C-GCS@ZIF-F/PL based electrochemical sensor for rapid and ultra-sensitive detection of rutin in foods.

Herein, a stable and ultra-sensitive rutin electrochemical sensor was successfully developed. This sensor based on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with C-GCS@ZIF-F/PL nanocomposite, which was made of thermally carbonized glucose (GCS) doped with flower-like ZIF (ZIF-F) and pencil lead (PL). The electrochemical response of rutin was considerably significant at C-GCS@ZIF-F/PL/GCE, demonstrating favorable conductivity and electrocatalytic properties for detection of rutin. Under optimal conditions, the linear range is 0.1-100 µM, with a low detection limit (LOD) of 0.0054 µM. It also exhibits excellent stability, reproducibility, as well as selectivity over common interfering ions such as Na+, uric acid, quercetin and riboflavin, etc. Meanwhile, the practical utility of developed sensor was evaluated in food samples including honey, orange, and buckwheat tea, achieving satisfactory recovery rates ranging from 98.2% to 101.7%. This paper introduces a novel technique for the detection of rutin in foods.

Simultaneous estimation of rutin and donepezil through RP-HPLC: implication in pharmaceutical and biological samples.

Aim: A HPLC method was developed and validated for the novel combination of rutin (RN) and donepezil (DNP). Materials & methods: RN and DNP were simultaneously eluted through a C18 column (Ø 150 × 4.6 mm) with a 60:40 v/v ratio of 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution to methanol at 0.5 ml/min. Results: The purposed method was found linear, selective, reproducible, accurate and precise with percent RSD less than 2. The limit of quantification for RN and DNP was found 3.66 and 3.25 µg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: Validated as per the ICH guidelines, the developed method efficiently quantified RN and DNP co-loaded in DQAsomes (121 nm) estimating matrix effect, release profile, entrapment efficiency, loading efficiency and in vivo plasma kinetics.

[Box: see text].

Sodium vanadates doped boron phosphorus graphene quantum dots: A novel nanosensor for the fluorescence detection of rutin.

Rutin, a naturally occurring flavonoid compound, possesses notable antioxidant properties along with anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects. This research aimed to improve the selectivity and high fluorescence behavior of novel nanomaterial BPGQDs@NaV, which was synthesized by hydrothermal methods. Through comprehensive characterization utilizing TEM, SEM, XRD, EDS, FT-IR, UV-Vis, TCS-PC, and XPS techniques, the prepared BPGQDs, NaV, and BPGQDs@NaV were thoroughly examined. The resulting BPGQDs@NaV nanomaterials demonstrated stable, reproducible fluorescence responses and exhibited selective recognition capabilities towards rutin. The sensor developed in this study displayed remarkable performance in rutin detection, offering a broad linear range from 5 to 110 nM and an outstanding detection limit of 15.16 nM. A computational study was used to examine energy, stability, band gap, and how rutin interacted with the BPGQDs@NaV, and it also favored the detection mechanism. A portable smartphone-based sensor was also developed for the detection of rutin.

Assessment of the Diuretic Properties of Rice Bean Accessions Using a Mouse Model and Identification of Active Polyphenolic Compounds.

Rice bean [Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi and Ohashi], an annual legume in the genus Vigna, is a promising crop suitable for cultivation in a changing climate to ensure food security. It is also a medicinal plant widely used in traditional Chinese medicine; however, little is known about the medicinal compounds in rice bean. In this study, we assessed the diuretic effect of rice bean extracts on mice as well as its relationship with the contents of eight secondary metabolites in seeds. Mice gavaged with rice bean extracts from yellow and black seeds had higher urinary output (5.44-5.47 g) and water intake (5.8-6.3 g) values than mice gavaged with rice bean extracts from red seeds. Correlation analyses revealed significant negative correlations between urine output and gallic acid (R = -0.70) and genistein (R = -0.75) concentrations, suggesting that these two polyphenols negatively regulate diuresis. There were no obvious relationships between mice diuresis-related indices (urine output, water intake, and weight loss) and rutin or catechin contents, although the concentrations of both of these polyphenols in rice bean seeds were higher than the concentrations of the other six secondary metabolites. Our study findings may be useful for future research on the diuretic effects of rice bean, but they should be confirmed on the basis of systematic medical trials.

Phytochemical quantification and HPLC analysis of Parkia speciosa pod extract.

INTRODUCTION: Parkia speciosa Hassk., commonly known as bitter bean or twisted cluster bean, is a tropical leguminous plant species native to Southeast Asia. The plant's edible pods have been traditionally used in various cuisines, particularly in Malaysian, Thai, and Indonesian cooking. Apart from being used as a food ingredient, the pods of P. speciosa also have a range of potential applications in other fields, including medicine, agriculture, and industry. The pods are said to have several phytochemicals that hold great therapeutic values such as reducing inflammation, improving digestion, and lowering blood sugar levels. However, there is limited information on the specific phytochemical contents of the pods in the literature. Thus, the aim of this study is to quantify the total phenolic and flavonoid compounds and to determine the concentrations of four selected phytochemical compounds in the P. speciosa pod extract (PSPE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Quantification of the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid contents (TFC) in PSPE were done via colourimetric methods; and the determination of the concentrations of four specific phytochemicals (gallic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, and quercetin) were done via High- Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS: Colourimetric determination of PSPE showed TPC and TFC values of 84.53±9.40 mg GAE/g and 11.96±4.51 mg QE/g, respectively. Additional analysis of the phytochemicals using HPLC revealed that there were 6.45±3.36 g/kg, 5.91±1.07 g/kg, 0.39±0.84 g/kg, and 0.19±0.47 g/kg of caffeic acid, gallic acid, rutin, and quercetin, respectively. CONCLUSION: The findings show that PSPE contains substantial amounts of caffeic acid, gallic acid, rutin, and quercetin, which may indicate its potential as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-lipid, and antiviral medicines.

Pulp or Peel? Comparative Analysis of the Phytochemical Content and Selected Cosmetic-Related Properties of Annona cherimola L., Diospyros kaki Thumb., Cydonia oblonga Mill. and Fortunella margarita Swingle Pulp and Peel Extracts.

Fruit peels might be a valuable source of active ingredients for cosmetics, leading to more sustainable usage of plant by-products. The aim of the study was to evaluate the phytochemical content and selected biological properties of hydroglycolic extracts from peels and pulps of Annona cherimola, Diospyros kaki, Cydonia oblonga, and Fortunella margarita as potential cosmetic ingredients. Peel and pulp extracts were compared for their antiradical activity (using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays), skin-lightening potential (tyrosinase inhibitory assay), sun protection factor (SPF), and cytotoxicity toward human fibroblast, keratinocyte, and melanoma cell lines. The total content of polyphenols and/or flavonoids was significantly higher in peel than in pulp extracts, and the composition of particular active compounds was also markedly different. The HPLC-MS fingerprinting revealed the presence of catechin, epicatechin and rutoside in the peel of D. kaki, whereas kaempferol glucoside and procyanidin A were present only in the pulp. In A. cherimola, catechin, epicatechin and rutoside were identified only in the peel of the fruit, whereas procyanidins were traced only in the pulp extracts. Quercetin and luteolinidin were found to be characteristic compounds of F. margarita peel extract. Naringenin and hesperidin were found only in the pulp of F. margarita. The most significant compositional variety between the peel and pulp extracts was observed for C. oblonga: Peel extracts contained a higher number of active components (e.g., vicenin-2, kaempferol rutinoside, or kaempferol galactoside) than pulp extract. The radical scavenging potential of peel extracts was higher than of the pulp extracts. D. kaki and F. margarita peel and pulp extracts inhibited mushroom and murine tyrosinases at comparable levels. The C. oblonga pulp extract was a more potent mushroom tyrosinase inhibitor than the peel extract. Peel extract of A. cherimola inhibited mushroom tyrosinase but activated the murine enzyme. F. margarita pulp and peel extracts showed the highest in vitro SPF. A. cherimola, D. kaki, and F. margarita extracts were not cytotoxic for fibroblasts and keratinocytes up to a concentration of 2% (v/v) and the peel extracts were cytotoxic for A375 melanoma cells. To summarize, peel extracts from all analyzed fruit showed comparable or better cosmetic-related properties than pulp extracts and might be considered multifunctional active ingredients of skin lightening, anti-aging, and protective cosmetics.

Multilayer Ti3C2-CNTs-Au Loaded with Cyclodextrin-MOF for Enhanced Selective Detection of Rutin.

In this work, multi-layer Ti3C2 - carbon nanotubes - gold nanoparticles (Ti3C2-CNTs-Au) and cyclodextrin metal-organic framework - carbon nanotubes (CD-MOF-CNTs) have been prepared by in situ growth method and used to construct the ultra-sensitive rutin electrochemical sensor for the first time. Among them, the large number of metal active sites of Ti3C2, the high electron transfer efficiency of CNTS, and the good catalytic properties of AuNPs significantly enhance the electrochemical properties of the composite carbon nanomaterials. Interestingly, CD-MOF has a unique host-guest recognition and a large number of cavities, molecular gaps, and surface reactive groups, which gives the composite outstanding accumulation properties and selectivity for rutin. Under the optimized conditions, the constructed novel sensor has satisfactory detection performance for rutin in the range of 2 × 10-9 to 8 × 10-7 M with a limit of detection of 6.5 × 10-10 M. In addition, the sensor exhibits amazing anti-interference performance against rutin in some flavonoid compounds and can be used to test natural plant samples (buckwheat, Cymbopogon distans, and flos sophorae immaturus). This work has promising applications in the field of environmental and food analysis, and exploring new directions for the application of Mxene-based composites.

An opportunity for acerola pulp (Malpighia emarginata DC) valorization evaluating its performance during the block cryoconcentration by physicochemical, bioactive compounds, HPLC-ESI-MS/MS, and multi-elemental profile analysis.

The present study evaluated the effect of cryoconcentration of pulp blocks of acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC). The study evaluated cryoconcentration in three stages. The cryoconcentrated samples, the ice fractions, and the initial pulp were evaluated for physicochemical composition, bioactive composition, and multielement profile. The cryoconcentrated sample obtained in the third stage of cryoconcentration showed the best results for the concentration factor, process efficiency, total soluble solids content, red color intensity, and increasing of the macro and micronutrients: Cu, Ca, S, Sr, K, Mn, Na, P, Mg, Fe. All stages presented good performance in the total soluble solids content, increase in the titratable acidity of the concentrates, and progressive increase in the intensity of the red color. Generally, higher levels of total phenolic and antioxidant activity were found for the 2nd and 3rd concentrates. The phenolic activity showed an increase of 166.90% in the 3rd stage concentrate compared to fresh pulp, and the antioxidant activity was 112.10% by the ABTS method and 131.60% by the DPPH method, both in the 3rd stage concentrate. The major individual polyphenols were Ferulic acid, Protocatechuic acid, and Taxifolin, with significant increases in the concentration of the compounds in the 2nd and 3rd stage concentrates. In addition, the contents of potentially toxic metals were below detection limits. During the cryoconcentration process, there was a decrease in the values ​​of vitamin C content, moisture content, density, and elements Cu, Sr, and Zn.

Bioactive agents from Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R.Br. ex G. Don bark extracts for health promotion and nutraceutical uses.

BACKGROUND: Parkia biglobosa stem bark extracts were prepared using methanol, methanol 80%, water and ethyl acetate to investigate their phytochemical contents, as well as antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties. RESULTS: Liquid chromatography (LC) quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MS) and LC-MSn revealed the presence of flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and gallotannins. Particularly, the water extract contained rutin (480 µg per 100 mg) and 3-caffeoylquinic acid (1109 µg per 100 mg) in higher amounts, whereas the 80% methanol extract contains methoxyluteolin-7-O-rutinoside and catechin derivatives as major compounds. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts were yielded in the range of 32.26-119.88 mg gallic acid equivalents g-1 and 0.60-2.39 mg rutin equivalents g-1 , respectively. Total antioxidant capacity was also displayed in the range of 0.53-6.34 mmol Trolox equivalents (TE) g-1 . Both the methanolic extracts showed higher total antioxidant capacity that could be related to the total phenolic contents. Radical scavenging capacity in DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) (37.21-508.30 mg TE g-1 ) and ABTS [2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid)] (60.95-1068.06 mg TE g-1 ) assays, reducing power in cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (54.23-1002.78 mg TE g-1 ) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (33.18-558.68 mg TE g-1 ) assays, as well as metal chelating activity (2.45-11.28 mg EDTA equivalents g-1 ), were exhibited by all extracts. All extracts were found to inhibit acetylcholinesterase [0.23-2.47 mg galanthamine equivalents (GALAE) g-1 ], tyrosinase [27.20-83.33 mg kojic acid equivalents g-1 ], amylase [mmol acarbose equivalents (ACAE) g-1 ]. On the other hand, all extracts, except the water extract, inhibited butyrylcholinesterase (5.38-6.56 mg GALAE g-1 ), whereas only the water and ethyl acetate extract showed glucosidase inhibitory potential (1.96 and 1.82 mmol ACAE g-1 ). In general, the water extract was found to be a weaker enzyme inhibitor suggesting that water is not the preferrable extraction solvent to obtain active products. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that the stem bark extracts of P. biglobosa contains good amount of phytochemical and extracts present significant antioxidant, as well as reasonable enzyme inhibitory effects. Hence, these findings suggest that further studies can be performed on more specific biological targets and models of bioactivity to determine their safe usage as a nutraceutical or for the preparation functional foods. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Platforms of graphene/MXene heterostructure for electrochemical monitoring of rutin in drug and Tartary buckwheat tea.

The use of two-dimensional heterostructure composite as electrode modification material has become a new strategy to improve the electrocatalytic activity and electroactive sites of electrochemical sensor. Herein, a soluble heterostructure, namely rGO-PSS@MXene, was designed and synthesized by integrating poly (sodium p-styrenesulfonate)-functionalized reduced graphene oxide into MXene nanosheets via ultrasonic method. The interactive heterostructure can effectively alleviate the self-stacking of MXene and rGO, endowing them with superior electron transfer capacity and large specific surface area, thereby producing prominent synergistic electrocatalytic effect towards rutin. In addition, the excellent enrichment effect of rGO-PSS@MXene for rutin also plays an important role through the electrostatic and π-π stacking interactions. The electrochemical characteristics of rutin on the sensor were examined in detail and a sensitive sensing method was proposed. Under optimized conditions, the method showed satisfactory linear relationship for rutin in the concentration range of 0.005-10.0 µM, with limit of detection of 1.8 nM (S/N = 3). The quantitative validation results in herbal medicine and commercial Tartary buckwheat tea were highly consistent with the labeled quantity and the results of HPLC determination, respectively, suggesting the sensor possessed excellent selectivity and accuracy. This proposed strategy for rutin determination is expected to expand the application of MXene heterostructure in electrochemical sensors, and is envisioned as a promising candidate for quality monitoring of drugs and foods.

Evaluation of hackberry (Celtis australis L.) fruits as sources of bioactive compounds.

Hackberry (Celtis australis L.) is native to the Mediterranean region and is distributed in Europe, Turkey, North Africa, and Iran. To the best of our knowledge, no study has been conducted on C. australis L. in the Arasbaran region, Iran. In the present study, total phenol (TP), flavonoid (TF), antioxidant capacity based on DPPH and FRAP assays and phenolic compounds and sugars profiles were investigated. According to the results, the range of antioxidant capacity based on DPPH and FRAP assays was 14.12-88.24% and 44.35-117.87 mg Fe2+/100 g, respectively. Also, the range of gallic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, p-coumaric acid, rosmaric acid, cinnamic acid, and apigenin content was 2.59-26.32, 2.03-9.32, 0.94-11.35, 1.80-4.857, 2.32-9.52, 4.74-51.38, 0.18-2.10 and 0.27-1.37 mg/g, respectively. The results of factor analysis showed that the C12, C14, C15, C20, C8, C16, C3, and C20 genotypes are positively characterized by the first principal component (PCA1) that have a higher caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, p-coumaric acid, rosmaric acid, quercetin, cinnamic acid, and apigenin phenolic compounds. Based on cluster analysis, the twenty genotypes were located in 2 main clusters. In general, the obtained results can be useful for breeding programs and the introduction of cultivars in Celtis australis L.

Comparative Analysis of Polyphenols in Lycium barbarum Fruits Using UPLC-IM-QTOF-MS.

Variety, geographical origin, and harvest season are important factors affecting the accumulation of polyphenols in Lycium barbarum. In this study, the effects of these factors on the polyphenolic components of this species were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Moreover, the in vitro antioxidant activities of fruit extracts from this species were evaluated. The total polyphenolic contents of L. barbarum fruits from Jinghe County in Xinjiang and Zhongning County in Ningxia were 5.52-11.72 and 7.06-9.37 mg (gallic acid equivalent)/g dry weight, while the total flavonoid contents of L. barbarum fruits from these regions were 12.52-30.29 and 12.67-20.77 mg (rutin equivalent)/g dry weight, respectively. Overall, 39 types of polyphenols were identified in the fruit extracts, including 26 flavonoids, 10 phenolic acids, and three tannins. Of these, 11 polyphenols were quantitatively analyzed, which revealed rutin to be the most dominant polyphenolic component in fruits from Jinghe and Zhongning. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the polyphenolic contents and antioxidant activities of L. barbarum fruit extracts, depending on the geographical origin, variety, and harvest season. The antioxidant activity of this species was found to be significantly positively correlated with the polyphenolic contents. This study provided scientific guidance for comprehensive applications of polyphenols from different varieties of L. barbarum from separate geographical origins.

Capillary surface modification using millimolar levels of aminosilane reagent for highly efficient separation of phenolic acids and flavonols by capillary electrophoresis with UV detection.

INTRODUCTION: Phytochemical analysis of phenolic acids and flavonols poses a challenge, necessitating the development of an efficient separation method. This facilitates the quantification of these compounds, yielding valuable insights into their benefits. OBJECTIVE: To develop a highly effective separation of phenolic acids and flavonols by capillary electrophoresis and ultraviolet (UV) detection through the modification of the capillary surface using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) at millimolar concentrations. METHODS: The capillary surface is modified with 0.36 mM-APTES solution. The electrolyte is 20.0 mM borate buffer (pH 9.0). Separation performance (plate number N, resolution Rs ), stability, and reproducibility of the coating procedure are evaluated using the analysis of phenolic acids, rutin and quercetin. RESULTS: The modified capillary provided efficient separation with plate numbers N ≥ 1.0 × 104 m-1 and resolution Rs ≥ 0.8 for all pairs of adjacent peaks of the separation of five selected phenolic acids, rutin, quercetin, caffeine and methylparaben (as internal standard). The precisions of the relative migration times for 17 consecutive analyses of samples over 3 h were 1% relative standard deviation (RSD) for rutin and 7% RSD for quercetin. The analysis of rutin and quercetin in 12 dietary supplement product samples only required a simple dilution step for sample preparation. CONCLUSION: A straightforward modification technique utilising millimolar concentrations of APTES resulted in highly efficient separation of phenolic acids, rutin and quercetin, accompanied by high precision and surface stability. The modified capillary proved successful in analysing rutin and quercetin content in dietary supplements.

Micronized Powder of Raspberry Pomace as a Source of Bioactive Compounds.

Red raspberries, which contain a variety of nutrients and phytochemicals that are beneficial for human health, can be utilized as a raw material in the creation of several supplements. This research suggests micronized powder of raspberry pomace production. The molecular characteristics (FTIR), sugar, and biological potential (phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity) of micronized raspberry powders were investigated. FTIR spectroscopy results revealed spectral changes in the ranges with maxima at ~1720, 1635, and 1326, as well as intensity changes in practically the entire spectral range analyzed. The discrepancies clearly indicate that the micronization of the raspberry byproduct samples cleaved the intramolecular hydrogen bonds in the polysaccharides present in the samples, thus increasing the respective content of simple saccharides. In comparison to the control powders, more glucose and fructose were recovered from the micronized samples of the raspberry powders. The study's micronized powders were found to contain nine different types of phenolic compounds, including rutin, elagic acid derivatives, cyanidin-3-sophoroside, cyanidin-3-(2-glucosylrutinoside), cyanidin-3-rutinoside, pelargonidin-3-rutinoside, and elagic acid derivatives. Significantly higher concentrations of ellagic acid and ellagic acid derivatives and rutin were found in the micronized samples than in the control sample. The antioxidant potential assessed by ABTS and FRAP significantly increased following the micronization procedure.

[Effects of different drying methods on quality of male flowers of Eucommia ulmoides based on color and chemical composition].

To study the effects of different drying methods on the quality of male flowers of Eucommia ulmoides(MFOEU), we treated fresh MFOEU samples with drying in the shade(DS), vacuum freeze drying(VFD), high-or low-temperature hot air drying(HTHAD, LTHAD), microwave drying(MD), and vacuum drying(VD), respectively. The color, total flavonoid content, total polysaccharide content, and main active components such as geniposide, geniposidic acid, rutin, chlorogenic acid, galuteolin, pinoresinol diglucoside, and aucubin in MFOEU were taken as the evaluation indicators. The quality of MFOEU was comprehensively evaluated by entropy weight method combined with color index method, partial least squares discriminant analysis and content clustering heat map. The experimental results showed that VFD and DS basically kept the original color of MFOEU. The MFOEU treated with MD had higher content of total polysaccharides, phenylpropanoids, lignans, and iridoids. The MFOEU treated with LTHAD had higher content of total flavonoids and that treated with VD had lower content of active components. According to the results of comprehensive evaluation, the quality of MFOEU dried with different methods followed the order of MD>HTHAD>VFD>LTHAD>DS>VD. Considering the color of MFOEU, the suitable drying methods were DS and VFD. Considering the color, active components, and economic benefits of MFOEU, MD was the suitable drying method. The results of this study are of a reference value for the determination of suitable methods for MFOEU processing in the producing areas.

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of fenugreek flavonoids and its geographical-based comparative evaluation using green UHPLC-DAD analysis.

BACKGROUND: This study, for the first time, reports a simultaneous determination of flavonoids; rutin (RT), quercetin (QT), luteolin (LT), and kaempferol (KF) in different origins of fenugreek seeds samples (N = 45) using a green UHPLC-DAD analysis METHODOLOGY: Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was employed to extract fenugreek flavonoids using different polarity solvents of n-hexane (n-hex), dichloromethane (DCM), and methanol (MeOH) RESULTS: The extract yield on an individual basis was observed in the range of 1.03-17.29 mg, with the highest yield (mg/sample) for the Egyptian sample (17.29 mg). The highest total extract yield (mg/origin) was observed for the Iranian sample (82.28 ±â€¯5.38). The solvent with the highest extract yield (mg) was n-hex 169.35 ±â€¯13.47, followed by MeOH 114.39 ±â€¯12.27. The validated green UHPLC-DAD method resulted in a short runtime (9 min) with an accuracy of 97.86(±12.32)-101.37(±5.91), r2-values = 0.993-0.999, LOD = 2.09-4.48 ppm, and LOQ = 6.33-13.57 ppm for flavonoids analysis within the linearity range of 1-500 ppm. The general yield for flavonoids exhibited a descending order (ppm): RT (2924.55 ±â€¯143.84) > QT (457.05 ±â€¯34.07) > LT (82.37 ±â€¯3.27) > KF (4.54 ±â€¯0.00). The yield (ppm) for the flavonoids was more in MeOH solvent (3424.81 ±â€¯235.44) constructing a descending order of MeOH > n-hex > DCM. For an individual flavonoid yield; MeOH was seen with an order of RT > QT > LT, n-hex (LT > QT), and DCM (RT > LT > QT). The statistical analysis of PCA (principle component analysis) revealed a widespread distribution of flavonoids in fenugreek seeds with a variance of 35.93% (PC1). Moreover, flavonoids extraction was prone to the nature and specificity of the solvent used (PC2: 33.34%) rather than the amount of the extract yield (P = 0.00). The K-mean cluster analysis showed the origins with higher flavonoids yield in appropriate solvent as I3M (Indian accession # 3 MeOH extract) with more QT amount, IR2M (Iranian accession # 2 MeOH extract) with more LT amount along with I2M (Indian accession # 2 MeOH extract) and Q2M (Qassim Saudi Arabia accession # 2 MeOH extract) containing high amount of RT. The outcomes are supported by KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) and Bartlett's test value of 0.56 with X2-value of 191.87 (P = 0.00) CONCLUSION: The samples were effectively evaluated and standardized in terms of flavonoid amount suggesting a significant variation in fenugreek quality.

Phytochemical profile analysis by LC-ESI-MSn and LC-HR-ESI-MS and validated HPLC method for quantification of rutin in herbal drug and products from leaves of Croton blanchetianus.

Phytochemical analysis of Croton blanchetianus leaves was performed by. After that, a high performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the determination of rutin in herbal drug and products of C. blanchetianus. The separation was achieved on a C18 column, and the mobile phase was composed of ultrapure water and methanol (acidified with trifluoroacetic acid) with a gradient of 0.8 ml/min. The method was validated following international guidelines. The chemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids. Among them rutin was used as the standard for validation. In the HPLC the presence of rutin was observed at 24.7 min. The method was robust, with no significant variations, and linear in the range evaluated with R2 > 0.99. Regarding the matrix effect, it was possible to prove the absence of interference of the constituents in the herbal drug. The precision was determined with a relative standard deviation of <1.34%. The recovery results were achieved between 89.29 and 101.21%. Furthermore, with partial validation, the method was proved to be suitable for the liquid extract, dry extract and effervescent granules. Therefore, this study demonstrated that the method is effective for the quality control analysis of C. blanchetianus leaves and products.

Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant Activities, and HPLC Analysis of Nine Edible Sprouts in Cambodia.

The non-nutritional health benefits of sprouts are unconfirmed. Thus, nine sprout methanolic extracts were tested for phytoconstituents and antioxidant activity. The TPC, TCC, TFC, TAC, and TALC were measured. ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power assays were used to assess the antioxidant activity. HPLC detected gallic acid, vanillin, syringic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and rutin in the extracts. The sprout extracts contained six compounds, with caffeic acid being the most abundant. Gallic acid, syringic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, vanillin, and rutin were highest in soybean, black sesame, mustard, sunflower, white radish, and black sesame sprouts, respectively. Sunflower sprouts had the highest level of TCC while soybean sprouts had the highest level of TFC, Taiwanese morning glory had the highest level of TPC, mustard sprouts had the highest level of TALC, and black sesame sprouts had the highest level of TAC. Taiwanese morning glories scavenged the most DPPH and ABTS radicals. Colored and white radish sprouts had similar ferric-reducing antioxidant power. Antioxidation mechanisms varied by compound. Our findings demonstrated that sprouts have biological effects, and their short time for mass production offers an alternative food source for health benefits, and that they are useful for future research development of natural products and dietary supplements.

Protocols for extraction and purification of rutin from leafy by-products of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) and characterization of the purified product.

Valorization of asparagus leafy by-products as a potential source of rutin through selected extraction and purification protocols was investigated. Protocol resulting in the highest extraction yield was first selected. Crude extract was subject to purification via multiple liquid-liquid back extraction using ethanol, methanol or water as a solvent; selection of the most appropriate purification solvent was made based on rutin solubility. The proposed purification protocol yielded yellow-color crystals, which were characterized by fluorescence microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to confirm them as rutin. Purity of rutin was confirmed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography at 97.6%; yield of the purified rutin was determined to be 78.2%. The remaining rutin (21.8%) was found in the liquids collected at various stages of purification; such liquids could be recycled using the same purification process. The proposed protocols are simple, yet effective for rutin extraction and purification from asparagus leafy by-products.

The content and distribution of 18 phenolic compounds in 462 batches of edible flowers from 73 species commercially available in China.

Phenolic compounds are widely distributed in plant flowers. The present study systematically analyzed 18 phenolic compounds, represented by 4 monocaffeoylquinic acids, 4 dicaffeoylquinic acids, 5 flavones and 5 other phenolic acids, in 73 species (462 batches of samples) of edible flowers by a new established and validated HPLC-UV (high-performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet) (327/217 nm) method. Among all the species analyzed, 59 species were demonstrated to contain at least one or more quantifiable phenolic compounds, especially in families of Composite, Rosaceae and Caprifoliaceae. 3-Caffeoylquinic acid was found to be the most ubiquitous phenolic compound (in 193 batches of 73 species with the content between 0.061 and 65.10 mg/g), followed by rutin and isoquercitrin. While sinapic acid, 1-Caffeoylquinic acid and 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid (only in 5 batches of 1 specie with the content between 0.069 and 0.12 mg/g) were the least ones both in ubiquity and concentration. Additionally, the distribution and abundances of phenolic compounds were compared between these flowers, which would be valuable for auxiliary authentication or other usages. This research covered almost all edible and medicinal flowers in the Chinese market with 18 phenolic compounds therein quantified, which delivered a bird view of phenolic compounds in a broad perspective of edible flowers.