RESUMEN
Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) causes respiratory infections, which are exacerbated in children and older people. Correct evaluation of viral characteristics is essential for the study of countermeasures. However, adaptation of viruses to cultured cells during isolation or propagation might select laboratory passage-associated mutations that modify the characteristics of the virus. It was previously reported that adaptation of HPIV3, but not other HPIVs, was avoided in human airway epithelia. To examine the influence of laboratory passage on the genomes of HPIV1-HPIV4, we evaluated the occurrence of mutations after passage in primary human bronchial/tracheal epithelial cell air-liquid interface (HBTEC-ALI) culture and conventional cultured cells (Vero cells expressing the transmembrane protease, serine 2, and normal Vero cells). The occurrence of mutations was significantly lower in HBTEC-ALI than in conventional culture. In HBTEC-ALI culture, most of the mutations were silent or remained at low variant frequency, resulting in less impact on the viral consensus sequence. In contrast, passage in conventional culture induced or selected genetic mutations at high frequency with passage-associated unique substitutions. High mutagenesis of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase was commonly observed in all four HPIVs, and mutations even occurred in a single passage. In addition, in HPIV1 and HPIV2, mutations in the large protein were more frequent. These results indicate that passage in HBTEC-ALI culture is more suitable than conventional culture for maintaining the original characteristics of clinical isolates in all four HPIVs, which can help with the understanding of viral pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE: Adaptation of viruses to cultured cells can increase the risk of misinterpretation in virological characterization of clinical isolates. In human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) 3, it has been reported that the human airway epithelial and lung organoid models are preferable for the study of viral characteristics of clinical strains without mutations. Therefore, we analyzed clinical isolates of all four HPIVs for the occurrence of mutations after five laboratory passages in human bronchial/tracheal epithelial cell air-liquid interface (HBTEC-ALI) or conventional culture. We found a high risk of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase mutagenesis in all four HPIVs in conventional cultured cells. In addition, in HPIV1 and HPIV2, mutations of the large protein were also more frequent in conventional cultured cells than in HBTEC-ALI culture. HBTEC-ALI culture was useful for maintaining the original sequence and characteristics of clinical isolates in all four HPIVs. The present study contributes to the understanding of HPIV pathogenesis and antiviral strategies.
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Bronquios , Células Epiteliales , Mutación , Humanos , Chlorocebus aethiops , Células Vero , Bronquios/virología , Bronquios/citología , Animales , Células Epiteliales/virología , Tráquea/virología , Tráquea/citología , Virus de la Parainfluenza 3 Humana/genética , Virus de la Parainfluenza 3 Humana/fisiología , Cultivo de Virus/métodos , Virus de la Parainfluenza 1 Humana/genética , Virus de la Parainfluenza 2 Humana/genética , Virus de la Parainfluenza 2 Humana/crecimiento & desarrollo , Línea Celular , Pase Seriado , Respirovirus/genéticaRESUMEN
Respiratory diseases constitute a major health problem for ruminants, resulting in considerable economic losses throughout the world. Parainfluenza type 3 virus (PIV3) is one of the most important respiratory pathogens of ruminants. The pathogenicity and phylogenetic analyses of PIV3 virus have been reported in sheep and goats. However, there are no recent studies of the vaccination of sheep or goats against PIV3. Here, we developed a purified inactivated ovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (OPIV3) vaccine candidate. In addition, we immunized sheep with the inactivated OPIV3 vaccine and evaluated the immune response and pathological outcomes associated with OPIV3 TX01 infection. The vaccinated sheep demonstrated no obvious symptoms of respiratory tract infection, and there were no gross lesions or pathological changes in the lungs. The average body weight gain significantly differed between the vaccinated group and the control group (P < 0.01). The serum neutralization antibody levels rapidly increased in sheep post-vaccination and post-challenge with OPIV3. Furthermore, viral shedding in nasal swabs and viral loads in the lungs were reduced. The results of this study suggest that vaccination with this candidate vaccine induces the production of neutralizing antibodies and provides significant protection against OPIV3 infection. These results may be helpful for further studies on prevention and control strategies for OPIV3 infections.
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Infecciones por Respirovirus , Enfermedades de las Ovejas , Vacunas de Productos Inactivados , Vacunas Virales , Animales , Ovinos , Infecciones por Respirovirus/veterinaria , Infecciones por Respirovirus/prevención & control , Infecciones por Respirovirus/virología , Infecciones por Respirovirus/inmunología , Vacunas de Productos Inactivados/inmunología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/prevención & control , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/virología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/inmunología , Vacunas Virales/inmunología , Respirovirus/inmunología , Inmunogenicidad Vacunal , Vacunación/veterinariaRESUMEN
Respiratory disease is a significant economic issue in pig farming, with a complex aetiology that includes swine influenza A viruses (swIAV), which are common in European domestic pig populations. The most recent human influenza pandemic in 2009 showed swIAV's zoonotic potential. Monitoring pathogens and disease control are critical from a preventive standpoint, and are based on quick, sensitive, and specific diagnostic assays capable of detecting and distinguishing currently circulating swIAV in clinical samples. For passive surveillance, a set of multiplex quantitative reverse transcription real-time PCRs (mRT-qPCR) and MinION-directed sequencing was updated and deployed. Several lineages and genotypes of swIAV were shown to be dynamically developing, including novel reassortants between human pandemic H1N1 and the avian-derived H1 lineage of swIAV. Despite this, nearly 70% (842/1216) of individual samples from pigs with respiratory symptoms were swIAV-negative, hinting to different aetiologies. The complex and synergistic interactions of swIAV infections with other viral and bacterial infectious agents contribute to the aggravation of pig respiratory diseases. Using a newly developed mRT-qPCR for the combined detection of swIAV and the recently described porcine respirovirus 1 (PRV1) and swine orthopneumovirus (SOV) widespread co-circulation of PRV1 (19.6%, 238/1216 samples) and SOV (14.2%, 173/1216 samples) was evident. Because of the high incidence of PRV1 and SOV infections in pigs with respiratory disease, these viruses may emerge as new allies in the porcine respiratory disease syndrome.
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Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae , Infecciones por Pneumovirus , Enfermedades Respiratorias , Infecciones por Respirovirus , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Alemania/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/virología , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/epidemiología , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinaria , Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Respirovirus/genética , Infecciones por Respirovirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Respirovirus/veterinaria , Enfermedades Respiratorias/veterinaria , Enfermedades Respiratorias/virología , Infecciones por Pneumovirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Pneumovirus/veterinaria , Pneumovirus/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , FilogeniaRESUMEN
Bovine Parainfluenza Type 3 virus (BPIV-3) is an enveloped, non-segmented single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (genus Respirovirus) with a well-known role in Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) onset. Being isolated for the first time in 1959, BPIV-3 currently circulates worldwide in cattle herds and is routinely tested in suspected BRD cases. Different commercial vaccines are available to prevent infection and/or to reduce the clinical signs associated with BPIV-3 infection, which are essential to prevent secondary infections. Despite years of molecular surveillance, a very limited number of complete genome sequences were made publicly available, preventing thus the understanding of the genetic diversity of the circulating strains in the field. In addition, no data about the genetic identity between field and vaccine strains is currently available. In this study, we sequenced the full-genome and genetically characterized BPIV-3 strains isolated from animals displaying respiratory illness in France and Sweden, as well as the vaccine strains contained in three different commercialized vaccines. Our results show that the sequences from France and Sweden belong to genotype C. However, a third sequence from Sweden from 2017 clustered within genotype A. The sequencing of vaccine strains revealed that two of the vaccine strains clustered within genotype C, whereas the third vaccine strain belonged to genotype A. Altogether, our findings suggest that both genotypes A and C circulate in Europe and that BPIV-3 field and vaccine strains are genetically divergent. Our sequencing results could be useful to better understand the genetic differences between the circulating field and vaccine BPIV-3 strains. This is crucial for a correct interpretation of diagnostic findings and for the assessment of BPIV-3 prevalence in cattle population.
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Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Infecciones por Paramyxoviridae , Vacunas Virales , Bovinos , Animales , Respirovirus/genética , Virus de la Parainfluenza 3 Bovina/genética , Vacunas Virales/genética , Europa (Continente) , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/prevención & controlRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Intranasal vaccination using live vector vaccines based on non-pathogenic or slightly pathogenic viruses is the one of the most convenient, safe and effective ways to prevent respiratory infections, including COVID-19. Sendai virus is the best suited for this purpose, since it is respiratory virus and is capable of limited replication in human bronchial epithelial cells without causing disease. The aim of the work is to design and study the vaccine properties of recombinant Sendai virus, Moscow strain, expressing secreted receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 Delta strain S protein (RBDdelta) during a single intranasal immunization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Recombinant Sendai virus carrying insertion of RBDdelta transgene between P and M genes was constructed using reverse genetics and synthetic biology methods. Expression of RBDdelta was analyzed by Western blot. Vaccine properties were studied in two models: Syrian hamsters and BALB/c mice. Immunogenicity was evaluated by ELISA and virus-neutralization assays. Protectiveness was assessed by quantitation of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in RT-PCR and histological analysis of the lungs. RESULTS: Based on Sendai virus Moscow strain, a recombinant Sen-RBDdelta(M) was constructed that expressed a secreted RBDdelta immunologically identical to natural SARS-CoV-2 protein. A single intranasal administration of Sen-RBDdelta(M) to hamsters and mice significantly, by 15 and 107 times, respectively, reduced replicative activity of SARS-CoV-2 in lungs of animals, preventing the development of pneumonia. An effective induction of virus-neutralizing antibodies has also been demonstrated in mice. CONCLUSION: Sen-RBDdelta(M) is a promising vaccine construct against SARS-CoV-2 infection and has a protective properties even after a single intranasal introduction.
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COVID-19 , Vacunas Virales , Cricetinae , Humanos , Ratones , Animales , Respirovirus/genética , Virus Sendai/genética , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , COVID-19/prevención & control , Paramyxoviridae/genética , Vacunas Virales/genética , Anticuerpos Antivirales , Administración Intranasal , Moscú , ARN Viral , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Anticuerpos NeutralizantesRESUMEN
Few evolutionary studies of the human respiratory virus (HRV) have been conducted, but most of them have focused on HRV3. In this study, the full-length fusion (F) genes in HRV1 strains collected from various countries were subjected to time-scaled phylogenetic, genome population size, and selective pressure analyses. Antigenicity analysis was performed on the F protein. The time-scaled phylogenetic tree using the Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo method estimated that the common ancestor of the HRV1 F gene diverged in 1957 and eventually formed three lineages. Phylodynamic analyses showed that the genome population size of the F gene has doubled over approximately 80 years. Phylogenetic distances between the strains were short (< 0.02). No positive selection sites were detected for the F protein, whereas many negative selection sites were identified. Almost all conformational epitopes of the F protein, except one in each monomer, did not correspond to the neutralising antibody (NT-Ab) binding sites. These results suggest that the HRV1 F gene has constantly evolved over many years, infecting humans, while the gene may be relatively conserved. Mismatches between computationally predicted epitopes and NT-Ab binding sites may be partially responsible for HRV1 reinfection and other viruses such as HRV3 and respiratory syncytial virus.
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Infecciones por Virus Sincitial Respiratorio , Virus Sincitial Respiratorio Humano , Humanos , Filogenia , Teorema de Bayes , Virus Sincitial Respiratorio Humano/genética , Epítopos , Respirovirus , Infecciones por Virus Sincitial Respiratorio/epidemiología , Proteínas Virales de Fusión/genéticaRESUMEN
Porcine respirovirus 1 (PRV1), first reported in Hong Kong, is currently widely spread in several countries. Our knowledge of the clinical significance and the pathogenicity of this virus is still limited. In this study, we studied the interactions between PRV1 and host innate immune responses. PRV1 exhibited strong inhibitory effects on the production of interferon (IFN), ISG15, and RIG-I induced by SeV infection. Our data generated in vitro suggest that multiple viral proteins can suppress host type I interferon production and signaling, including N, M, and P/C/V/W. The P gene products disrupt both IRF3 and NF-κB dependent type I IFN production and block type I IFN signaling pathway by sequestering STAT1 in the cytoplasm. The V protein disrupts both MDA5 signaling and RIG-I signaling through interaction with TRIM25 and RIG-I, V protein blocks RIG-I polyubiquitination, which is required for RIG-I activation. V protein also binds to MDA5, which may contribute to its inhibitory effect on MDA5 signaling. These findings indicate that PRV1 antagonizes host innate immune responses using various mechanisms, which provides important insights into the pathogenicity of PRV1.
Asunto(s)
Interferón Tipo I , FN-kappa B , Animales , Porcinos , Proteína 58 DEAD Box/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Inmunidad Innata , Transducción de Señal , RespirovirusRESUMEN
Porcine respirovirus 1 (PRV1) is a recently emerging porcine respiratory virus that belongs to the genus Respirovirus of the Paramyxoviridae family. Since its first detection in Hong Kong, China in 2009, PRV1 has been subsequently identified in several American and European countries, suggesting that the emerging virus may have been globally distributed. However, in Asia, the virus has been reported only in China. Here, we report that PRV1 was first detected in pigs from 16 farms located in seven provinces across Korea, with a prevalence of 71.4% based on the tested oral fluid samples, suggesting that the virus is already widespread in Korean pig herds. For further genetic characterization of the Korean PRV1 strains, a complete genome and two F gene sequences were obtained from PRV1-positive samples collected from three different pig farms. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete genome and F gene sequences showed that all three Korean PRV1 strains were grouped into European lineage 1 and were closely related to strains from Hong Kong (China), Germany and Poland. We could not obtain evidence for the origin of Korean PRV1 because of the limited availability of PRV1 sequences. In conclusion, PRV1 was first identified in Korean pig herds and genetically characterized in the present study. These results contribute to a better understanding of the global geographical distribution and genetic characteristics of PRV1.
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Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Porcinos , Filogenia , Respirovirus/genética , China/epidemiología , República de Corea/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Human parainfluenza virus types 1 (hPIV-1) and 3 (hPIV-3) belong to the family Paramyxoviridae, subfamily Paramyxoviridae, and genus Respirovirus. The viruses enter by utilizing glycoproteins or glycosphingolipids (gangliosides) containing sialic acid on the cell membrane. We developed a solid-phase binding assay to evaluate hPIV-1, hPIV-3, and Sendai virus' abilities to bind to different types of gangliosides. hPIV1 and hPIV3 show strong binding to neolacto-series gangliosides containing a non-reducing terminal sialic acid residue and different specificity regarding the sialic acid linkages. This solid-phase binding assay is suitable to evaluate other orthomyxoviruses and paramyxoviruses' binding specificities utilizing sialic acids.
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Ácido N-Acetilneuramínico , Respirovirus , Bioensayo , Gangliósidos , Humanos , Virus SendaiRESUMEN
Paramyxoviridae is a rapidly growing family of viruses, whose potential for cross-species transmission makes it difficult to predict the harm of newly emerging viruses to humans and animals. To better understand their diversity, evolutionary history, and co-evolution with their hosts, we analyzed a collection of porcine parainfluenza virus (PPIV) genomes to reconstruct the species classification basis and evolutionary history of the Respirovirus genus. We sequenced 17 complete genomes of porcine respirovirus 1 (also known as porcine parainfluenza virus 1; PPIV-1), thereby nearly tripling the number of currently available PPIV-1 genomes. We found that PPIV-1 was widely prevalent in China with two divergent lineages, PPIV-1a and PPIV-1b. We further provided evidence that a new species, porcine parainfluenza virus 2 (PPIV-2), had recently emerged in China. Our results pointed to a need for revising the current species demarcation criteria of the Respirovirus genus. In addition, we used PPIV-1 as an example to explore recombination and diversity of the Respirovirus genus. Interestingly, we only detected heterosubtypic recombination events between PPIV-1a and PPIV-1b with no intrasubtypic recombination events. The recombination hotspots highlighted a diverse geography-dependent genome structure of paramyxovirus infecting swine in China. Furthermore, we found no evidence of co-evolution between respirovirus and its host, indicating frequent cross-species transmission. In summary, our analyses showed that swine can be infected with a broad range of respiroviruses and recombination may serve as an important evolutionary mechanism for the Respirovirus genus' greater diversity in genome structure than previously anticipated. IMPORTANCE Livestock have emerged as critically underrecognized sources of paramyxovirus diversity, including pigs serving as the source of Nipah virus (NiV) and swine parainfluenza virus type 3, and goats and bovines harboring highly divergent viral lineages. Here, we identified a new species of Respirovirus genus named PPIV-2 in swine and proposed to revise the species demarcation criteria of the Respirovirus genus. We found heterosubtypic recombination events and high genetic diversity in PPIV-1. Further, we showed that genetic recombination may have occurred in the Respirovirus genus which may be associated with host range expansion. The continued expansion of Respirovirus genus diversity in livestock with relatively high human contact rates requires enhanced surveillance and ongoing evaluation of emerging cross-species transmission threats.
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Infecciones por Paramyxoviridae , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Bovinos , Variación Genética , Infecciones por Paramyxoviridae/epidemiología , Infecciones por Paramyxoviridae/veterinaria , Filogenia , Respirovirus , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Porcine respirovirus 1 (PRV1) is widely spread in many countries. In this study, we isolated an emgerging PRV1 strain (KS17-258) from a US swine farm. A full-length genome sequence of the virus was obtained, and the mRNA editing mechanism utilized for the expression of V/W proteins by P gene was confirmed. The virus shares 91.3-98% nucleotide sequence identity with the other PRV1 genomes reported previously. Phylogenetic analysis showed that KS17-258 forms a clade with the other US isolates. Infectious clone of the KS17-258 isolate was constructed, which was further explored as a viral vector to express enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). The expression cassette of EGFP in the recombinant virus remained stable for 10 passages in cell culture. The availability of PRV1 infectious clone provides an important tool for study the basic PRV1 replication mechanisms. It also provides a novel platform for potential development of vectored vaccines against swine diseases.
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Respirovirus , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , ADN Complementario/genética , Vectores Genéticos/genética , Genoma Viral , Filogenia , Respirovirus/genética , PorcinosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Porcine parainfluenza virus 1 (PPIV-1) is a respiratory virus in the family Paramyxoviridae and genus Respirovirus. It is closely related to bovine parainfluenza virus 3, human parainfluenza virus 1, and Sendai virus. Recent reports suggest PPIV-1 is widespread in swine herds in the United States and abroad. However, seroprevalence studies and the ability to evaluate cross neutralization between heterologous strains is not possible without validated antibody assays. This study describes the development of an indirect fluorescence antibody (IFA) assay, a whole virus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (wv-ELISA) and a serum virus neutralization (SVN) assay for the detection of PPIV-1 antibodies using 521 serum samples collected from three longitudinal studies and two different challenge strains in swine. RESULTS: The area under the curve (AUC) of the wv-ELISA (95% CI, 0.93-0.98) was significantly higher (p = 0.03) compared to the IFA (95% CI, 0.90-0.96). However, no significant difference was observed between the IFA and wv-ELISA when compared to the SVN (95% CI, 0.92-0.97). All three assays demonstrated relatively uniform results at a 99% true negative rate, with only 11 disagreements observed between the IFA, wv-ELISA and SVN. CONCLUSIONS: All three serology assays detected PPIV-1 antibody in swine serum of known status that was collected from experimental studies. The SVN detected seroconversion earlier compared to the IFA and the wv-ELISA. Both the wv-ELISA and the SVN had similar diagnostic performance, while the IFA was not as sensitive as the wv-ELISA. All three assays are considered valid for routine diagnostic use. These assays will be important for future studies to screen seronegative swine for research, determine PPIV-1 seroprevalence, and to evaluate vaccine efficacy against PPIV-1 under experimental and field conditions.
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Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Infecciones por Paramyxoviridae , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Anticuerpos Antivirales , Bovinos , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/métodos , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria , Infecciones por Paramyxoviridae/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Paramyxoviridae/epidemiología , Infecciones por Paramyxoviridae/veterinaria , Respirovirus , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
Porcine respirovirus 1 (PRV1) is also known as porcine parainfluenza virus 1 (PPIV1). The prevalence and the role of PRV1 infections for pig health is largely unknown. In order to assess the PRV1 prevalence in Poland, nasal swabs and oral fluids collected from pigs from 30 farms were examined with RT real-time PCR. Additionally, IAV and PRRSV infection statuses of PRV1-positive samples were examined. The results showed that the virus is highly prevalent (76.7% farms positive) and different patterns of PRV1 circulation in herds with mild-moderate respiratory disease were observed. Co-infections with IAV and PRRSV were infrequent and detected in 8 (23.5%) and 4 (11.8%) out of 34 PRV1-positive nasal swab pools from diseased pens, respectively. In one pen PRV1, IAV, and PRRSV were detected at the same time. Interestingly, PRV1 mean Ct value in samples with co-infections was significantly lower (29.8 ± 3.1) than in samples with a single PRV1 infection (32.5 ± 3.6) (p < 0.05), which suggested higher virus replication in these populations. On the other hand, the virus detection in pig populations exhibiting respiratory clinical signs, negative for PRRSV and IAV, suggests that PRV1 should be involved in differential diagnosis of respiratory problems.
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Coinfección , Virus de la Influenza A/aislamiento & purificación , Síndrome Respiratorio y de la Reproducción Porcina/diagnóstico , Virus del Síndrome Respiratorio y Reproductivo Porcino/aislamiento & purificación , Respirovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/diagnóstico , Animales , Técnicas y Procedimientos Diagnósticos , Granjas , Incidencia , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinaria , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/virología , Polonia , Síndrome Respiratorio y de la Reproducción Porcina/virología , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/virologíaRESUMEN
Paramyxoviruses are a diverse group of negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses of which several species cause significant mortality and morbidity. In recent years the collection of paramyxovirus sequences detected in wild mammals has substantially grown; however, little is known about paramyxovirus diversity in North American mammals. To better understand natural paramyxovirus diversity, host range, and host specificity, we sought to comprehensively characterize paramyxoviruses across a range of diverse cooccurring wild small mammals in southern Arizona. We used highly degenerate primers to screen fecal and urine samples and obtained a total of 55 paramyxovirus sequences from 12 rodent species and 6 bat species. We also performed Illumina transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and de novo assembly on 14 of the positive samples to recover a total of 5 near-full-length viral genomes. We show there are at least two clades of rodent-borne paramyxoviruses in Arizona, while bat-associated paramyxoviruses formed a putative single clade. Using structural homology modeling of the viral attachment protein, we infer that three of the five novel viruses likely bind sialic acid in a manner similar to other respiroviruses, while the other two viruses from heteromyid rodents likely bind a novel host receptor. We find no evidence for cross-species transmission, even among closely related sympatric host species. Taken together, these data suggest paramyxoviruses are a common viral infection in some bat and rodent species present in North America and illuminate the evolution of these viruses. IMPORTANCE There are a number of viral lineages that are potential zoonotic threats to humans. One of these, paramyxoviruses have jumped into humans multiple times from wild and domestic animals. We conducted one of the largest viral surveys of wild mammals in the United States to better understand paramyxovirus diversity and evolution.
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Enfermedades de los Animales/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Animales/virología , Quirópteros/virología , Infecciones por Paramyxoviridae/veterinaria , Paramyxoviridae/clasificación , Paramyxoviridae/genética , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Enfermedades de los Animales/diagnóstico , Animales , Arizona/epidemiología , Biodiversidad , Evolución Biológica , Genoma Viral , Genómica/métodos , Geografía Médica , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Especificidad del Huésped , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/métodos , América del Norte/epidemiología , Filogenia , Unión Proteica , ARN Viral , Receptores Virales/química , Receptores Virales/metabolismo , Respirovirus/clasificación , Respirovirus/genética , Infecciones por Respirovirus/veterinaria , Roedores/virologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The effect of SARS-CoV-2 on existing respiratory pathogens in circulation remains uncertain. This study aimed to assess the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the prevalence of respiratory pathogens among hospitalized children. METHODS: This study enrolled hospitalized children with acute respiratory infections in Shenzhen Children's Hospital from September to December 2019 (before the COVID-19 epidemic) and those from September to December 2020 (during the COVID-19 epidemic). Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected, and respiratory pathogens were detected using multiplex PCR. The absolute case number and detection rates of 11 pathogens were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 5696 children with respiratory tract infection received multiplex PCR examination for respiratory pathogens: 2298 from September to December 2019 and 3398 from September to December 2020. At least one pathogen was detected in 1850 (80.5%) patients in 2019, and in 2380 (70.0%) patients in 2020; the detection rate in 2020 was significantly lower than that in 2019.The Influenza A (InfA) detection rate was 5.6% in 2019, but 0% in 2020. The detection rates of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Human adenovirus, and Human rhinovirus also decreased from 20% (460), 8.9% (206), and 41.8% (961) in 2019 to 1.0% (37), 2.1% (77), and 25.6% (873) in 2020, respectively. In contrast, the detection rates of Human respiratory syncytial virus, Human parainfluenza virus, and Human metapneumovirus increased from 6.6% (153), 9.9% (229), and 0.5% (12) in 2019 to 25.6% (873), 15.5% (530), and 7.2% (247) in 2020, respectively (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Successful containment of seasonal influenza as a result of COVID-19 control measures will ensure we are better equipped to deal with future outbreaks of both influenza and COVID-19.Caused by virus competition, the detection rates of Human respiratory syncytial virus, Human parainfluenza virus, and Human metapneumovirus increased in Shenzhen,that reminds us we need to take further monitoring and preventive measures in the next epidemic season.
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Antibiosis , COVID-19/epidemiología , Enfermedades Respiratorias/epidemiología , SARS-CoV-2/aislamiento & purificación , Adenovirus Humanos/genética , Adenovirus Humanos/aislamiento & purificación , Adolescente , COVID-19/virología , Niño , Niño Hospitalizado , Preescolar , China , Enterovirus/genética , Enterovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Virus de la Influenza A/aislamiento & purificación , Masculino , Metapneumovirus/genética , Metapneumovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/genética , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/aislamiento & purificación , Nasofaringe/microbiología , Nasofaringe/virología , Prevalencia , Virus Sincitiales Respiratorios/genética , Virus Sincitiales Respiratorios/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades Respiratorias/microbiología , Enfermedades Respiratorias/virología , Respirovirus/genética , Respirovirus/aislamiento & purificación , SARS-CoV-2/genéticaRESUMEN
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus (BRSV) and Bovine Parainfluenza 3 virus (BPIV3) are closely related viruses involved in and both important pathogens within bovine respiratory disease (BRD), a major cause of morbidity with economic losses in cattle populations around the world. The two viruses share characteristics such as morphology and replication strategy with each other and with their counterparts in humans, HRSV and HPIV3. Therefore, BRSV and BPIV3 infections in cattle are considered useful animal models for HRSV and HPIV3 infections in humans.The interaction between the viruses and the different branches of the host's immune system is rather complex. Neutralizing antibodies seem to be a correlate of protection against severe disease, and cell-mediated immunity is thought to be essential for virus clearance following acute infection. On the other hand, the host's immune response considerably contributes to the tissue damage in the upper respiratory tract.BRSV and BPIV3 also have similar pathobiological and epidemiological features. Therefore, combination vaccines against both viruses are very common and a variety of traditional live attenuated and inactivated BRSV and BPIV3 vaccines are commercially available.
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Enfermedades de los Bovinos/virología , Infecciones por Virus Sincitial Respiratorio/veterinaria , Virus Sincitial Respiratorio Bovino , Infecciones por Respirovirus/veterinaria , Respirovirus , Animales , Bovinos , Infecciones por Virus Sincitial Respiratorio/virología , Infecciones por Respirovirus/virologíaRESUMEN
ABSTRACT: To investigate the epidemiology and factors associated with the severity of viral acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in children hospitalized in Manaus, Amazonas, in 2017 to 2018.Retrospective cohort study of children hospitalized at the Hospital and Emergency Room Delphina Rinaldi Abdel Aziz, in Manaus, from April 01, 2017 to August 31, 2018, with a clinical diagnosis of ALRI and nasopharyngeal aspirates positive for at least 1 respiratory virus.One hundred forty-six children aged 0.2 to 66âmonths (median 7âmonths) were included. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the disease severity classified by an adapted Walsh et al score: moderate disease, score 0-4, nâ=â66 (45.2%) and severe disease, score 5-7, nâ=â80 (54.8%). A greater number of viral ALRI cases were observed in the rainiest months. Respiratory syncytial virus was the most prevalent (nâ=â103, 70.3%), followed by metapneumovirus (nâ=â24, 16.4%), influenza virus (nâ=â17, 11.6%), parainfluenza virus (nâ=â11, 7.5%), and adenovirus (nâ=â4, 2.7%). Co-detections of 2 to 3 viruses were found in 12 (8.2%) patients. The presence of viral coinfection was an independent risk factor for disease severity (adjusted relative risk [RR] 1.53; 95% CI 1.10-2.14). Twelve patients (8.2%) died, all with severe disease. Risk factors for death were shock (adjusted RR 10.09; 95% CI 2.31-43.90) and need for vasoactive drugs (adjusted RR 10.63; 95% CI 2.44-46.31).There was a higher incidence of viral ALRI in Manaus in the rainy season. Respiratory syncytial virus was the most prevalent virus. The presence of viral coinfection was an independent risk factor for disease severity.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Adenovirus Humanos/epidemiología , Coinfección/epidemiología , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Infecciones por Paramyxoviridae/epidemiología , Infecciones por Virus Sincitial Respiratorio/epidemiología , Adenoviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Adenovirus Humanos/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Adenovirus Humanos/virología , Brasil/epidemiología , Preescolar , Coinfección/diagnóstico , Coinfección/virología , Femenino , Hospitalización/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Incidencia , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Gripe Humana/diagnóstico , Gripe Humana/virología , Alphainfluenzavirus/aislamiento & purificación , Betainfluenzavirus/aislamiento & purificación , Masculino , Metapneumovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Paramyxoviridae/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Paramyxoviridae/virología , Infecciones por Virus Sincitial Respiratorio/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Virus Sincitial Respiratorio/virología , Virus Sincitiales Respiratorios/aislamiento & purificación , Respirovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Estudios Retrospectivos , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
Porcine respirovirus 1, also referred to as porcine parainfluenza virus 1 (PPIV-1), was first detected in deceased pigs from Hong Kong in 2013. It has since then been found in the USA, Chile and most recently in Hungary. Information on the pathogenicity and global spread is sparse. However, it has been speculated to play a role in the porcine respiratory disease complex. To investigate the porcine virome, we screened 53 pig samples from 26 farms within the Dutch-German border region using shotgun metagenomics sequencing (SMg). After detecting PPIV-1 in five farms through SMg, a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR) assay was designed, which not only confirmed the presence of the virus in 1 of the 5 farms but found an additional 6 positive farms. Phylogenetic analysis found the closest match to be the first detected PPIV-1 strain in Hong Kong. The Dutch-German region represents a significant area of pig farming within Europe and could provide important information on the characterization and circulation of porcine viruses, such as PPIV-1. With its recent detection in Hungary, these findings suggest widespread circulation of PPIV-1 in Central Europe, highlighting the need for further research on persistence, pathogenicity and transmission in Europe.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Alemania/epidemiología , Países Bajos/epidemiología , Filogenia , Respirovirus , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
The identification of SARS-CoV-2-like viruses in Malayan pangolins (Manis javanica) has focused attention on these endangered animals and the viruses they carry. We successfully isolated a novel respirovirus from the lungs of a dead Malayan pangolin. Similar to murine respirovirus, the full-length genome of this novel virus was 15â384 nucleotides comprising six genes in the order 3'-(leader)-NP-P-M-F-HN-l-(trailer)-5'. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this virus belongs to the genus Respirovirus and is most closely related to murine respirovirus. Notably, animal infection experiments indicated that the pangolin virus is highly pathogenic and transmissible in mice, with inoculated mice having variable clinical symptoms and a fatality rate of 70.37â%. The virus was found to replicate in most tissues with the exception of muscle and heart. Contact transmission of the virus was 100â% efficient, although the mice in the contact group displayed milder symptoms, with the virus mainly being detected in the trachea and lungs. The isolation of a novel respirovirus from the Malayan pangolin provides new insight into the evolution and distribution of this important group of viruses and again demonstrates the potential infectious disease threats faced by endangered pangolins.
Asunto(s)
Pangolines/virología , Infecciones por Respirovirus , Respirovirus , Animales , Especies en Peligro de Extinción , Femenino , Genoma Viral , Ratones , Filogenia , Respirovirus/clasificación , Respirovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Respirovirus/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Respirovirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Respirovirus/veterinaria , Infecciones por Respirovirus/virologíaRESUMEN
Viral respiratory infections are a common cause of severe disease, especially in infants, people who are immunocompromised, and in the elderly. Neutrophils, an important innate immune cell, infiltrate the lungs rapidly after an inflammatory insult. The most well-characterized effector mechanisms by which neutrophils contribute to host defense are largely extracellular and the involvement of neutrophils in protection from numerous bacterial and fungal infections is well established. However, the role of neutrophils in responses to viruses, which replicate intracellularly, has been less studied. It remains unclear whether and, by which underlying immunological mechanisms, neutrophils contribute to viral control or confer protection against an intracellular pathogen. Furthermore, neutrophils need to be tightly regulated to avoid bystander damage to host tissues. This is especially relevant in the lung where damage to delicate alveolar structures can compromise gas exchange with life-threatening consequences. It is inherently less clear how neutrophils can contribute to host immunity to viruses without causing immunopathology and/or exacerbating disease severity. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current understanding of how neutrophils in the lung direct immune responses to viruses, control viral replication and spread, and cause pathology during respiratory viral infections.