Salvia elegans Vahl Counteracting Metabolic Syndrome and Depression in Mice on a High-Fat Diet.

Salvia elegans Vahl is a plant commonly used in Mexico as a remedy for nervous disorders, inflammatory diseases, and "ringing in the ears"; the latter can be associated with arteriosclerotic conditions and arterial hypertension. Therefore, based on medicinal use, this work aimed to evaluate the hydroalcoholic extract (SeHA, 100 mg/kg) of this plant and two fractions, ethyl acetate (SeFAc, 50 mg/kg), and obtained from SeFAc fractionation denominated SeF3 (10 mg/kg), on several alterations derived from metabolic syndrome (MetS) derived from the ingestion of a high-calorie diet (high-fat diet), in ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mice, leading to chronic inflammation that results in neurological damage such as depression. Therefore, several MetS-related parameters, such as forced swim tests, hypertension, serum corticosterone levels, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, adiposity index, and insulin resistance, will be evaluated. Additionally, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, and IL-10 levels were measured in kidneys, fat tissue, brains, and spleens. It was proven that all those S. elegans-derived treatments reversed the damage, showing antidepressant, antihypertensive, antihyperglycemic, and antidyslipidemic effects and decreased adiposity, insulin resistance, and serum corticosterone. They induced a modulatory response by modifying the levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, and IL-10 in different organs. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the acetate of ethyl fraction from S. elegans (SeFAc) fraction revealed the presence of rosmarinic and caffeic acids as well as flavonoids, while the fraction from SeFAc called SeF3 Was identified by gas mass as methyl glucose, glycerol, and known sterols, among others. Thus, it was concluded that S. elegans protects against the harmful effects of MetS.

Violence victimisation and young adult cardiometabolic health: the role of timing and social identity.

BACKGROUND: Adolescent violence victimisation is associated with a spectrum of adult social and behavioural health outcomes, including adverse mental health symptoms. However, underlying social stress mechanisms linking adolescent victimisation to adult cardiometabolic health remains poorly understood. AIM: The current study aims to reveal how adolescent and adult interpersonal violence exposures each get "under the skin" to affect adult metabolic syndrome, including direct victimisation and, additionally, witnessing violence. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We use a nationally representative longitudinal cohort, the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, and leverage a quasi-experimental approach, propensity score matching regression analysis (n = 14,267). RESULTS: We find that adolescent violence exposure carries an enduring effect on young adult metabolic syndrome risk factor incidence and high-risk status, which is independent of young adult violence. Violence effects do not vary by sex or racial identity. CONCLUSION: In sum, adolescent exposure to direct interpersonal violence significantly affects young adult cardiometabolic health in ways suggesting adolescence is a sensitive period for the onset of harmful cardiometabolic effects in early adulthood. Findings warrant future study of underlying pathways and how these effects shape social inequities in cardiometabolic health among U.S. adults broadly.

Smoking cessation and risk of metabolic syndrome: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Smoking is an important risk factor for various metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, and smoking cessation reduces the risk of these conditions. However, weight gain is commonly observed when individuals quit smoking, which often leads to hesitation in pursuing smoking cessation. Weight gain increases the risk of metabolic syndrome (MS). However, previous studies that investigated the relationship between smoking cessation and MS have yielded inconsistent results. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the association between smoking cessation and MS. METHODS: Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library and CINAHL databases, were comprehensively searched from inception to April 2023, to identify relevant studies examining the relationship between smoking cessation and MS, comparing such relationship to that with active smoking. The methodological quality of the selected studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. A random-effects model was used for meta-analysis. RESULTS: Of 495 identified studies, 24 were reviewed. The risk of selection bias was identified in all the studies. The overall analysis of 14 studies, including data of combined results for both men and women, revealed an increased risk of MS among ex-smokers compared with that among active smokers (pooled relative risk [RR] 1.18, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08-1.29). From the selected studies, 13 studies analyzing men were extracted for subgroup analysis. Among men, no significant difference in the risk of developing MS was observed between ex-smokers and smokers (pooled RR: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.95-1.17). In men, the risk of MS increased if the cessation period was ≤15 years in men (pooled RR 1.26, 95% CI: 1.01-1.56) and slightly decreased if the cessation period was > 15 years (RR 0.84, 95% CI: 0.70-1.00) in ex-smokers compared with that in current smokers. CONCLUSION: An increased risk of MS was observed in the early stages of smoking cessation compared with current smoking. As the longer duration of smoking cessation, the risk of MS becomes less significant.

Impact of Dietary Patterns on Metabolic Syndrome in Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Metabolic syndrome has become a significant public health concern. This study aims to investigate the impact of dietary patterns on metabolic syndrome in young adults and how physical activity modulates this effect. A cross-sectional study was conducted at a health management center in Tianjin, China, from September 2022 to March 2023. Participants aged 18-35 years were recruited using convenience sampling. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Logistic regression models evaluated associations between these patterns and metabolic syndrome, adjusting for potential confounders. Among 442 participants, four dietary patterns were identified: Legume-Nut, Alcohol-Meat, Sugar-Processed, and Egg-Vegetable. The Legume-Nut dietary pattern was associated with a higher risk of metabolic syndrome (OR = 2.63, 95% CI: 1.08-6.37), while the Egg-Vegetable dietary pattern was associated with a lower risk (OR = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.10-0.70). No significant associations were found for the Sugar-Processed and Alcohol-Meat patterns. Subgroup analysis revealed that the Legume-Nut pattern increased the risk of metabolic syndrome among those with irregular physical activity, whereas the Egg-Vegetable pattern decreased the risk. These findings highlight the significant influence of dietary patterns on the risk of metabolic syndrome in young adults and the modifying effect of regular physical activity, underscoring the need for targeted dietary and lifestyle interventions to prevent metabolic syndrome in this population.

Association between fat-soluble vitamins and metabolic syndromes in US adults: a cross-section study from NHANES database.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown significant associations between individual fat-soluble vitamins (FSVs) and metabolic syndromes (MetS). However, evidence on the multiple FSVs co-exposure and MetS odds is limited. Given that individuals are typically exposed to different levels of FSVs simultaneously, and FSVs can interact with each other. It's necessary to explore the association between multiple FSVs co-exposure and MetS odds. This study aims to address this gap in general U.S. adults aged ≥ 20 years. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANESs) 2003-2006 and 2017-2018. Three FSV, including vitamin A (VA), vitamin E (VE), and vitamin D (VD), and MetS diagnosed according to the ATP III guidelines were selected as exposure and outcome, respectively. Multivariable-adjusted logistic model was used to explore the associations of individual FSV exposure with MetS odds and MetS components. Restricted cubic splines were performed to explore the dose-response relationships among them. The quantile g-computation method was adopted to explore the associations of multiple FSVs co-exposure with MetS odds and MetS components. RESULTS: The presented study included a total of 13,975 individuals, with 2400 (17.17%) were diagnosed with MetS. After adjusting for various confounders, a positive linear pattern was observed for serum VA and VE and MetS associations. Serum VD was found to be negatively associated with MetS in a linear dose-response way. For each component of MetS, higher serum VA and VE were associated with higher triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein; higher serum VD was negatively associated with triglyceride, blood pressure, and fasting plasma glucose. MetS odds increased by 15% and 13%, respectively, in response to one quartile increase in FSVs co-exposure index (qgcomp) in the conditional model (OR = 1.15, 95%CI: 1.06, 1.24) and the marginal structural model (OR = 1.13, 95%CI: 1.06, 1.20). Besides, co-exposure to VA, VE, and VD was positively associated with triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, and blood pressure levels. CONCLUSION: Findings in the present study revealed that high serum VA and VE levels were associated with elevated MetS odds, while serum VD was inversely associated with MetS odds. FSVs co-exposure was positively associated with MetS odds.

Association between long-term exposure to PM2.5 chemical components and metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older adults.

Background: Previous studies indicated that exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) could increase the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, the specific impact of PM2.5 chemical components remains uncertain. Methods: A national cross-sectional study of 12,846 Chinese middle-aged and older adults was conducted. Satellite-based spatiotemporal models were employed to determine the 3-year average PM2.5 components exposure, including sulfates (SO4 2-), nitrates (NO3 -), ammonia (NH4 +), black carbon (BC), and organic matter (OM). Generalized linear models were used to investigate the associations of PM2.5 components with MetS and the components of MetS, and restricted cubic splines curves were used to establish the exposure-response relationships between PM2.5 components with MetS, as well as the components of MetS. Results: MetS risk increased by 35.1, 33.5, 33.6, 31.2, 32.4, and 31.4% for every inter-quartile range rise in PM2.5, SO4 2-, NO3 -, NH4 +, OM and BC, respectively. For MetS components, PM2.5 chemical components were associated with evaluated risks of central obesity, high blood pressure (high-BP), high fasting glucose (high-FBG), and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (low-HDL). Conclusion: This study indicated that exposure to PM2.5 components is related to increased risk of MetS and its components, including central obesity, high-BP, high-FBG, and low-HDL. Moreover, we found that the adverse effect of PM2.5 chemical components on MetS was more sensitive to people who were single, divorced, or widowed than married people.

Adipose Tissue Dysfunction Determines Lipotoxicity and Triggers the Metabolic Syndrome: Current Challenges and Clinical Perspectives.

The adipose tissue organ is organised as distinct anatomical depots located all along the body axis, and it is constituted of three different types of adipocytes: white, beige and brown, which are integrated with vascular, immune, neural, and extracellular stroma cells. These distinct adipocytes serve different specialised functions. The main function of white adipocytes is to ensure healthy storage of excess nutrients/energy and its rapid mobilisation to supply the demand of energy imposed by physiological cues in other organs, whereas brown and beige adipocytes are designed for heat production through uncoupling lipid oxidation from energy production. The concerted action of the three types of adipocytes/tissues ensures an optimal metabolic status. However, when one or several of these adipose depots become dysfunctional because of sustained lipid/nutrient overload, then insulin resistance and associated metabolic complications ensue. These metabolic alterations close a vicious cycle that negatively affects the adipose tissue functionality and compromises global metabolic homeostasis. Optimising white adipose tissue expandability and ensuring its functional metabolic flexibility and/or promoting brown/beige mediated thermogenic activity are complementary strategies that counteract obesity and its associated lipotoxic metabolic effects. However, the development of these therapeutic approaches requires a deep understanding of adipose tissue in all broad aspects. In this chapter, we will discuss the characteristics of the different adipose tissue depots with respect to origins and precursors recruitment, plasticity, cellular composition, and expandability capacity potential as well as molecular and metabolic characteristic signatures in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Current antilipotoxic strategies for future clinical application are also discussed in this chapter.

Mice lacking ASIC2 and ßENaC are protected from high-fat-diet-induced metabolic syndrome.

Introduction: Degenerin proteins, such as ßENaC and ASIC2, have been implicated in cardiovascular function. However, their role in metabolic syndrome have not been studied. To begin to assess this interaction, we evaluated the impact of a high fat diet (HFD) on mice lacking normal levels of ASIC2 (ASIC2-/-) and ßENaC (ßENaCm/m). Methods: Twenty-week-old male and female mice were placed on a 60% HFD for 12 weeks. Body weight was measured weekly, and body composition by non-invasive ECHO MRI and fasting blood glucose were measured at 0, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. A glucose tolerance test was administered after 12 weeks. Differences between ASIC2-/-/ßENaCm/m and WT groups were compared using independent t-tests or ANOVA where appropriate within each sex. Data are presented as mean ± SEM and ASIC2-/-/ßENaCm/m vs. WT. Results: At 20 weeks of age, ASIC2-/-/ßENaCm/m mice (n=9F/10M) weighed less and gained less weight than WT (n=12F/16M). Total body fat and lean body masses were reduced in female and male ASIC2-/-/ßENaCm/m mice. Total body fat and lean body masses as % control were identical at the end of 12 weeks. Fasting blood glucoses were lower in female and male ASIC2-/-/ßENaCm/m vs. WT mice after 12 weeks HFD. The area under the curve for the glucose tolerance test was reduced in female and tended (p=.079) to decrease in male ASIC2-/-/ßENaCm/m. Plasma leptin and insulin were reduced in female and male ASIC2-/-/ßENaCm/m vs. WT mice. Plasma insulin in female ASIC2-/-/ßENaCm/m mice remained unchanged throughout the HFD period. Liver and liver fat masses, as well as percent liver fat, were reduced in both female and male ASIC2-/-/ßENaCm/m mice after HFD. Plasma triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL- and HDL-cholesterols were markedly improved in male and/or female ASIC2-/-/ßENaCm/m following the HFD. Discussion: These novel findings suggest that loss of ASIC2 and ßENaC offer a significant protection against HFD-induced metabolic syndrome.

The Beneficial Effects of Prenatal Biotin Supplementation in a Rat Model of Intrauterine Caloric Restriction to Prevent Cardiometabolic Risk in Adult Female Offspring.

Numerous studies indicate that intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) can predispose individuals to metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adulthood. Several reports have demonstrated that pharmacological concentrations of biotin have therapeutic effects on MetS. The present study investigated the beneficial effects of prenatal biotin supplementation in a rat model of intrauterine caloric restriction to prevent cardiometabolic risk in adult female offspring fed fructose after weaning. Female rats were exposed to a control (C) diet or global caloric restriction (20%) (GCR), with biotin (GCRB) supplementation (2 mg/kg) during pregnancy. Female offspring were exposed to 20% fructose (F) in drinking water for 16 weeks after weaning (C, C/F, GCR/F, and GCRB/F). The study assessed various metabolic parameters including Lee's index, body weight, feed conversion ratio, caloric intake, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, lipid profile, hepatic triglycerides, blood pressure, and arterial vasoconstriction. Results showed that GCR and GCRB dams had reduced weights compared to C dams. Offspring of GCRB/F and GCR/F dams had lower body weight and Lee's index than C/F offspring. Maternal biotin supplementation in the GCRB/F group significantly mitigated the adverse effects of fructose intake, including hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, hepatic steatosis, glucose and insulin resistance, hypertension, and arterial hyperresponsiveness. This study concludes that prenatal biotin supplementation can protect against cardiometabolic risk in adult female offspring exposed to postnatal fructose, highlighting its potential therapeutic benefits.

[Occupational chronic psychological stress and transaminase, HSP70 gene family and its proteins association of the interaction with metabolic syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the association of Occupational chronic psychological stress with transaminase, heat shock protein70(HSP70)gene family and their protein interaction with metabolic syndrome(MS). METHODS: A case-control study was used. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, from March 2015 to March 2016, 583 unrelated MS patients were selected as the case group and 585 unrelated healthy people as the control group among hospitalized and physical examination subjects aged 20-60 in Wuzhong People's Hospital and General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University. Questionnaire survey, physical examination, clinical and biochemical indicators, serum HSP70 level and five-locus polymorphism detection of HSP70 gene were carried out. GMDR 0.7 software was used to analyze the relationship between psychological stress, transaminase, HSP70 gene and its protein interaction and MS. RESULTS: After adjusting for age and sex, the rs1008438, rs1061581, rs539689 and rs222795 locus of HSP70 gene in the Co-dominant model and Dominant model and the rs222795 loci in the Over-dominant model carry wild homozygous genotype and heterozygous genotype were all related to the reduction of MS risk(OR<1, P<0.05). GMDR result: the 2-factor interaction model composed of psychological stress and serum HSP70, the 2-3 factor interaction model composed of transaminase activity, and the 2-6 factor interaction model composed of five locus of HSP70 gene, the 2-9 factor interaction model consisting of psychological stress and transaminase activity, HSP70 gene and its protein were all significantly associated with MS(P<0.01, P<0.05), all each factor interaction models were the best, and the 9-factor optimal interaction model had the highest risk of MS(OR=46.51, 95%CI 27.65-78.26), and the risk of MS in high-risk type was 45.23 times higher than that in low-risk type(95%CI 31.29-65.38, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: HSP70 gene family carrying wild-type alleles is a protective factor for MS. The interaction among Occupational chronic psychological stress interacts with transaminases, HSP70 gene and its serum proteins may be associated with MS. With the increase of involvement interaction factors, the risk of MS increased significantly. The interaction of multiple factors can greatly increase its risk.

[Dietary quality and its relationship with metabolic syndrome in the population aged 45 to 59 in Zhejiang Province in 2022].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between dietary quality and metabolic syndrome(MS) in the population aged 45 to 59 in Zhejiang Province. METHODS: Selecting the 45-59 year old population as the research object from the 2022 nutrition and health monitoring data of residents in Zhejiang Province. Dietary data was obtained by the 24-hour dietary review method on 3 consecutive days and the weighing method of household cooking oil and condiments, and dietary quality was evaluated using the China health diet index(CHDI), which was categorized into four groups according to quartiles of CHDI scores. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between different CHDI score groups and MS and its components. RESULTS: A total of 1421 study participants were included, with a mean CHDI score of(56.83±11.80) and a prevalence of MS of 24.5%. After adjusting for gender, age, smoking, and physical activity, the Q4 group with the highest CHDI score had a decreased risk of developing MS(OR=0.57, 95%CI 0.40-0.82), hypertension(OR=0.60, 95% CI 0.44-0.81), and elevated fasting blood glucose(OR=0.41, 95%CI 0.26-0.65) compared to the Q1 group with the lowest CHDI score. After conducting gender subgroup analysis, it was found that: the risk of developing MS, hypertension and high triglycerides was decreased in the Q4 group of CHDI scores in females compared with the Q1 group(P<0.05), whereas in males only high CHDI scores were found to be a protective factor for elevated fasting blood glucose(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The quality of diet is negatively associated with the risk of MS, hypertension and hyperglycemia in people aged 45-59 years in Zhejiang Province, and there are gender differences in the relationship between CHDI and MS and its components.

Prevalence and contributing factors of metabolic syndrome in rheumatoid arthritis patients.

BACKGROUND: Promoting prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients might occur secondary to RA therapy as well as sedentary life style. However, conflicting observations have been reported on the correlation between MetS and RA. This study aimed to determine the frequency of MetS and association of its components in RA. METHODS: In this study, 500 RA patients and 500 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were enrolled. MetS was fulfilled through the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. A multivariate regression model was used to control for variables independently associated with the risk of MetS in RA patients. RESULTS: The prevalence of MetS was 58.8% on IDF criteria in RA patients that was higher than controls (20.4%). Higher incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the familial history of CVD, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), smoking, dyslipidemia, and higher levels of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), total cholesterol level, fasting blood sugar (FBS), triglyceride (TG) level, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level, while lower levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were associated with an increased risk of MetS in RA patients. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that age, WC, dyslipidemia, LDL, and DAS28 were independent predictors of MetS in the RA patients. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of MetS is higher in RA patients. Our findings suggest an association between cardiovascular risk factors and the increased prevalence of MetS in RA patients.

Dietary fatty acid pattern and its association with metabolic profile among overweight and obese adults.

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have revealed the role of dietary fatty acids in human health. However, few studies have evaluated dietary fatty acid patterns and their association with metabolic parameters. The current study aimed to explore the association between dietary fatty acid patterns and risk factors for metabolic syndrome (MetS) among overweight and obese adults. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved 340 participants who were overweight or obese. The study included assessments of body composition and anthropometric measurements. Dietary fatty acid consumption was evaluated using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) containing 168 items. Additionally, biochemical parameters, including serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting serum glucose (FSG), and insulin levels, were measured using enzymatic methods. Fatty acid patterns were determined by principal component analysis (PCA), and the association between these dietary FA patterns and risk factors related to MetS components was assessed using logistic regression. RESULTS: Factor analysis conducted in this study explored three dietary fatty acid patterns: saturated fatty acids (SFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and long-chain combined fatty acids (LC-CFA). Those at the highest tertile of the SFA pattern had lower diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (P = 0.03). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) was lower in the second and third tertiles (P ≤ 0.05). Also, higher fasting blood glucose (FBS) was observed in the second and third tertiles (P < 0.05), and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was higher in the third tertile (P = 0.049). In the PUFA pattern, FBS was lower in the third tertile (P = 0.03). In the LC-CFA pattern, lower TC was achieved in higher tertiles (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrated that consuming high and moderate SFA patterns is associated with higher FBS and HOMA-IR. Also, increased consumption of SCFAs is related to lower DPB and LDL. Individuals who consumed more PUFA, especially linoleic acid, had lower FBS. These outcomes might be beneficial in managing MetS and leading to a new field of research.

Carbohydrate Intake Levels and the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Populations: A Prospective Study.

In Korea and other Asian countries, traditional high-carbohydrate diets are increasingly associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its complications. As dietary patterns shift, there is a growing need to assess the effect of these changes on health outcomes related to MetS. This study aimed to investigate the prospective relationship between carbohydrate consumption and the risk of MetS and its components. We analyzed data from 7902 participants from the Korean Association Resource, part of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study Dietary intakes, including carbohydrates and fiber, were assessed using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, allowing for the calculation of the proportion of total energy from carbohydrates (P_CARB) and the carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio to assess carbohydrate quality. Blood samples were collected after at least eight hours of fasting for laboratory analysis. We employed Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals, focusing on the relationship between the P_CARB and the risk of developing MetS and its individual components, while adjusting for carbohydrate quality. In the fully adjusted model, which accounted for carbohydrate quality as a covariate, individuals in the highest percentile of the P_CARB showed a significantly increased risk of MetS, hypertriglyceridemia, hypo-high density lipoprotein cholesterolemia, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure, compared to those in the lowest P_CARB group. Spline curve analyses indicated that the risks for MetS and its components consistently escalated with increasing P_CARB, with all p-values for nonlinearity exceeding 0.05. The findings suggest that higher levels of P_CARB are associated with an increased risk of MetS and related conditions, except for high fasting glucose. These results highlight the importance of dietary awareness and potential adjustments for populations consuming high-carbohydrate diets.

High sucrose diet-induced abnormal lipid metabolism in mice is related to the dysbiosis of gut microbiota.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Excess sucrose intake induces metabolic syndrome. In human, abnormal lipids metabolism like obesity, hyperlipidemia and fatty liver are induced. However, excess sucrose causes different phenotypes in different species. Based on our previous study, excess sucrose induced fatty liver and hyperlipidemia in rats. The phenotypes and mechanism of abnormal lipid metabolism in mice is unclear. We investigated the different phenotypes in 5 strains of mice and the relationship between gut microbiome and abnormal lipid metabolism in C57BL/6N mice. METHODS: We examined the effect of a high sucrose diet in 5 different strains of mice. Besides, to find out the relationship between gut microbiome and metabolic disorder induced by excess sucrose, C57BL/6N mice were fed with a high sucrose diet with or without antibiotics cocktail. RESULTS: A high sucrose diet induced obesity and fatty liver in inbred mice, whereas did not induce hyperlipidemia in all strains of mice. Moreover, a high sucrose diet changed the composition of gut microbiota in C57BL/6N mice. Antibiotics treatment alleviated the abnormal lipid metabolism induced by high sucrose diet by changing the composition of gut short chain fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicates that the phenotypes of metabolic syndrome are influenced by genetic factors. Furthermore, the dysbiosis of gut microbiome caused by excess sucrose may contribute to the development of abnormal lipid metabolism via its metabolites.

Metabolic Syndrome and Morbid Obesity are Not Risk Factors for Revision Surgery in Patients Undergoing Hip and Knee Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: The effect of metabolic syndrome (MetS) on the risk of revision after hip and knee arthroplasty is debated. The aim of our study was to investigate the risk of short-term (minimum 2.7 years) revision due to periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) after hip and knee arthroplasty. Secondly, we aimed to investigate the risk of revision due to any cause and mortality. METHODS: During May 2017 to November 2019, a cohort of 2,901 patients undergoing a total of 3,024 hip and knee arthroplasties was established. In the cohort, 62.1% met the criteria for MetS. Data from national registries and a local database were used to determine the presence of MetS and revision surgeries, with a follow-up of at least two years and eight months. Cox regression was applied to the present hazard ratio (HR), associated 95% confidence intervals, and P values. Survival analyses were presented in a Kaplan-Meier plot. RESULTS: The risk of PJI (HR 1.6 (0.5 to 4.9), P = .380), any revision (HR 0.8 (0.4 to 1.3), P = .295), and death (HR 1.3 (0.8 to 2.1), P = .282) was not increased in patients suffering from MetS compared with patients who did not have MetS. There was no PJI in patients not having MetS and receiving a knee arthroplasty. The risk of death was increased in the MetS group receiving a knee arthroplasty (HR 2.7 (1.3 to 5.9), P = .010), but not different from the MetS group receiving a hip arthroplasty. There was no elevated risk of PJI when analyzing morbid obesity (body mass index over 40), men, or diabetes as the exposures. CONCLUSIONS: Patients suffering from MetS do not have an increased risk of revision caused by PJI. In general, performing hip and knee arthroplasty in patients suffering from MetS is without increased risk of revision surgery.

Inhibition of mitochondrial citrate shuttle alleviates metabolic syndromes induced by high-fat diet.

The mitochondrial citrate shuttle, which relies on the solute carrier family 25 member 1 (SLC25A1), plays a pivotal role in transporting citrate from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm. This shuttle supports glycolysis, lipid biosynthesis, and protein acetylation. Previous research has primarily focused on SLC25A1 in pathological models, particularly high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. However, the impact of SLC25A1 inhibition on nutrient metabolism under HFD remains unclear. To address this gap, we used zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to evaluate the effects of inhibiting Slc25a1. In zebrafish, we administered Slc25a1-specific inhibitors (CTPI-2) for 4 wk, whereas Nile tilapia received intraperitoneal injections of dsRNA to knock down slc25a1b for 7 days. Inhibition of the mitochondrial citrate shuttle effectively protected zebrafish from HFD-induced obesity, hepatic steatosis, and insulin resistance. Of note, glucose tolerance was unaffected. Inhibition of Slc25a1 altered hepatic protein acetylation patterns, with decreased cytoplasmic acetylation and increased mitochondrial acetylation. Under HFD conditions, Slc25a1 inhibition promoted fatty acid oxidation and reduced hepatic triglyceride (TAG) accumulation by deacetylating carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (Cpt1a). In addition, Slc25a1 inhibition triggered acetylation-induced inactivation of Pdhe1α, leading to a reduction in glucose oxidative catabolism. This was accompanied by enhanced glucose uptake and storage in zebrafish livers. Furthermore, Slc25a1 inhibition under HFD conditions activated the SIRT1/PGC1α pathway, promoting mitochondrial proliferation and enhancing oxidative phosphorylation for energy production. Our findings provide new insights into the role of nonhistone protein acetylation via the mitochondrial citrate shuttle in the development of hepatic lipid deposition and hyperglycemia caused by HFD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The mitochondrial citrate shuttle is a crucial physiological process for maintaining metabolic homeostasis. In the present study, we found that inhibition of mitochondrial citrate shuttle (Slc25a1) could alleviate metabolic syndromes induced by high-fat diet (HFD) through remodeling hepatic protein acetylation modification. Briefly, Slc25a1 inhibition reduces hepatic triglyceride deposition by deacetylating Cpt1a and reduces glucose oxidative catabolism by acetylating Pdhe1α. Our study provides new insights into the treatment of diet-induced metabolic syndromes.

Prevalence and Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components Among Waterpipe Users.

Objectives: To determine the associations between waterpipe use, duration, and intensity of use with prevalence and incidence of metabolic syndrome and its components (increased waist circumference, triglycerides, fasting glucose, blood pressure and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol). Methods: We conducted cross-sectional and prospective analyses using data from the Pars Cohort Study in southern Iran, encompassing 9,264 participants at the baseline, and 5,002 randomly selected in a repeated follow-up. We used multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, education, wealth score, physical activity and cigarette pack-years to report odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Among 9,264 participants, 3,119 (33.7%) had metabolic syndrome, and 3,482 (37.6%) had ever smoked waterpipe, with both more common in women than in men. In adjusted models, former waterpipe use was significantly associated with prevalence (OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.23-1.68) and incidence (OR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.19-2.06) of the metabolic syndrome while current waterpipe use was not. Past use was associated with increased risk in all components of metabolic syndrome; current use was associated with increases in all except high blood glucose and hypertension. Past waterpipe users had higher waterpipe use intensity (before quitting) in comparison with current users (2.3 vs. 2.0 waterpipes per day, p < 0.01) and had started waterpipe smoking at a younger age (27.2 vs. 30.1 years, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Waterpipe use was associated with metabolic syndrome and its components, especially among former users potentially due to higher intensity and earlier initiation of use.

Environmental Enrichment Prevents Gut Dysbiosis Progression and Enhances Glucose Metabolism in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice.

Obesity is a global health concern implicated in numerous chronic degenerative diseases, including type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and neurodegenerative disorders. It is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation, gut microbiota dysbiosis, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and lipid metabolism disturbances. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of environmental enrichment (EE) to prevent the progression of gut dysbiosis in mice with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic syndrome. C57BL/6 male mice with obesity and metabolic syndrome, continuously fed with an HFD, were exposed to EE. We analyzed the gut microbiota of the mice by sequencing the 16s rRNA gene at different intervals, including on day 0 and 12 and 24 weeks after EE exposure. Fasting glucose levels, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, food intake, weight gain, lipid profile, hepatic steatosis, and inflammatory mediators were evaluated in serum, adipose tissue, and the colon. We demonstrate that EE intervention prevents the progression of HFD-induced dysbiosis, reducing taxa associated with metabolic syndrome (Tepidimicrobium, Acidaminobacteraceae, and Fusibacter) while promoting those linked to healthy physiology (Syntrophococcus sucrumutans, Dehalobacterium, Prevotella, and Butyricimonas). Furthermore, EE enhances intestinal barrier integrity, increases mucin-producing goblet cell population, and upregulates Muc2 expression in the colon. These alterations correlate with reduced systemic lipopolysaccharide levels and attenuated colon inflammation, resulting in normalized glucose metabolism, diminished adipose tissue inflammation, reduced liver steatosis, improved lipid profiles, and a significant reduction in body weight gain despite mice's continued HFD consumption. Our findings highlight EE as a promising anti-inflammatory strategy for managing obesity-related metabolic dysregulation and suggest its potential in developing probiotics targeting EE-modulated microbial taxa.

Association between Sleep Duration, Social Jetlag, and the Metabolic Syndrome by Shift Works.

Lifestyle factors, including sleep characteristics, have been implicated in the development of metabolic syndrome, particularly among shift workers. This study aimed to explore the relationship between shift work, sleep duration, social jetlag, and the risk of metabolic syndrome among U.S. workers and the moderating effect of sleep duration and social jetlag on this relationship. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in 2017-2020 March were analyzed. Poisson regression models were employed to examine associations. Among 4136 U.S. workers, 53.3% had metabolic syndrome, with a higher proportion of shift workers (63.8% vs. 56.7%, p = 0.001) and those sleeping less than 6 h or more than 9 h per week (22.3% vs. 19.1%, p = 0.044) in the affected group. Shift workers were initially found to have an increased risk of metabolic syndrome (Coef. = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.16); however, this association was mitigated when accounting for the interaction with social jetlag. Specifically, 1 to <2 h of social jetlag interacted significantly, increasing metabolic risk (Coef. = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.22), whereas 1 to <2 h alone showed a protective effect (Coef. = -0.11, 95% CI: -0.17, -0.06). These findings suggest that optimizing sleep schedules and addressing social jetlag may be crucial in mitigating metabolic syndrome risks among shift workers.