Fluidez sexual: contextualização histórica e contributos teóricos / Fluidez sexual: contextualización histórico y aportaciones teóricas / Sexual fluidity: historical contextualization and theoretical contributions

RESUMO. Neste estudo, tivemos como objetivo aprofundar o conceito de fluidez sexual pela análise crítica da literatura e de uma síntese integrativa sobre o tema. Nele, analisamos estudos que se debruçam sobre a fluidez sexual, exploramos o conceito, sob orientação do modo como Lisa Diamond o introduz na literatura científica, o define e operacionaliza. Por fim, debruçamo-nos sobre estudos no âmbito da fluidez sexual, a fim de perceber os significados atribuídos, e questionando o potencial viés de gênero que acompanha um conceito situado num tempo e num contexto heteronormativos. Como contributo para o aprofundamento do conceito e reforço das suas potencialidades, são apresentadas reflexões sobre a relação entre a fluidez sexual e a masculinidade hegemônica, uma relação pouco valorizada na literatura científica. Globalmente, este trabalho promove, criticamente e de modo interseccional, o questionamento sobre a fixação no sexo/gênero das pessoas envolvidas numa situação sexual e são discutidas as fronteiras do conceito de fluidez sexual e a sua (im)permeabilidade.

RESUMEN. En este estudio, buscamos profundizar el concepto de fluidez sexual a través de un análisis crítico de la literatura y de una síntesis integradora sobre el tema. Para tal, se analizaron estudios enfocados en la fluidez sexual y se exploró este mismo concepto según la guía de cómo Lisa Diamond lo introduce en la literatura científica, lo define y lo concretiza. El análisis de los estudios en torno de la fluidez sexual se realizó teniendo como objetivos comprender los significados atribuidos al concepto y cuestionar el posible sesgo de género que acompaña un concepto ubicado en un tiempo y en un contexto heteronormativos. De cara a profundizar el concepto y reforzar su potencial, se presentan reflexiones sobre la relación entre la fluidez sexual y la masculinidad hegemónica, una relación que no se tiene en cuenta habitualmente en la literatura científica. En general, este trabajo contribuye, de manera crítica e interseccional, al cuestionamiento sobre la fijación en el sexo/género de las personas involucradas en una situación sexual y discute los límites del concepto de fluidez sexual y su (im)permeabilidad.

ABSTRACT. In this study, we sought to deepen the concept of sexual fluidity through a critical analysis of the literature and an integrative synthesis on the topic. In it, we analyzed studies that focus on sexual fluidity, explored the concept, under the guidance of how Lisa Diamond introduces it into the scientific literature, defines it, and operationalizes it. Finally, we focused on studies on sexual fluidity, trying to understand the meanings attributed to the concept, questioning the potential gender bias that accompanies a concept located in a heteronormative time and context. As a contribution to the deepening of the concept and reinforcement of its potential, reflections are presented on the relationship between sexual fluidity and hegemonic masculinity, a relationship that is little valued in the scientific literature. Overall, this work promotes, critically and in an intersectional way, the questioning about the fixation in sex/gender of people involved in a sexual situation and discussed the boundaries of the concept of sexual fluidity and its (im)permeability.

Sexualidad y salud sexual / Sexuality and sexual health

En este trabajo se recuerdan las definiciones de salud sexual y su relación con la sexualidad. Se menciona la sexología clínica como disciplina reciente y su aporte a la promoción de la salud. Se detallan algunos trastornos sexuales que constituyen el campo de acción de la sexología clínica. Se citan estudios y estadísticas de los problemas sexuales más frecuentes. Se hace hincapié en su relación con el bienestar y la calidad de vida. Se remarca el avance científico de la sexología clínica en el siglo XXI. (AU)

In this work the definitions of sexual health and its relationship with sexuality are recalled. Clinical sexology is mentioned as a recent discipline and its contribution to health promotion. Some sexual disorders that constitute the clinical sexologys field of action are detailed. Studies and statistics of the most frequent sexual problems are cited. It emphasizes its relation to well-being and the quality of life. The scientific advance of clinical sexology in the XXI century is highlighted. (AU)

[Physical culture, bodies and sexualities in the journal Cultura Sexual y Física, 1937-1941]. / Cultura física, cuerpos y sexualidades en la revista Cultura Sexual y Física, 1937-1941.

This study analyzes the different meanings produced, transmitted and circulated by the journal Cultura Sexual y Física (1937-1941) about sexualities, bodies, desires and forms of otherness from the standpoint of and based on physical culture. In the journal, which was published in Buenos Aires but had an international readership, we examine these issues from a gender perspective via critical discursive analysis in order to demonstrate the nuances, continuities and departure points with regard to the dominant discourse. Hence, we show the polemics triggered by this publication and the attacks on it by conservative sectors, which led to it being banned.

En este trabajo se analizan los distintos sentidos que produjo, transmitió y puso en circulación la revista Cultura Sexual y Física (1937-1941) respecto de las sexualidades, los cuerpos, los deseos y las otredades desde y a partir del campo de la cultura física. Editada en Buenos Aires, pero con una circulación a escala internacional, examinaremos aquellos tópicos desde una perspectiva de género y a través del análisis crítico del discurso para dar cuenta de los matices, continuidades e inflexiones discursivas respecto del discurso dominante. En este sentido, señalaremos las polémicas que suscitó la publicación y los ataques recibidos por parte de sectores conservadores que llevaron a la prohibición de la revista.

Cultura física, cuerpos y sexualidades en la revista cultura sexual y física, 1937-1941 / Physical culture, bodies and sexualities in the journal cultura sexual y física, 1937-1941

Resumen En este trabajo se analizan los distintos sentidos que produjo, transmitió y puso en circulación la revista Cultura Sexual y Física (1937-1941) respecto de las sexualidades, los cuerpos, los deseos y las otredades desde y a partir del campo de la cultura física. Editada en Buenos Aires, pero con una circulación a escala internacional, examinaremos aquellos tópicos desde una perspectiva de género y a través del análisis crítico del discurso para dar cuenta de los matices, continuidades e inflexiones discursivas respecto del discurso dominante. En este sentido, señalaremos las polémicas que suscitó la publicación y los ataques recibidos por parte de sectores conservadores que llevaron a la prohibición de la revista.

Abstract This study analyzes the different meanings produced, transmitted and circulated by the journal Cultura Sexual y Física (1937-1941) about sexualities, bodies, desires and forms of otherness from the standpoint of and based on physical culture. In the journal, which was published in Buenos Aires but had an international readership, we examine these issues from a gender perspective via critical discursive analysis in order to demonstrate the nuances, continuities and departure points with regard to the dominant discourse. Hence, we show the polemics triggered by this publication and the attacks on it by conservative sectors, which led to it being banned.

Nick Martin's Contributions to Human Sexuality Research.

Genetic research into human sexuality was scarce at the end of last century. In 1992 Nick developed a 12-page questionnaire to send to twins to investigate the underpinnings of sexuality. The questionnaire included items about sexual orientation, sociosexuality and sexual behavior, and was completed by almost 5000 twins. The resulting data, unique at the time, has been used to investigate many previously unexaminable research questions. Here we describe how Nick's questionnaire contributed to our understanding of human sexuality and how we got involved in this endeavor.

Sexual offence, diagnosis, and activism: A British history of LGBTIQ psychology.

This article charts the historical period from the 1950s to the 1990s, focusing on the role of Psychology in the lives of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, intersex and queer (LGBTIQ) people in Britain. Psychology has been, and is, central to the social, legal, and medical understandings of biological sex and how best to understand diversity in gender and sexuality. Likewise, gay liberation and liberationist politics also had an effect on Psychology. For the 1950s to 1960s, we outline how psychologists influenced the law in relation to the Wolfenden Report (1957) and how expertise was centrally located within the 'psy' disciplines. Following this, in the 1960s to 1970s, activists began to challenge this expertise and became increasingly critical of pathologization and of 'treatments' for homosexuality. They did not reject Psychology wholesale, however, and some groups engaged with queer affirmative psychologists who had similar liberatory aims. Finally, for the 1980s to 1998, we highlight the establishment of the Lesbian and Gay Section of the British Psychological Society, which signaled institutional recognition of lesbian and gay psychologists. This is explored against a backdrop of a specific British history of HIV/AIDS and Section 28. The past 50 years have been a battleground of categories in which LGBTIQ people were conflated, compared, and confused. We demonstrate that psychologists (not all of whom adopted a pathologizing perspective), alongside politicians, lawyers, doctors, journalists, and activists, all played a role in the boundary-making practices of this period. Across this entangled history, we demonstrate varied and significant shifts in the legitimacy of professional and personal expertise. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Queering the history of South African psychology: From apartheid to LGBTI+ affirmative practices.

This article constructs a brief history of how lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) issues have intersected with South African psychology at key sociopolitical moments, filling a gap in current histories. Organized psychology-a primary focus of this analysis-since its first formations in 1948, mostly colluded with apartheid governments by othering queerness as psychopathology or social deviance. The National Party, both homophobic and racist, ruled the country from 1948 until the first democratic elections in 1994. The acceleration of antiapartheid struggles in the 1980s saw progressive psychologists develop more critical forms of theory and practice. However, LGBTI+ issues remained overshadowed by the primary struggle for racial equality and democracy. Psychology's chameleon-like adaptation to evolving eras resulted in a unified organization when apartheid ended: the Psychological Society of South Africa (PsySSA). Democratic South Africa's Constitution took the bold step of protecting sexuality as a fundamental human right, galvanizing a fresh wave of LGBTI+ scholarship post-1994. However, LGBTI+ people still suffered prejudice, discrimination, and violence. Additionally, psychology training continued to ignore sexual orientation and gender-affirmative health care in curricula. PsySSA therefore joined the International Psychology Network for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex Issues (IPsyNet) in 2007, catalyzing the PsySSA African LGBTI+ Human Rights Project in 2012 and two pioneering publications: a position statement on affirmative practice in 2013, and practice guidelines for psychology professionals working with sexually and gender-diverse people in 2017. This article traces a neglected history of South African psychology, examining the political, social, and institutional factors that eventually enabled the development of LGBTI+ affirmative psychologies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

"I am not a friend to men": Embodiment and desire in Magnus Hirschfeld's Transvestites case studies.

This article reads sexological case studies of the fin-de siècle that contain accounts of trans women's lives in the period. It argues that these sources contradict the diagnostic criteria that doctors determine as the factors that define trans feminine identity in the period: desire for men, social isolation, and tortured bodily dissatisfaction. Chief among these contradictions is the prevalence of the expression of trans women's desire for women and easy participation in women's social and kinship networks. Therefore, this article considers these narratives to be a crucial and overlooked resource for considering the breadth of lesbian identity and sociality in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.

Framing "our social disaster": narratives of disease and sexuality in Turkey's early republic.

For the early Turkish republic, resource shortages, illiteracy, and geography combined to hamper any achievement of the immediate and universal diffusion of state-authored lessons in public health throughout the country's populace. One of the first steps taken to overcome these obstacles involved the production and publication of a medical atlas. Ideally, this text would serve both to standardize care provided by the state's health professionals and to inform the entire population of their public health obligations and compel their compliance; longer lives, prosperity, and a stronger nation were the promised outcomes. However, utilizing public health education to institute this state-society contract also entailed framing diseases in particular ways. This was especially true with sexually-transmitted infections (STIs), and the narratives associated with STIs marginalized routinely specific subpopulations of the Turkish nation; women and girls, generally, and sex workers, in particular. Focusing on this primary text, this article engages critically with the atlas to document, analyze, and inform the nature of this promise and the types of medical and moral norms that it imposed and reinforced.

[The roots of sexual medicine in Germany : A personal retrospective]. / Anfänge einer Sexualmedizin in Deutschland : Ein persönlicher Rückblick.

The first steps toward an academic sexual medicine were made half a century ago in the Federal Republic of Germany. After the so-called sexual revolution, the first approaches to an academicization of the field of sexual science were located in Hamburg and Frankfurt, where independent institutes and chairs were set up. Through empirical studies, the ignorance of physicians and medical students in sexuality-related topics could be demonstrated and subsequently addressed. In the early 1970s a journal named Sexualmedizin was founded, the first education courses for physicians in sexual medicine were held and in Frankfurt the first "special" university outpatient clinic in the country was opened with a department for sexual science. During the following decades, several textbooks were published and the professional training of physicians was expanded. As a university specialty, however, sexual medicine is still one of the most threatened medical subjects, being represented in only a few German faculties.Prof. Dr. Volkmar Sigusch, a pioneer of modern sexual research, looks back on events and personal experiences and gives an overview of the actors and sexual-scientific publications of the time.

Sandor Rado, American psychoanalysis, and the question of bisexuality.

The Hungarian-born physician and psychoanalyst Sandor Rado (1890-1972), who practiced for most of his career in the United States, played a central role in shaping American psychoanalysts' views toward homosexuality. Historians have pointed to Rado's rejection of Freud's notion of constitutional bisexuality as the key theoretical maneuver that both pathologized homosexuality and inspired an optimistic approach to its treatment. Yet scholarly analysis of the arguments that Rado made for his rejection of bisexuality is lacking. This article seeks to provide that analysis, by carefully reviewing and evaluating Rado's arguments by the standards of his own day. Because one of Rado's main arguments is that bisexuality is an outdated concept according to modern biology, I consider what contemporary biologists had to say on the topic. The work of behavioral endocrinologist Frank Beach (1911-1988) is important in this context and receives significant attention here. Rado ultimately distanced himself from Beach's behavioral endocrinology, appealing instead to evolutionary discourse to buttress his claim that homosexuality is pathological. This tactic allowed him to refashion psychoanalysis into a moralistic discipline, one with closer ties to a medical school. (PsycINFO Database Record

The 'secret' source of 'female hysteria': the role that syphilis played in the construction of female sexuality and psychoanalysis in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the unspoken fear of syphilis played a significant role in the development of beliefs about female sexuality. Many women were afraid of sexual relationships with men because they feared contracting syphilis, which was, at that time, untreatable. Women also feared passing this disease on to their children. Women's sexual aversion, or repression, became a focus for Freud and his colleagues, whose theory of psychosexual development was based on their treatment of women. This article examines the case of Dora, the memoirs of Mabel Dodge Luhan and other sources to argue that the fear of syphilis was a significant factor in upper- and middle-class women's avoidance of heterosexual relationships. The fear of syphilis, in turn, became a significant factor in the psychoanalytic construction of female sexuality. The social suppression of the fear of syphilis has had a profound impact on theories of women's development. The implication for psychiatry is that our models of psychological development occur within a sociocultural milieu and cannot escape suppressed aspects of our culture.

Negociando saberes e poderes: a Política Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde do Homem e a Sociedade Brasileira de Urologia / Negotiating knowledge and power: the National Policy for Comprehensive Men’ s Healthcare and the Brazilian Society of Urology

Resumo O objetivo do artigo é evidenciar as negociações e disputas entre saberes e poderes na história da Política Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde do Homem, a partir da criação da Área Técnica de Saúde do Homem, instituída em 2008 no Departamento de Ações Programáticas Estratégicas no Ministério da Saúde. Acompanhamos a posição da Sociedade Brasileira de Urologia no processo de constituição da política. Recuperamos a disputa colocada em discurso tendo como referência as entrevistas realizadas com gestores do Ministério da Saúde e com o representante auxiliar do Fundo de População das Nações Unidas no Brasil. Nas aparições do sujeito de direitos à saúde, analisamos a visibilidade do corpo masculino nos signos das resistências às intervenções do biopoder.

Abstract The aim of this article is to demonstrate the negotiations and disputes between different kinds of knowledge and power in the history of the Brazilian National Policy for Comprehensive Men’s Healthcare based on the creation in 2008 of the Technical Area for Men’s Health within the Ministry of Health’s Department of Strategic Programs. We observed the Brazilian Society of Urology’s position as the policy was being drawn up, including the discourse adopted, based on interviews held with managers from the Ministry of Health and the assistant representative of the United Nations Population Fund in Brazil. We analyzed the visibility of the male body in signs of resistance to the interventions of biopower in the expression of the right to health.

[Negotiating knowledge and power: the National Policy for Comprehensive Men's Healthcare and the Brazilian Society of Urology]. / Negociando saberes e poderes: a Política Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde do Homem e a Sociedade Brasileira de Urologia.

The aim of this article is to demonstrate the negotiations and disputes between different kinds of knowledge and power in the history of the Brazilian National Policy for Comprehensive Men's Healthcare based on the creation in 2008 of the Technical Area for Men's Health within the Ministry of Health's Department of Strategic Programs. We observed the Brazilian Society of Urology's position as the policy was being drawn up, including the discourse adopted, based on interviews held with managers from the Ministry of Health and the assistant representative of the United Nations Population Fund in Brazil. We analyzed the visibility of the male body in signs of resistance to the interventions of biopower in the expression of the right to health.

The problem of sexual imbalance and techniques of the self in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

This article examines the problematization of sexual appetite and its imbalances in the development of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The dominant strands of historiographies of sexuality have focused on historicizing sexual object choice and understanding the emergence of sexual identities. This article emphasizes the need to contextualize these histories within a broader frame of historical interest in the problematization of sexual appetite. The first part highlights how sexual object choice, as a paradigm of sexual dysfunctions, progressively receded from medical interest in the twentieth century as the clinical gaze turned to the problem of sexual appetite and its imbalances. The second part uses the example of the newly introduced Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder in the DSM-5 to explore how the Manual functions as a technique for taking care of the self. I argue that the design of the Manual and associated inventories and questionnaires paved the way for their interpretation and application as techniques for self-examination.

Alcoolismo e estética da existência: Jack London e a lógica branca de John Barleycorn / Alcoholism and the aesthetics of existence: Jack London and the white logic of John Barleycorn

Elaborada durante as discussões da Lei Seca e o Sufrágio Universal nos EUA, no início do século XX - duas emendas que seriam aprovadas no sistema constitucional americano -, Memórias alcoólicas, do escritor norteamericano Jack London, é considerada uma obra referencial sobre o tema do alcoolismo. Tendo esse tema como fio condutor, o artigo analisa como a sua prosa se constitui em prática de si enquanto construção de subjetividade e organização da existência. Investiga como essa obra estabelece relações com a temática do cuidado de si, problematizada por Michel Foucault nos volumes 2 e 3 da História da sexualidade, acerca da estética da existência e das artes de viver presentes no universo social greco-romano e helenístico.

Employing this theme as a guideline, this article examines how his prose amounts to self-practice in the construction of subjectivity and the organization of existence. It investigates how this work is related to the theme of self-care, analyzed by Michel Foucault in volumes 2 and 3 of the History of sexuality, as regards the aesthetics of existence and the art of living which existed in the Greco-Roman and Hellenistic worlds.

El "retorno de lo reprimido": el papel de la sexualidad en la recepción del psicoanálisis en el círculo médico chileno, 1910-1940 / The "return of the repressed": the role of sexuality in the reception of psychoanalysis in Chilean medical circles, 1910-1940

Aborda la recepción del psicoanálisis en el circuito médico chileno a partir de la década de 1910. Los hallazgos permitieron reconstruir cómo el freudismo fue primeramente rechazado por la incipiente escena psiquiátrica local, acusándolo de pansexualista. En la década de 1930 este panorama cambiará, ya se apreciará una revaloración del psicoanálisis a nivel local, calificándolo precisamente como un saber especializado en la sexualidad. El realce del mecanismo de la "sublimación", estimado por su capacidad de hacer transmutar la peligrosidad del "ello" en productos culturalmente aceptados, será el hito que marcará este "retorno de lo reprimido" del factor sexual del psicoanálisis en Chile. Se discutirán las posibles variables sociales, políticas y económicas que influyeron en este fenómeno.

This article discusses the reception of psychoanalysis in Chilean medical circles from the decade of 1910 onwards. The findings make it possible to reconstruct how Freudianism was initially rejected by the incipient local psychiatric milieu, accusing it of being pansexualist. In the 1930s, this situation changed, and a reassessment of psychoanalysis was made at a local level, describing it precisely as a branch of knowledge specialized in sexuality. The highlighting of the "sublimation" mechanism, esteemed for its ability to transmute the danger of the "id" into culturally accepted products, is a milestone that marked this "return of the repressed" of the sexual factor of psychoanalysis in Chile. The possible social, political and economic variables that influenced this phenomenon are duly discussed.

Interview With Jean Laplanche.

The starting point for this interview with Jean Laplanche is a question regarding the place of infantile sexuality within psychoanalysis today. Laplanche begins by underscoring the audaciousness of Freud's characterization of infantile sexuality and the significance of the expansion of the field of "the sexual" that this characterization entails. He goes on to outline his celebrated "general theory of seduction." In doing so he explains key terms associated with it, such as the "enigmatic message" and the "fundamental anthropological situation," and clarifies how the theory seeks to account for sexuality in the expanded sense. In particular, Laplanche stresses the intersubjective origins of "drive" sexuality in infancy, its chaotic evolution, its unique economic mode of functioning, and its subsequent conflict with innate "instinctual" sexual impulses that surge forth at puberty. He also positions the general theory of seduction in relation to the important advances made by attachment theory in the field of the adult-child relationship. Throughout the interview, the discussion touches on social contexts, and at points Laplanche outlines positions on topical concerns connected to education, media, and the law, and the importance of rethinking certain psychoanalytic paradigms in an age of new family structures that do not correspond to the nuclear unit.