[COVID-19 in the intensive care unit]. / Intensivmedizinische Therapie von COVID-19.

The acute respiratory failure as well as ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) have challenged clinicians since the initial description over 50 years ago. Various causes can lead to ARDS and therapeutic approaches for ARDS/ARF are limited to the support or replacement of organ functions and the prevention of therapy-induced consequences. In recent years, triggered by the SARS-CoV-2 pathogen, numerous cases of acute lung failure (C-ARDS) have emerged. The pathophysiological processes of classical ARDS and C-ARDS are essentially similar. In their final stages of inflammation, both lead to a disruption of the blood-air barrier. Treatment strategies for C-ARDS, like classical ARDS, focus on supporting or replacing organ functions and preventing consequential damage. This article summarizes the treatment strategies in the intensive care unit.

Alveolar cytokines and interferon autoantibodies in COVID-19 ARDS.

Background: Type I interferon (IFN-I) and IFN autoantibodies play a crucial role in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection. The levels of these mediators have only rarely been studied in the alveolar compartment in patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS) but have not been compared across different ARDS etiologies, and the potential effect of dexamethasone (DXM) on these mediators is not known. Methods: We assessed the integrity of the alveolo-capillary membrane, interleukins, type I, II, and III IFNs, and IFN autoantibodies by studying the epithelial lining fluid (ELF) volumes, alveolar concentration of protein, and ELF-corrected concentrations of cytokines in two patient subgroups and controls. Results: A total of 16 patients with CARDS (four without and 12 with DXM treatment), eight with non-CARDS, and 15 healthy controls were included. The highest ELF volumes and protein levels were observed in CARDS. Systemic and ELF-corrected alveolar concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6 appeared to be particularly low in patients with CARDS receiving DXM, whereas alveolar levels of IL-8 were high regardless of DXM treatment. Alveolar levels of IFNs were similar between CARDS and non-CARDS patients, and IFNα and IFNω autoantibody levels were higher in patients with CARDS and non-CARDS than in healthy controls. Conclusions: Patients with CARDS exhibited greater alveolo-capillary barrier disruption with compartmentalization of IL-8, regardless of DXM treatment, whereas systemic and alveolar levels of IL-6 were lower in the DXM-treated subgroup. IFN-I autoantibodies were higher in the BALF of CARDS patients, independent of DXM, whereas IFN autoantibodies in plasma were similar to those in controls.

[Risk factors for acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with traumatic hemorrhagic shock].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk factors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) after traumatic hemorrhagic shock. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of 314 patients with traumatic hemorrhagic shock at Trauma Medicine Center, Peking University People's Hospital from December 2012 to August 2021, including 152 male patients and 162 female patients, with a median age of 63.00 (49.75-82.00) years. The demographic data, past medical history, injury assessment, vital signs, laboratory examination and other indicators of these patients during hospitalization were recorded. These patients were divided into two groups, ARDS group (n=89) and non-ARDS group (n=225) according to whether there was ARDS within 7 d of admission. Risk factors for ARDS were identified using Logistic regression. The C-statistic expressed as a percentage [area under curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve] was used to assess the discrimination of the model. RESULTS: The incidence of ARDS after traumatic hemorrhagic shock was 28.34%. Finally, Logistic regression model showed that the independent risk factors of ARDS after traumatic hemorrhagic shock included male, history of coronary heart disease, high acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) score, road traffic accident and elevated troponin Ⅰ. The OR and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were 4.01 (95%CI: 1.75-9.20), 5.22 (95%CI: 1.29-21.08), 1.07 (95%CI: 1.02-1.57), 2.53 (95%CI: 1.21-5.28), and 1.26 (95%CI: 1.02-1.57), respectively; the P values were 0.001, 0.020, 0.009, 0.014, and 0.034, respectively. The ROC curve was used to analyze the value of each risk factor in predicting ARDS. It was found that the AUC for predicting ARDS after traumatic hemorrhagic shock was 0.59 (95%CI: 0.51-0.68) for male, 0.55 (95%CI: 0.46-0.64) for history of coronary heart disease, 0.65 (95%CI: 0.57-0.73) for APACHE Ⅱ score, 0.58 (95%CI: 0.50-0.67) for road traffic accident, and 0.73 (95%CI: 0.66-0.80) for elevated troponin Ⅰ, with an overall predictive value of 0.81 (95%CI: 0.74-0.88). CONCLUSION: The incidence of ARDS in patients with traumatic hemorrhagic shock is high, and male, history of coronary heart disease, high APACHE Ⅱ score, road traffic accident and elevated troponin Ⅰ are independent risk factors for ARDS after traumatic hemorrhagic shock. Timely monitoring these indicators is conducive to early detection and treatment of ARDS after traumatic hemorrhagic shock.

Smoking on the risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between smoking and the risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has been recognized, but the conclusions have been inconsistent. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the association between smoking and ARDS risk in adults. METHODS: The PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched for eligible studies published from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2023. We enrolled adult patients exhibiting clinical risk factors for ARDS and smoking condition. Outcomes were quantified using odds ratios (ORs) for binary variables and mean differences (MDs) for continuous variables, with a standard 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: A total of 26 observational studies involving 36,995 patients were included. The meta-analysis revealed a significant association between smoking and an increased risk of ARDS (OR 1.67; 95% CI 1.33-2.08; P < 0.001). Further analysis revealed that the associations between patient-reported smoking history and ARDS occurrence were generally similar to the results of all the studies (OR 1.78; 95% CI 1.38-2.28; P < 0.001). In contrast, patients identified through the detection of tobacco metabolites (cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine, and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), a metabolite of tobacco products) showed no significant difference in ARDS risk (OR 1.19; 95% CI 0.69-2.05; P = 0.53). The smoking group was younger than the control group (MD - 7.15; 95% CI - 11.58 to - 2.72; P = 0.002). Subgroup analysis revealed that smoking notably elevated the incidence of ARDS with extrapulmonary etiologies (OR 1.85; 95% CI 1.43-2.38; P < 0.001). Publication bias did not affect the integrity of our conclusions. Sensitivity analysis further reinforced the reliability of our aggregated outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: There is a strong association between smoking and elevated ARDS risk. This emphasizes the need for thorough assessment of patients' smoking status, urging healthcare providers to vigilantly monitor individuals with a history of smoking, especially those with additional extrapulmonary risk factors for ARDS.

ARDS in solid organ transplant recipients hospitalized for COVID-19 based on the 2023 new definition.

BACKGROUND: Solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) are more likely to suffer complications after being infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). OBJECTIVES: We aimed to describe the clinical features of SOTRs infected with SARS-CoV-2 and to assess independent risk factors associated with the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) following COVID-19 infection in SOTRs based on the new ARDS definition. METHODS: 358 SOTRs infected with SARS-CoV-2 were recruited and divided into two groups, patients with ARDS (n = 81) and patients without ARDS (n = 277). Demographic data, initial laboratory findings, therapeutic measures, and outcome indicators were compared between the two groups. The association between the onset of ARDS and related factors was analyzed using a logistic regression model. A nomogram was created to estimate the probability of developing ARDS. RESULTS: Approximately 22.6 % (81/358) of hospitalized SOTRs infected with SARS-CoV-2 developed ARDS. In comparison to patients without ARDS, those with ARDS presented with more underlying conditions, decreased lymphocyte counts and serum albumin levels, but increased levels of leukocytes, serum creatinine, nitrogen urea, uric acid, and inflammatory markers. Cerebrovascular disease, leukocyte counts, albumin levels, and IL-6 levels were independent risk factors for the development of ARDS in this population. Furthermore, a nomogram prediction model was created utilizing the aforementioned factors to facilitate early prediction of ARDS, exhibiting an AUC (area under curve) of 0.81. CONCLUSIONS: Cerebrovascular disease, leukocyte counts, albumin levels, and IL-6 levels were independent risk factors for the development of ARDS following COVID-19 infection in SOTRs.

Influence of vaccination on critical COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory failure: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Despite vaccines' effectiveness in reducing COVID-19 infection rates and disease severity, their impact on critical patients presenting with acute respiratory failure is elusive. The aim of this study was to further investigate the influence of vaccination on mortality rates among severely ill COVID-19 patients experiencing acute respiratory failure. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was carried out at a tertiary medical center in Taiwan. From April to September 2022, patients who tested positive for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and subsequently experienced acute respiratory failure were included in the study. Baseline characteristics, including vaccination history, along with information regarding critical illness and clinical outcomes, were gathered and compared between patients who received the vaccine and those who did not. RESULTS: A total of 215 patients with COVID-19 exhibiting acute respiratory failure, as confirmed via RT‒PCR, were included in the analysis. Of this cohort, sixty-six (30.7%) patients died within 28 days. Neither administration of the vaccine nor achievement of primary series vaccination status had a significantly different effect on 28 day mortality, number of viral shedding events, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) incidence or other clinical outcomes. Patients who received the booster vaccine and completed the primary series showed a tendency of increased 28 days of ventilator-free status, though this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.815). CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination status did not significantly influence mortality rates, the occurrence of ARDS, or the viral shedding duration in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory failure.

A case of severe Plasmodium ovale malaria with acute respiratory distress syndrome and splenic infarction in a male traveller presenting in Italy.

BACKGROUND: Plasmodium ovale malaria is usually considered a tropical infectious disease associated with low morbidity and mortality. However, severe disease and death have previously been reported. CASE PRESENTATION: A case of severe P. ovale malaria in a healthy Caucasian man with a triangle splenic infarction and clinical progression towards Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome was reported despite a rapid response to oral chloroquine treatment with 24-h parasitaemia clearance. CONCLUSION: Plasmodium ovale malaria is generally considered as a benign disease, with low parasitaemia. However, severe disease and death have occasionally been reported. It is important to be aware that occasionally it can progress to serious illness and death even in immunocompetent individuals.

Intravascular guide wire aspiration in a patient on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A case report.

RATIONALE: Guide wire aspiration during central venous catheter (CVC) insertion in a patient on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a very rare but dangerous complication. A guide wire aspirated inside the ECMO can cause thrombosis, the ECMO to break down or shut off, and unnecessary ECMO replacement. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 58-year-old man was scheduled for venovenous ECMO for acute respiratory distress syndrome. After his vital signs stabilized, we inserted a CVC. During CVC insertion, the guide wire was aspirated into the ECMO venous line. INTERVENTION: After confirming the guide wire inside the ECMO venous line, we replaced the entire ECMO circuit. OUTCOMES: ECMO was maintained for 57 days, and weaning was successful but the patient died 5 days afterward. LESSONS: Care must be taken when inserting a CVC using a guide wire in ECMO patients: the guide wire should not be inserted deeply, it should be secured during insertion, the ECMO venous cannula tip requires proper positioning, and ECMO flow should be temporarily reduced.

Post-pandemic acute respiratory distress syndrome: A New Global Definition with extension to lower-resource regions.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), first described in 1967, is characterized by acute respiratory failure causing profound hypoxemia, decreased pulmonary compliance, and bilateral CXR infiltrates. After several descriptions, the Berlin definition was adopted in 2012, which established three categories of severity according to hypoxemia (mild, moderate and severe), specified temporal aspects for diagnosis, and incorporated the use of non-invasive ventilation. The COVID-19 pandemic led to changes in ARDS management, focusing on continuous monitoring of oxygenation and on utilization of high-flow oxygen therapy and lung ultrasound. In 2021, a New Global Definition based on the Berlin definition of ARDS was proposed, which included a category for non-intubated patients, considered the use of SpO2, and established no particular requirement for oxygenation support in regions with limited resources. Although debates persist, the continuous evolution seeks to adapt to clinical and epidemiological needs, and to the search of personalized treatments.

New findings on CD16brightCD62Ldim neutrophil subtypes in sepsis-associated ARDS: an observational clinical study.

Background: The CD16brightCD62Ldim neutrophil subtype is a recently identified neutrophil subtype. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes of peripheral blood CD16brightCD62Ldim neutrophils in patients with sepsis-associated ARDS. Methods: We prospectively recruited adult patients with sepsis-associated ARDS in the intensive care unit (ICU). Patient demographic data, medical history information, and laboratory data were collected within 48 hours of enrollment, and flow cytometry was applied to analyze the CD16brightCD62Ldim neutrophil subtype in the patients' peripheral blood. Multifactor COX regression models were used to analyze factors affecting prognosis, and Spearman correlation coefficients were used to analyze clinical and laboratory indicators affecting complications of infection. Results: Of the 40 patients, 9 patients died by the 28-day follow-up, indicating a mortality rate of 22.5%. Patients in the nonsurvival group had higher CD16brightCD62Ldim neutrophil levels. Patients with sepsis-associated ARDS who had a baseline proportion of CD16brightCD62Ldim neutrophil subtypes to total neutrophils in peripheral blood >3.73% had significantly higher 28-day mortality, while patients with CD16brightCD62Ldim neutrophil subtypes counts >2.62×109/L were also associated with significantly higher 28-day mortality. The percentage of the CD16brightCD62Ldim neutrophil subtype (HR=5.305, 95% CI 1.986-14.165, p=0.001) and IL-8 (HR=3.852, 95% CI 1.561-9.508, p=0.003) were independent risk factors for the development of infectious complications in patients with sepsis-related ARDS. The percentage of CD16brightCD62Ldim neutrophil subtypes predicted an AUC of 0.806 (95% CI 0.147-0.964, P=0.003) for the development of infectious complications, and 0.742 (95% CI 0.589-0.895, P=0.029) for the prediction of death within 28 days. Conclusion: We identified for the first time that CD16brightCD62Ldim neutrophils are elevated in patients with sepsis-associated ARDS and are associated with infectious complications and poor prognosis. The percentage of CD16brightCD62Ldim neutrophil subtypes may serve as a predictor of the development of infectious complications in patients with ARDS.

Endothelial cell dynamics in sepsis-induced acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: pathogenesis and therapeutic implications.

Sepsis, a prevalent critical condition in clinics, continues to be the leading cause of death from infections and a global healthcare issue. Among the organs susceptible to the harmful effects of sepsis, the lungs are notably the most frequently affected. Consequently, patients with sepsis are predisposed to developing acute lung injury (ALI), and in severe cases, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms associated with the onset of ALI/ARDS remain elusive. In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on the role of endothelial cells (ECs), a cell type integral to lung barrier function, and their interactions with various stromal cells in sepsis-induced ALI/ARDS. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the involvement of endothelial cells and their intricate interplay with immune cells and stromal cells, including pulmonary epithelial cells and fibroblasts, in the pathogenesis of sepsis-induced ALI/ARDS, with particular emphasis placed on discussing the several pivotal pathways implicated in this process. Furthermore, we discuss the potential therapeutic interventions for modulating the functions of endothelial cells, their interactions with immune cells and stromal cells, and relevant pathways associated with ALI/ARDS to present a potential therapeutic strategy for managing sepsis and sepsis-induced ALI/ARDS.

Potential application of mesenchymal stromal cells as a new therapeutic approach in acute respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary fibrosis.

While the COVID-19 outbreak and its complications are still under investigation, post-inflammatory pulmonary fibrosis (PF) has already been described as a long-term sequela of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) secondary to SARS-CoV2 infection. However, therapeutical strategies for patients with ARDS and PF are still limited and do not significantly extend lifespan. So far, lung transplantation remains the only definitive treatment for end-stage PF. Over the last years, numerous preclinical and clinical studies have shown that allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) might represent a promising therapeutical approach in several lung disorders, and their potential for ARDS treatment and PF prevention has been investigated during the COVID-19 pandemic. From April 2020 to April 2022, we treated six adult patients with moderate COVID-19-related ARDS in a late proliferative stage with up to two same-dose infusions of third-party allogeneic bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs), administered intravenously 15 days apart. No major adverse events were registered. Four patients completed the treatment and reached ICU discharge, while two received only one dose of MSCs due to multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and subsequent death. All four survivors showed improved gas exchanges (PaO2/FiO2 ratio > 200), contrary to the others. Furthermore, LDH trends after MSCs significantly differed between survivors and the deceased. Although further investigations and shared protocols are still needed, the safety of MSC therapy has been recurrently shown, and its potential in treating ARDS and preventing PF might represent a new therapeutic strategy.

Increased platelet to red blood cell transfusion ratio associated with acute kidney injury in children with life-threatening bleeding.

INTRODUCTION: Transfusion may increase the risk of organ failure through immunomodulatory effects. The primary objective of this study was to assess for patient or transfusion-related factors that are independently associated with the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in a cohort of children with life-threatening bleeding from all etiologies. METHODS: In a secondary analysis of the prospective observational massive transfusion in children (MATIC) study, multivariable logistic regression was performed in an adjusted analysis to determine if blood product ratios or deficits were independently associated with AKI or ARDS in children with life-threatening bleeding. RESULTS: There were 449 children included with a median (interquartile range, IQR) age of 7.3 years (1.7-14.7). Within 5 days of the life-threatening bleeding event, AKI occurred in 18.5% and ARDS occurred in 20.3% of the subjects. Every 10% increase in the platelet to red blood cell transfusion ratio is independently associated with a 12.7% increase in the odds of AKI (adjusted odds ratio 1.127; 95% confidence interval 1.025-1.239; p-value .013). Subjects with operative or medical etiologies were independently associated with an increased risk of AKI compared to those with traumatic injury. No transfusion-related variables were independently associated with the risk of developing ARDS. CONCLUSION: The use of increased platelet to red blood cell transfusion ratios in children with life-threatening bleeding of any etiology may increase the risk of AKI but not ARDS. Prospective trials are needed to determine if increased platelet use in this cohort increases the risk of AKI to examine possible mechanisms.

Respiratory Support After Extubation in Children With Pediatric ARDS.

BACKGROUND: Postextubation respiratory support in pediatric ARDS may be used to support the recovering respiratory system and promote timely, successful liberation from mechanical ventilation. This study's aims were to (1) describe the use of postextubation respiratory support in pediatric ARDS from the time of extubation to hospital discharge, (2) identify potential risk factors for postextubation respiratory support, and (3) provide preliminary data for future larger studies. METHODS: This pilot single-center prospective cohort study recruited subjects with pediatric ARDS. Subjects' respiratory status up to hospital discharge, the use of postextubation respiratory support, and how it changed over time were recorded. Analysis was performed comparing subjects who received postextubation respiratory support versus those who did not and compared its use among pediatric ARDS severity categories. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine variables associated with the use of postextubation respiratory support and included oxygenation index (OI), ventilator duration, and weight. RESULTS: Seventy-three subjects with pediatric ARDS, with median age and OI of 4 (0.6-10.5) y and 7.3 (4.9-12.7), respectively, were analyzed. Postextubation respiratory support was provided to 54/73 (74%) subjects: 28/45 (62.2%), 19/21 (90.5%), and 7/7 (100%) for mild, moderate, and severe pediatric ARDS, respectively, (P = .01). OI and mechanical ventilation duration were higher in subjects who received postextubation respiratory support (8.7 [5.4-14] vs 4.6 [3.7-7], P < .001 and 10 [7-17] d vs 4 [2-7] d, P < .001) compared to those who did not. At hospital discharge, 12/67 (18.2%) survivors received home respiratory support (6 subjects died prior to hospital discharge). In the multivariable model, ventilator duration (adjusted odds ratio 1.3 [95% CI 1.0-1.7], P = .050) and weight (adjusted odds ratio 0.95 [95% CI 0.91-0.99], P = .02) were associated with the use of postextubation respiratory support. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of intubated subjects with pediatric ARDS received respiratory support postextubation, and a substantial proportion continued to require it up to hospital discharge.

Preoperative DLco and FEV1 are correlated with postoperative pulmonary complications in patients after esophagectomy.

Limited information is available regarding the association between preoperative lung function and postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) in patients with esophageal cancer who undergo esophagectomy. This is a retrospective cohort study. Patients were classified into low and high lung function groups by the cutoff of the lowest fifth quintile of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) %predicted (%pred) and diffusing capacity of the carbon monoxide (DLco) %pred. The PPCs compromised of atelectasis requiring bronchoscopic intervention, pneumonia, and acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. Modified multivariable-adjusted Poisson regression model using robust error variances and inverse probability treatment weighting (IPTW) were used to assess the relative risk (RR) for the PPCs. A joint effect model considered FEV1%pred and DLco %pred together for the estimation of RR for the PPCs. Of 810 patients with esophageal cancer who underwent esophagectomy, 159 (19.6%) developed PPCs. The adjusted RR for PPCs in the low FEV1 group relative to high FEV1 group was 1.48 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09-2.00) and 1.98 (95% CI = 1.46-2.68) in the low DLco group relative to the high DLco group. A joint effect model showed adjusted RR of PPCs was highest in patients with low DLco and low FEV1 followed by low DLco and high FEV1, high DLco and low FEV1, and high DLco and high FEV1 (Reference). Results were consistent with the IPTW. Reduced preoperative lung function (FEV1 and DLco) is associated with post-esophagectomy PPCs. The risk was further strengthened when both values decreased together.

Neutrophil ALDH2 is a new therapeutic target for the effective treatment of sepsis-induced ARDS.

Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) mutations are commonly found in a subgroup of the Asian population. However, the role of ALDH2 in septic acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains unknown. Here, we showed that human subjects carrying the ALDH2rs671 mutation were highly susceptible to developing septic ARDS. Intriguingly, ALDH2rs671-ARDS patients showed higher levels of blood cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO)-DNA than ALDH2WT-ARDS patients. To investigate the mechanisms underlying ALDH2 deficiency in the development of septic ARDS, we utilized Aldh2 gene knockout mice and Aldh2rs671 gene knock-in mice. In clinically relevant mouse sepsis models, Aldh2-/- mice and Aldh2rs671 mice exhibited pulmonary and circulating NETosis, a specific process that releases neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) from neutrophils. Furthermore, we discovered that NETosis strongly promoted endothelial destruction, accelerated vascular leakage, and exacerbated septic ARDS. At the molecular level, ALDH2 increased K48-linked polyubiquitination and degradation of peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) to inhibit NETosis, which was achieved by promoting PAD4 binding to the E3 ubiquitin ligase CHIP. Pharmacological administration of the ALDH2-specific activator Alda-1 substantially alleviated septic ARDS by inhibiting NETosis. Together, our data reveal a novel ALDH2-based protective mechanism against septic ARDS, and the activation of ALDH2 may be an effective treatment strategy for sepsis.

Physical rehabilitation while awake, intubated and proned for COVID-19-associated severe acute respiratory distress syndrome.

This case study demonstrates the implementation of evidence-based guidelines in the intensive care unit setting, including light sedation and early physical rehabilitation while receiving prone positioning and lung protective mechanical ventilation for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome from SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Different ventilation intensities among various categories of patients ventilated for reasons other than ARDS--A pooled analysis of 4 observational studies.

PURPOSE: We investigated driving pressure (ΔP) and mechanical power (MP) and associations with clinical outcomes in critically ill patients ventilated for reasons other than ARDS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Individual patient data analysis of a pooled database that included patients from four observational studies of ventilation. ΔP and MP were compared among invasively ventilated non-ARDS patients with sepsis, with pneumonia, and not having sepsis or pneumonia. The primary endpoint was ΔP; secondary endpoints included MP, ICU mortality and length of stay, and duration of ventilation. RESULTS: This analysis included 372 (11%) sepsis patients, 944 (28%) pneumonia patients, and 2040 (61%) patients ventilated for any other reason. On day 1, median ΔP was higher in sepsis (14 [11-18] cmH2O) and pneumonia patients (14 [11-18]cmH2O), as compared to patients not having sepsis or pneumonia (13 [10-16] cmH2O) (P < 0.001). Median MP was also higher in sepsis and pneumonia patients. ΔP, as opposed to MP, was associated with ICU mortality in sepsis and pneumonia patients. CONCLUSIONS: The intensity of ventilation differed between patients with sepsis or pneumonia and patients receiving ventilation for any other reason; ΔP was associated with higher mortality in sepsis and pneumonia patients. REGISTRATION: This post hoc analysis was not registered; the individual studies that were merged into the used database were registered at clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01268410 (ERICC), NCT02010073 (LUNG SAFE), NCT01868321 (PRoVENT), and NCT03188770 (PRoVENT-iMiC).

Risk factors of acute respiratory distress syndrome in sepsis caused by intra-abdominal infections: A retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Intra-abdominal infections are frequently associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome, which significantly affects patient prognosis. However, little is known about the specific risk factors of acute respiratory distress syndrome in sepsis caused by intra-abdominal infections. METHODS: This retrospective study included adult patients with intra-abdominal sepsis admitted to the intensive care unit of a tertiary teaching hospital in China between June 2017 and June 2022. Patients were categorized based on the presence or absence of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Data, including vital signs, laboratory values, and severity scores collected within 24 hours of sepsis diagnosis, as well as outcomes within 90 days, were analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. RESULTS: A total of 738 patients were included, of whom 218 (29.5%) developed acute respiratory distress syndrome. Patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome were younger, had a higher body mass index and disease severity scores, and exhibited higher proportions of septic shock and hospital-acquired intra-abdominal infections. The mortalities in the intensive care unit and at 28 and 90 days were higher in the acute respiratory distress syndrome group. In the multivariate logistic regression model, age under 65 years (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.571 [1.093-2.259]), elevated body mass index (2.070 [1.382-3.101] for overweight, 6.994 [3.207-15.255]) for obesity, septic shock (2.043 [1.400-2.980]), procalcitonin (1.009 [1.004-1.015]), hospital-acquired intra-abdominal infections (2.528[1.373-4.657]), and source of intra-abdominal infections (2.170 [1.140-4.128] for biliary tract infection, 0.443 [0.217-0.904] for gastroduodenal perforation) were independently associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. CONCLUSION: In patients with intra-abdominal sepsis, age under 65 years, higher body mass index and procalcitonin, septic shock, hospital-acquired intra-abdominal infections, and biliary tract infection were risk factors for acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Successful application of airway pressure release ventilation in a child with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by trauma: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Trauma has been identified as one of the risk factors for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respiratory support can be further complicated by comorbidities of trauma such as primary or secondary lung injury. Conventional ventilation strategies may not be suitable for all trauma-related acute respiratory distress syndrome. Airway pressure release ventilation has emerged as a potential rescue method for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and hypoxemia refractory to conventional mechanical ventilation. However, there is a lack of research on the use of airway pressure release ventilation in children with trauma-related acute respiratory distress syndrome. We report a case of airway pressure release ventilation applied to a child with falling injury, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, hemorrhagic shock, and bilateral hemopneumothorax. We hope this case report presents a potential option for trauma-related acute respiratory distress syndrome and serves as a basis for future research. CASE PRESENTATION: A 15-year-old female with falling injury who developed severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, hemorrhagic shock, and bilateral hemopneumothorax was admitted to the surgical intensive care unit. She presented refractory hypoxemia despite the treatment of conventional ventilation with deep analgesia, sedation, and muscular relaxation. Lung recruitment was ineffective and prone positioning was contraindicated. Her oxygenation significantly improved after the use of airway pressure release ventilation. She was eventually extubated after 12 days of admission and discharged after 42 days of hospitalization. CONCLUSION: Airway pressure release ventilation may be considered early in the management of trauma patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome when prone position ventilation cannot be performed and refractory hypoxemia persists despite conventional ventilation and lung recruitment maneuvers.