-KD compared with pre-KD trial (P = 0.028), whereas IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-8, and IFN-γ production was lower in the post-HD compared with pre-HD trial (P < 0.01). Salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) secretion rate was higher in the post-KD compared with pre-KD trial (P < 0.001). In conclusion, short-term adaptation to a KD in endurance athletes may alter the pro- and anti-inflammatory immune cell cytokine response to a multi-antigen in vitro and SIgA secretion rate.
Asunto(s)
Inmunidad Adaptativa , Dieta Cetogénica , Inmunidad Mucosa , Resistencia Física/inmunología , Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico/sangre , Biomarcadores/sangre , Glucemia/metabolismo , Estudios Cruzados , Citocinas/sangre , Expresión Génica , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/sangre , Inmunoglobulina A/metabolismo , Interferón gamma/genética , Interleucina-10/genética , Interleucina-4/genética , Leucocitos Mononucleares/inmunología , Masculino , ARN Mensajero/genética , Saliva/inmunologíaRESUMEN
In March 2020, we observed an outbreak of COVID-19 among a relatively homogenous group of 199 young (median age 21 years; 87% men) Swiss recruits. By comparing physical endurance before and in median 45 days after the outbreak, we found a significant decrease in predicted maximal aerobic capacity in COVID-19 convalescent but not in asymptomatically infected and SARS-CoV-2 naive recruits. This finding might be indicative of lung injury after apparently mild COVID-19 in young adults.
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Infecciones por Coronavirus/diagnóstico , Coronavirus/aislamiento & purificación , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Lesión Pulmonar/etiología , Consumo de Oxígeno , Resistencia Física/fisiología , Neumonía Viral/diagnóstico , Ventilación Pulmonar/fisiología , Adulto , Infecciones Asintomáticas , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Convalecencia , Coronavirus/genética , Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Brotes de Enfermedades , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Personal Militar , Pandemias , Resistencia Física/inmunología , Aptitud Física , Neumonía Viral/epidemiología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Factores de Riesgo , SARS-CoV-2 , Suiza/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Repeated bouts of exercise condition muscle mitochondria to meet increased energy demand-an adaptive response associated with improved metabolic fitness. We found that the type 2 cytokine interleukin-13 (IL-13) is induced in exercising muscle, where it orchestrates metabolic reprogramming that preserves glycogen in favor of fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial respiration. Exercise training-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis, running endurance, and beneficial glycemic effects were lost in Il13-/- mice. By contrast, enhanced muscle IL-13 signaling was sufficient to increase running distance, glucose tolerance, and mitochondrial activity similar to the effects of exercise training. In muscle, IL-13 acts through both its receptor IL-13Rα1 and the transcription factor Stat3. The genetic ablation of either of these downstream effectors reduced running capacity in mice. Thus, coordinated immunological and physiological responses mediate exercise-elicited metabolic adaptations that maximize muscle fuel economy.
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Adaptación Fisiológica/inmunología , Glucógeno/metabolismo , Interleucina-13/metabolismo , Mitocondrias Musculares/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Resistencia Física/inmunología , Animales , Glucemia/metabolismo , Línea Celular , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Interleucina-13/sangre , Interleucina-13/genética , Subunidad alfa1 del Receptor de Interleucina-13/genética , Subunidad alfa1 del Receptor de Interleucina-13/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Mioblastos/metabolismo , Oxidación-Reducción , Condicionamiento Físico Animal , Carrera , Factor de Transcripción STAT3/genética , Factor de Transcripción STAT3/metabolismoRESUMEN
Michalickova, D, Minic, R, Kotur-Stevuljevic, J, Andjelkovic, M, Dikic, N, Kostic-Vucicevic, M, Slanar, O, and Djordjevic, B. Changes in parameters of oxidative stress, immunity, and behavior in endurance athletes during a preparation period in winter. J Strength Cond Res 34(10): 2965-2973, 2020-The current study monitored markers of immunological and oxidative status in 9 male elite endurance athletes: V[Combining Dot Above]O2max: 68 ± 11 ml·kg·min, age: 24 ± 2.5 years, and training loads: 128 ± 21 metabolic equivalents-h·wk during a 3-month preparation period in winter (January-March). Self-rated state of moods evaluation (by Profile of Mood States questionnaire) was performed, and blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of the study. Spectrophotometric methods and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used for parameters' determination. The level of concanavalin A (ConA)-stimulated interferon-γ (IFN-γ) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was increased (562 [147-852] vs. 1,097 [451-1842] pg·ml, p = 0.013). Also, the level of transforming growth factor-1 (TGF-ß1) in serum was elevated (2.5 [1.4-5.1] vs. 7.2 [4.9-8.2] ng·ml, p = 0.015). There was no change in the level of peptidoglycan (PGN)-stimulated interleukin (IL)-10 from PBMCs. There were no significant changes in PBMCs proliferation/viability on stimulation with ConA and PGN during the study. No changes in superoxide dismutase, prooxidative-antioxidative balance, total oxidant status (TOS), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were observed along the study. Total antioxidant status (TAS) was increased (910 ± 174 vs. 1,090 ± 102 µmol·L, p = 0.018), and activity of paraoxonase (PON1) was decreased (523 ± 295 vs. 335 ± 183 U·L, p = 0.003) at the end of the study. Advanced oxidation protein products were increased (25 ± 7.9 vs. 42 ± 7.6 µmol·L, p = 0.011). The self-rated sense of vigor significantly declined (20 ± 2.1 vs. 14 ± 3.4, p = 0.045). In conclusion, 3 months of regular training in winter induced prominent changes in cytokines, biomarkers of oxidative stress, and antioxidative enzyme activity. These changes might increase susceptibility of athletes to disease and muscle damage and consequently lead to performance reduction.
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Afecto/fisiología , Atletas , Citocinas/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/fisiología , Resistencia Física/fisiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Biomarcadores , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Prueba de Esfuerzo , Humanos , Leucocitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Equivalente Metabólico/fisiología , Estado Nutricional , Oxidación-Reducción , Consumo de Oxígeno/fisiología , Resistencia Física/inmunología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Physical activity, particularly that, exerted by endurance athletes, impacts the immune status of the human body. Prolonged duration and high-intensity endurance training lead to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thereby to oxidative stress. Military combat swimmers (O2-divers) are regularly exposed to hyperbaric hyperoxia (HBO) in addition to intensive endurance training intervals. They are, therefore, exposed to extreme levels of oxidative stress. Several studies support that the intensity of oxidative stress essentially determines the effect on immune status. The aim of this study was to comparatively characterise peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of O2-divers (military combat swimmers), endurance athletes (amateur triathletes), and healthy control volunteers with respect to DNA fragmentation, immune status and signs of inflammation. Furthermore, it was investigated how PBMCs from these groups responded acutely to exposure to HBO. We showed that DNA fragmentation was comparable in PBMCs of all three groups under basal conditions directly after HBO exposure. However, significantly higher DNA fragmentation was observed in O2-divers 18 hours after HBO, possibly indicating a slower recovery. O2-divers also exhibited a proinflammatory immune status exemplified by an elevated number of CD4+CD25+ T cells, elevated expression of proinflammatory cytokine IL-12, and diminished expression of anti-inflammatory TGF-ß1 compared to controls. Supported by a decreased basal gene expression and prolonged upregulation of anti-oxidative HO-1, these data suggest that higher oxidative stress levels, as present under intermitted hyperbaric hyperoxia, e.g. through oxygen diving, promote a higher inflammatory immune status than oxidative stress through endurance training alone.
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Atletas , Buceo/fisiología , Hiperoxia/inmunología , Inmunidad Innata/efectos de los fármacos , Oxígeno/farmacología , Resistencia Física/inmunología , Adulto , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Ensayo Cometa , Fragmentación del ADN , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Hemo-Oxigenasa 1/genética , Hemo-Oxigenasa 1/inmunología , Humanos , Oxigenoterapia Hiperbárica/métodos , Hiperoxia/genética , Hiperoxia/fisiopatología , Inflamación , Interleucina-12/genética , Interleucina-12/inmunología , Leucocitos Mononucleares/inmunología , Leucocitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estrés Oxidativo/inmunología , Oxígeno/inmunología , Resistencia Física/genética , Esfuerzo Físico/genética , Esfuerzo Físico/inmunología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/inmunología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta1/genética , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta1/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Carbohydrate (CHO) availability could alter mucosal immune responses to exercise. This study compared the effect of three dietary approaches to CHO availability on resting and post-exercise s-IgA levels. Elite race walkers (n = 26) adhered to a high CHO diet (HCHO), periodised CHO availability (PCHO) or a low CHO/high fat diet (LCHF) for 3 weeks while completing an intensified training program. HCHO and PCHO groups consumed 8.0-8.5 g.kg-1 CHO daily, with timing of ingestion manipulated to alter CHO availability around key training sessions. The LCHF diet comprised 80% fat and restricted CHO to < 50 g.day-1. A race walk test protocol (19 km females, 25 km males) was completed at baseline, after adaptation, and following CHO restoration. On each occasion, saliva samples were obtained pre- and post-exercise to quantify s-IgA levels. Resting s-IgA secretion rate substantially increased ~ two-fold post-intervention in all groups (HCHO: 2.2 ± 2.2, PCHO: 2.8 ± 3.2, LCHF: 1.6 ± 1.6; fold-change± 95% confidence limits), however, no substantial differences between dietary treatments were evident. Post-exercise, substantial 20-130% increases in s-IgA concentration and 43-64% reductions in flow rate occurred in all dietary treatments, with trivial differences evident between groups. It appears that high volume training overrides any effect of manipulating CHO availability on mucosal immunity in elite athletes.
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Carbohidratos de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Inmunidad Mucosa , Resistencia Física/inmunología , Caminata/fisiología , Adulto , Dieta de Carga de Carbohidratos , Dieta Baja en Carbohidratos , Dieta Alta en Grasa , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina A Secretora/metabolismo , Masculino , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano , Saliva/metabolismo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Objective: This study examines the long-term effects of ingesting hydrolyzed beef protein versus carbohydrate on indirect markers of immunity during 10 weeks of endurance training in master-aged triathletes (n = 16, age 35-60 years). Methods: Participants were randomly assigned to either a hydrolyzed beef protein (PRO, n = 8) or nonprotein isoenergetic carbohydrate (CHO, n = 8) condition, which consisted of ingesting 20 g of each supplement, mixed with water, once a day immediately post workout, or before breakfast on nontraining days. Salivary human neutrophil peptides (HNP1-3) were measured before and after performing an incremental endurance test to volitional exhaustion at both pre and post intervention. Additionally, baseline levels of platelets, neutrophils, eosinophil basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes were determined at pre and post intervention. Results: No significant changes in baseline concentration and secretion rate of salivary HNP1-3 were observed for either treatment. The CHO group showed a nonsignificant decrease in resting HNP1-3 concentrations following the intervention (p = 0.052, effect size d = 0.53). Protein supplementation demonstrated a significant reduction in lymphocyte counts pre to post intervention (mean [SD]: 2.30 [0.57] vs. 1.93 [0.45] 103/mm3, p = 0.046, d = 0.77), along with a moderate but not statistically significant increase (d = 0.75, p = 0.051) of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. Conclusions: In master-aged triathletes, postworkout ingestion of only protein, with no carbohydrate, may not be as effective as carbohydrate alone to attenuate negative long-term changes of some salivary and cellular immunological markers. Future studies should consider the co-ingestion of both macronutrients.
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Carbohidratos de la Dieta/farmacología , Proteínas en la Dieta/farmacología , Suplementos Dietéticos , Fenómenos Fisiológicos en la Nutrición Deportiva/inmunología , alfa-Defensinas/efectos de los fármacos , Adulto , Atletas , Biomarcadores/análisis , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Resistencia Física/inmunología , Carne Roja , Entrenamiento de Fuerza , Saliva/químicaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Prolonged and strenuous exercise may lead to changes in the immune system function and to temporary suppression in defense against pathogens. These changes likely increase the risk of those engaging in prolonged and strenuous physical activity to develop upper respiratory tract infection and to reduce the level of performance. On the other hand, it appears that moderate physical activity reduces the risk of upper respiratory tract infection. Various populations, such as professional athletes and soldiers in combat units, who engage in daily strenuous exercise, may therefore be a high risk group. Integration of additional stress factors, such as sleep deprivation, emotional stress, nutritional deprivation, and dehydration also affect the immune system and may worsen the effect. On the other hand, there are those who claim that upper respiratory symptoms are due to non-infection inflammation causes such as allergy, asthma etc. Hence the effects of strenuous exercise on the immune system during training and competitions are not sufficiently clear. This review article will focus on the known effects of strenuous and prolonged exercise on the immune system, the possible mechanisms leading to these changes and their clinical impacts with applied emphasis to active populations such as athletes and soldiers.
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Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Sistema Inmunológico/fisiología , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/etiología , Atletas , Humanos , Resistencia Física/inmunología , Resistencia Física/fisiología , Privación de Sueño/inmunología , Estrés Fisiológico/inmunología , Estrés Psicológico/inmunologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Improved treatment options of HIV have resulted in regular physical activities of many HIV-infected patients. However, data on effects of sports in HIV-patients are scarce. METHODS: 21 HIV-infected persons were monitored prospectively while preparing for a marathon run. Multiple parameters with regard to immunology, quality of life and metabolism were measured at 4 time points (at baseline 1 year before the marathon run, 3 and 6 months after beginning of training, and immediately before marathon). RESULTS: 13 out of 21 participants completed the marathon (12 male, 1 female; median age 42 years [27-50]; CD4 = 620/µl [146-1268]; 11 were on ART since 3.5 years [1-7]). 8 participants ceased training early. All reasons for stopping (besides one pre-existing metatarsal fracture) were not regarded as training-related (e.g. time limitation n = 3; newly diagnosed anal cancer n = 1; personal reasons/unknown n = 3). We observed a significant increase in absolute CD4-T-cells (620/µl [146-1268] vs. 745 [207-1647]; p = 0.001) with simultaneous decrease of CD4-T-cell apoptosis (53% [47-64] vs. 32% [14-42]); p < 0.01). No effects on viral load independent of ART occurred. Systolic blood pressure and cholesterol improved significantly, although moderate and normal at baseline (cholesterol 185 mg/dl [98-250] vs. 167 [106-222], p = 0.02; RRsys 125 mmHg [100-145] vs. 120 [100-140], p = 0.01). Blood count, liver enzymes, creatinine and CK remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this pilot study indicated improved metabolic and immunologic parameters in HIV-infected patients undergoing moderate endurance training. Although training effects or ART cannot be ultimately separated as underlying mechanisms, we conclude that marathon training is safe for HIV-infected patients and potentially improves general health. TRIAL REGISTRATION: DRKS00011592 (retrospectively registered on February 9th 2017).
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Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , Infecciones por VIH/metabolismo , Resistencia Física/fisiología , Esfuerzo Físico/fisiología , Adulto , Presión Sanguínea , Recuento de Linfocito CD4 , Colesterol/sangre , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/virología , Humanos , Hígado/enzimología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Resistencia Física/inmunología , Esfuerzo Físico/inmunología , Proyectos Piloto , Calidad de Vida , Carrera , Carga ViralRESUMEN
Stress is associated with increased susceptibility to infection. We investigated if the mechanism involves immunomodulation of dendritic cells and whether this can be inhibited by a polyphenol-rich diet. Blood samples were taken from a total of 100 male endurance athletes at 5 time points around a marathon run: 4 weeks before; 1 week before; and immediately, 24 h, and 72 h after. Participants were randomized into 2 double-blinded groups. One group received a polyphenol-rich beverage during a 3-week training phase before marathon while the other group received a placebo beverage. Flow cytometric analysis of dendritic cell (DC) counts and subpopulation counts (myeloid, plasmocytoid DCs) was performed. Levels of viral antigen presenting toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 messenger RNA was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Marathon running induced a significant increase of circulating myeloid DCs (0.2% vs. 0.33% of whole-blood leukocytes (wbl); p < 0.01) and a significant decrease of plasmozytoid DCs (0.12% vs. 0.03% of wbl; p < 0.01) and TLR7 expression (decline of 60%; p < 0.01). Polyphenol supplementation did not significantly affect mobilization of dendritic cells but showed beneficial effects on regeneration of TLR7 expression in wbl at 3 days postmarathon (decline of 40% vs. increase of 1000%; p < 0.05). In conclusion, physical stress affects circulating DCs, with an increase of myeloid and a decrease of plasmozytoid DCs. This may partially explain the susceptibility to viral infections after strenuous exercise. These detrimental effects are not attenuated by polyphenol supplementation. However, polyphenols support regeneration of viral antigen presenting TLR7 after strenuous exercise.
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Atletas , Células Dendríticas/efectos de los fármacos , Dieta , Ejercicio Físico , Factores Inmunológicos/administración & dosificación , Inmunomodulación/efectos de los fármacos , Resistencia Física/inmunología , Polifenoles/administración & dosificación , Administración Oral , Adulto , Bebidas , Células Dendríticas/inmunología , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Método Doble Ciego , Alemania , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fenotipo , Factores de Tiempo , Receptor Toll-Like 7/inmunología , Receptor Toll-Like 7/metabolismo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Virosis/inmunología , Virosis/prevención & control , Virosis/virología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
There is general perception that elite athletes are highly susceptible to changes in immunohematological profile. The objective of this study was to compare immunohematological parameters of elite athletes of different aerobic and muscular strength sports and analyze changes over 2 months. Sixteen judoists and 14 swimmers were evaluated 2 months before (M1) and immediately prior to competition (M2). Hemogram and lymphocytes subpopulations were assessed with automatic counter and flow cytometry, respectively. Judoists had higher neutrophils and lower monocytes and eosinophils percentages than swimmers at M1 and M2. At M2 judoists had lower red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin, and hematocrit than swimmers. At M2 judoists' hematocrit and CD16 decreased while swimmers' hemoglobin and hematocrit increased. In conclusion, neither sports characteristics nor intense training seem to displace the athletes' immunohematological profile out of the clinical range, despite the possibility of occurrence of microlesions that may stimulate production of leukocytes and reduction of RBC in judoists.
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Atletas , Artes Marciales , Resistencia Física/inmunología , Natación , Adulto , Recuento de Células Sanguíneas , Estudios de Seguimiento , Hematócrito , Hemoglobinas/análisis , Humanos , Leucocitos/metabolismo , Estudios Longitudinales , Linfocitos/metabolismo , Masculino , Portugal , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Vigorous and prolonged exercise such as marathon running increases inflammatory markers and the risk of upper respiratory illness (URI) in athletes. Nutritional supplements are being tested as countermeasures of exercise-induced inflammation and immune dysfunction. METHODS: In this prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase I trial, healthy male runners (N = 138, age 42 ± 11 yr) were supplemented with rutoside (600-1200 mg·d) and hydrolytic enzymes (540-1080 mg·d bromelain, 288-576 mg·d trypsin) (WOB) or placebo (PL) for 1 wk before and 2 wk after the Munich Marathon 2013. Blood samples were collected 5 wk prerace and immediately, 24 h, and 72 h postrace and analyzed for inflammation biomarkers (interleukins [IL] 6 and 10, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and leukocytes). URI rates, assessed by the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey, were compared between the study groups during the 2-wk period after the marathon race. URI was defined if the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey score was equal or greater than seven, representing either one severe symptom or seven mild symptoms. RESULTS: Immediately postrace, the increase of IL-6 was not significantly different between the WOB and the PL groups (median [interquartile range]: WOB, 33.8 [22.5-58.8] ng·L; PL, 35.6 [24.8-61.29] ng·L; P = 0.758). No significant group differences were observed for increases of IL-10, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, or leukocytes pre- to postrace (all P > 0.05). From race day until 2 wk after the marathon race, the percentage of individuals with at least one URI did not significantly differ between the groups (WOB, 50.0%; PL, 51.5%; P = 0.859). CONCLUSION: Supplementation with rutoside and hydrolytic enzymes before and after a marathon race did not attenuate postrace inflammation or decrease URI incidence in nonelite male marathon runners.
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Bromelaínas/administración & dosificación , Suplementos Dietéticos , Inflamación/prevención & control , Resistencia Física/fisiología , Carrera/fisiología , Rutina/administración & dosificación , Tripsina/administración & dosificación , Adulto , Bromelaínas/efectos adversos , Proteína C-Reactiva/metabolismo , Suplementos Dietéticos/efectos adversos , Método Doble Ciego , Humanos , Inflamación/sangre , Interleucina-10/sangre , Interleucina-6/sangre , Recuento de Leucocitos , Leucocitos/metabolismo , Masculino , Resistencia Física/inmunología , Estudios Prospectivos , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/sangre , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/prevención & control , Rutina/efectos adversos , Tripsina/efectos adversosRESUMEN
In vitro production of immunoregulatory cytokines (IFN-α, IL-31, TNF-ß, IL-17A, IL-7, IL-1RA, IL-1α, IL-10, IL-15, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-27, and IL-9) by dendritic cell cultures was compared in ski athletes and healthy donors. Effect of prolonged intense physical exercise on secretory activity of immune cells was investigated. In both groups, secretion of IL-1RA, IL-10, IL-1α by dendritic cells was revealed, but there were significant differences in IL-1RA, IL-1α content (p<0.05) with lower level in the group of athletes. Production of IL-17A and IL-7 by dendritic cells in the group of athletes was not detected. In athletes, several proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-α, IL-31, and TNF-ß) were secreted by cells in high concentrations, in contrast to the control group. In both groups, dendritic cells did not secrete IL-15, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-27, and IL-9.
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Atletas , Células Dendríticas/inmunología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/inmunología , Resistencia Física/inmunología , Esquí , Altitud , Células Dendríticas/citología , Ejercicio Físico , Humanos , Interferón-alfa/genética , Interferón-alfa/inmunología , Interferón-alfa/metabolismo , Interleucina-17/genética , Interleucina-17/inmunología , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Interleucina-7/genética , Interleucina-7/inmunología , Interleucina-7/metabolismo , Interleucinas/genética , Interleucinas/inmunología , Interleucinas/metabolismo , Linfotoxina-alfa/genética , Linfotoxina-alfa/inmunología , Linfotoxina-alfa/metabolismo , Cultivo Primario de Células , Federación de Rusia , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
PURPOSE: We investigated the effects of a 3-week dietary periodization on immunity and sleep in triathletes. METHODS: 21 triathletes were divided into two groups with different nutritional guidelines during a 3-week endurance training program including nine twice a day sessions with lowered (SL group) or maintained (CON group) glycogen availability during the overnight recovery period. In addition to performance tests, sleep was monitored every night. Systemic and mucosal immune parameters as well as the incidence of URTI were monitored every week of the training/nutrition protocol. Two-ways ANOVA and effect sizes were used to examine differences in dependent variables between groups at each time point. RESULTS: The SL group significantly improved 10 km running performance (-1 min 13 s, P < 0.01, d = 0.38), whereas no improvement was recorded in the CON group (-2 s, NS). No significant changes in white blood cells counts, plasma cortisol and IL-6 were recorded over the protocol in both groups. The vitamin D status decreased in similar proportions between groups, whereas salivary IgA decreased in the SL group only (P < 0.05, d = 0.23). The incidence of URTI was not altered in both groups. All participants in both groups went to bed earlier during the training program (SL -20 min, CON -27 min, P < 0.05, d = 0.28). In the SL group, only sleep efficiency slightly decreased by 1.1 % (P < 0.05, d = 0.25) and the fragmentation index tended to increase at the end of the protocol (P = 0.06). CONCLUSION: Sleeping and training the next morning regularly with reduced glycogen availability has minimal effects on selected markers of immunity, the incidence of URTI and sleeping patterns in trained athletes.
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Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono/inmunología , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/inmunología , Glucógeno/inmunología , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/prevención & control , Sueño/inmunología , Deportes , Administración Oral , Adolescente , Adulto , Dieta Baja en Carbohidratos/métodos , Glucógeno/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Inmunidad Innata/inmunología , Factores Inmunológicos/metabolismo , Masculino , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/métodos , Resistencia Física/inmunología , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/inmunología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To determine how immune markers are affected by acute hypoxic exercise at the same relative intensity. METHODS: Twelve endurance-trained males (age: 28 ± 4 years, [Formula: see text]O2max: 63.7 ± 5.3 mL/kg/min) cycled for 75 min at 70 % of altitude-specific [Formula: see text]O2max, once in normoxia (N) and once in hypobaric hypoxia equivalent to 2000 m above sea-level (H). Blood and saliva samples were collected pre-, post- and 2 h post-exercise. RESULTS: Participants cycled at 10.5 % lower power output in H vs. N, with no significant differences in heart rate (P = 0.10) or rating of perceived exertion (P = 0.21). Post-exercise plasma cortisol was higher in H vs. N [683 (95 % CI 576-810) nmol/l vs. 549 (469-643) nmol/l, P = 0.017]. The exercise-induced decrease in CD4:CD8 ratio was greater in H vs. N (-0.5 ± 0.2 vs. -0.3 ± 0.2, P = 0.019). There were no significant between-trial differences for adrenocorticotropic hormone, plasma cytokines, antigen-stimulated cytokine production, salivary immunoglobulin-A or lactoferrin. However, there was a main trial effect for concentration [F(11) = 5.99, P < 0.032] and secretion [F(11) = 5.01, P < 0.047] of salivary lysozyme, with this being higher in N at every time-point. CONCLUSION: Whether the observed differences between H and N are of sufficient magnitude to clinically impair host defence is questionable, particularly as they are transient in nature and since other immune markers are unaffected. As such, acute hypoxic exercise likely does not pose a meaningful additional threat to immune function compared to exercise at sea level, provided that absolute workload is reduced in hypoxia so that relative exercise intensity is the same.
Asunto(s)
Mal de Altura/inmunología , Citocinas/inmunología , Ejercicio Físico , Inmunidad Mucosa/inmunología , Factores Inmunológicos/inmunología , Resistencia Física/inmunología , Adulto , Citocinas/sangre , Humanos , Factores Inmunológicos/sangre , Masculino , Estrés Fisiológico/inmunologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To determine effects of intensified training (IT) and carbohydrate supplementation on overreaching and immunity. METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 13 male cyclists (age 25 ± 6 years, VO2max 72 ± 5 ml/kg/min) completed two 8-day periods of IT. On one occasion, participants ingested 2 % carbohydrate (L-CHO) beverages before, during and after training sessions. On the second occasion, 6 % carbohydrate (H-CHO) solutions were ingested before, during and after training, with the addition of 20 g of protein in the post-exercise beverage. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after incremental exercise to fatigue on days 1 and 9. RESULTS: In both trials, IT resulted in decreased peak power (375 ± 37 vs. 391 ± 37 W, P < 0.001), maximal heart rate (179 ± 8 vs. 190 ± 10 bpm, P < 0.001) and haematocrit (39 ± 2 vs. 42 ± 2 %, P < 0.001), and increased plasma volume (P < 0.001). Resting plasma cortisol increased while plasma ACTH decreased following IT (P < 0.05), with no between-trial differences. Following IT, antigen-stimulated whole blood culture production of IL-1α was higher in L-CHO than H-CHO (0.70 (95 % CI 0.52-0.95) pg/ml versus 0.33 (0.24-0.45) pg/ml, P < 0.01), as was production of IL-1ß (9.3 (95 % CI 7-10.4) pg/ml versus 6.0 (5.0-7.8) pg/ml, P < 0.05). Circulating total leukocytes (P < 0.05) and neutrophils (P < 0.01) at rest increased following IT, as did neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio and percentage CD4+ lymphocytes (P < 0.05), with no between-trial differences. CONCLUSION: IT resulted in symptoms consistent with overreaching, although immunological changes were modest. Higher carbohydrate intake was not able to alleviate physiological/immunological disturbances.
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Ciclismo/fisiología , Biomarcadores/sangre , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/inmunología , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Resistencia Física/inmunología , Resistencia Física/fisiología , Hormona Adrenocorticotrópica/sangre , Adulto , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Estudios Cruzados , Suplementos Dietéticos , Método Doble Ciego , Fatiga/sangre , Fatiga/inmunología , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/sangre , Interleucina-1alfa/sangre , Interleucina-1beta/sangre , MasculinoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Exercise has beneficial effects on cancer prevention as well as on prognosis of patients with cancer. To optimize the outcomes of exercise programs, more knowledge about the underlying mechanisms is needed. This study investigates the short-term effects of a half marathon on immune cell proportions, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, and recovery behavior of patients with breast cancer in the aftercare compared to healthy controls. METHODS: Nine patients with breast cancer in the aftercare and 9 healthy age-matched controls participated in a half marathon. Blood samples were collected before, after, and 24 h after the run. Immune status was measured by flow cytometer analysis, while serum levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and MIF were assessed using ELISA. Recovery behavior was determined using an ADL monitor. RESULTS: Both groups showed a similar recovery behavior and time courses in changes of granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, and cytokine serum levels. Patients revealed increased proportions of cytotoxic and memory T cells, whereas helper and naïve T cells were decreased compared to healthy controls. Naïve and memory T-cell proportions were not affected by the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with breast cancer in the aftercare and healthy subjects show a similarly recovery behavior and immune response to the intervention. The detected differences in T-cell subsets need further investigation. Based on the results of the study, we hypothesize that immune cell subsets with known relevance in cancer were mobilized through the intervention. We confirm that the hypothesis of a midterm anti-inflammatory effect of exercise is also valid for patients with breast cancer in the aftercare.
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Cuidados Posteriores , Neoplasias de la Mama/inmunología , Granulocitos/inmunología , Monocitos/inmunología , Resistencia Física/inmunología , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Adulto , Neoplasias de la Mama/sangre , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Ejercicio Físico , Femenino , Granulocitos/patología , Humanos , Interleucina-6/sangre , Oxidorreductasas Intramoleculares/sangre , Factores Inhibidores de la Migración de Macrófagos/sangre , Persona de Mediana Edad , Monocitos/patología , Carrera , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/patología , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/sangreRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the effect of prolonged exercise with and without a thermal clamp on leukocyte cell, stress hormones, cytokine and muscle damage responses. METHODS: Fifteen healthy male volunteers (means±SD: age 22±3 yr; mass 75.8±3.2 kg; maximal oxygen uptake 55±7 mL/min/kg) randomly completed four chamber trials of 1 hour each, in different environment and separated by 7 days. Trials were: 1) exercise induced heating (EX-heating [EX-H]: temperature/humidity, 38° C/50%); 2) exercise with a thermal clamp (EX-cooling [EX-C]: temperature/humidity, 18° C/50%); 3) passive heating (PA-H: temperature/ humidity, 38° C/50%); 4) passive cooling (PA-C: temperature/ humidity, 18° C/50%). EX-H and EX-C were composed of 1h treadmill runs at 80% individual anaerobic threshold (IAT). Blood samples were collected at pre-post, and 1h postenvironments exposure. RESULTS: Compared to EX-H, exercise-induced increases in core temperature, heart rate, cortisol, human growth hormone (hGH)), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), leukocyte counts and creatine kinase (CK) and Myoglobin (Mb) were significantly (P<0.01) more pronounced than in EX-C. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the additional impact of elevated ambient temperatures on stress responses to endurance exercise in trained subjects seems to affect primarily the hormonal systems and resulting changes in leukocyte number, creatine kinase, Myoglobin and interleukine-6.
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Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Calor/efectos adversos , Fatiga Muscular/fisiología , Resistencia Física/fisiología , Estrés Fisiológico/fisiología , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangre , Citocinas/sangre , Prueba de Esfuerzo , Voluntarios Sanos , Humanos , Humedad/efectos adversos , Recuento de Leucocitos , Masculino , Resistencia Física/inmunología , Distribución Aleatoria , Estrés Fisiológico/inmunología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
We sought to identify and evaluate the tolerance to, and consequences of, short-term variations in training load in competitive weightlifters. Seven international-level lifters performed 1 week of initial training followed by 2 weeks of intensified (INT: +100%, 36.5 ± 11.3 × 10(3) kg/week) and 1 week of subsequently reduced (RED: -25%) training within their annual program. After INT, but not RED, 90 min of weightlifting increased mRNA levels of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 (CCL4), chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) and cellular stress-associated DNA-damage-inducible transcript 4 (DDIT4) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by 40-240%. Resting- and weightlifting-induced changes in plasma protein carbonyls, indicative of oxidative stress, but not pro-inflammatory CCL4 concentrations differed between INT and RED. Symptoms of stress (Daily Analysis of Life Demands of Athletes questionnaire) were reported as worse than normal more frequently during INT and RED than initial training. Global (negative) mood state increased during INT and declined during RED. Maximal snatch (-4.3 ± 3.7%) and vertical jump (-7.2 ± 6.5%), but not clean and jerk, were reduced after INT and restored after RED. Chemokine signaling may thus be part of the stress response to intense weightlifting and short-term reductions in training load support recovery from periodic INT training in weightlifters.