Effectiveness of implementation strategies for increasing clinicians' use of five validated imaging decision rules for musculoskeletal injuries: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Strategies to enhance clinicians' adherence to validated imaging decision rules and increase the appropriateness of imaging remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of various implementation strategies for increasing clinicians' use of five validated imaging decision rules (Ottawa Ankle Rules, Ottawa Knee Rule, Canadian C-Spine Rule, National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study and Canadian Computed Tomography Head Rule). DESIGN: Systematic review. METHODS: The inclusion criteria were experimental, quasi-experimental study designs comprising randomised controlled trials (RCTs), non-randomised controlled trials, and single-arm trials (i.e. prospective observational studies) of implementation interventions in any care setting. The search encompassed electronic databases up to March 11, 2024, including MEDLINE (via Ovid), CINAHL (via EBSCO), EMBASE (via Ovid), Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, and Scopus. Two reviewers assessed the risk of bias of studies independently using the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care Group (EPOC) risk of bias tool. The primary outcome was clinicians' use of decision rules. Secondary outcomes included imaging use (indicated, non-indicated and overall) and knowledge of the rules. RESULTS: We included 22 studies (5-RCTs, 1-non-RCT and 16-single-arm trials), conducted in emergency care settings in six countries (USA, Canada, UK, Australia, Ireland and France). One RCT suggested that reminders may be effective at increasing clinicians' use of Ottawa Ankle Rules but may also increase the use of ankle radiography. Two RCTs that combined multiple intervention strategies showed mixed results for ankle imaging and head CT use. One combining educational meetings and materials on Ottawa Ankle Rules reduced ankle injury imaging among ED physicians, while another, with similar efforts plus clinical practice guidelines and reminders for the Canadian CT Head Rule, increased CT imaging for head injuries. For knowledge, one RCT suggested that distributing guidelines had a limited short-term impact but improved clinicians' long-term knowledge of the Ottawa Ankle Rules. CONCLUSION: Interventions such as pop-up reminders, educational meetings, and posters may improve adherence to the Ottawa Ankle Rules, Ottawa Knee Rule, and Canadian CT Head Rule. Reminders may reduce non-indicated imaging for knee and ankle injuries. The uncertain quality of evidence indicates the need for well-conducted RCTs to establish effectiveness of implementation strategies.

Musculoskeletal ultrasound to evaluate the efficacy of acupuncture: a review.

Acupuncture is a typical example of Traditional Chinese Medicine and has been used in China for hundreds of years to treat a wide range of illnesses. However, in the clinic, issues and deficiencies were primarily seen in four areas: loss of accuracy in the operation process; difficulty understanding the depth of acupuncture; difficulty using reinforcing and reducing techniques; and lack of a clear dynamic effect of acupuncture points following acupuncture. Musculoskeletal ultrasonography may quantitatively evaluate the acupuncture location and display the distribution of small nerves near and within the fascia of the acupuncture point in real time. The subjects were asked how they felt about receiving Qi when the needle body reached different depths and different tissues. The Qi obtained from an acupuncture point and the connective tissue of the fascia can be further understood by combining the physiological response of the acupuncture point with the anatomical structure, which offers a new method for defining the nature of the acupuncture point and standardizing the acupuncture point.

MSK-TIM: A Telerobotic Ultrasound System for Assessing the Musculoskeletal System.

The aim of this paper is to investigate technological advancements made to a robotic tele-ultrasound system for musculoskeletal imaging, the MSK-TIM (Musculoskeletal Telerobotic Imaging Machine). The hardware was enhanced with a force feedback sensor and a new controller was introduced. Software improvements were developed which allowed the operator to access ultrasound functions such as focus, depth, gain, zoom, color, and power Doppler controls. The device was equipped with Wi-Fi network capability which allowed the master and slave stations to be positioned in different locations. A trial assessing the system to scan the wrist was conducted with twelve participants, for a total of twenty-four arms. Both the participants and radiologist reported their experience. The images obtained were determined to be of satisfactory quality for diagnosis. The system improvements resulted in a better user and patient experience for the radiologist and participants. Latency with the VPN configuration was similar to the WLAN in our experiments. This research explores several technologies in medical telerobotics and provides insight into how they should be used in future. This study provides evidence to support larger-scale trials of the MSK-TIM for musculoskeletal imaging.

Musculoskeletal disorders in padel: from biomechanics to sonography.

Padel is a racket sport, combining high-frequency and low-intensity athletic gestures, that has been gaining growing scientific interest in recent years. Musculoskeletal injuries are very common among padel players with an incidence rate of 3 per 1000 h of training and 8 per 1000 matches. To the best of our knowledge, a comprehensive collection describing the most common sonographic findings in padel players with musculoskeletal injuries is lacking in the pertinent literature. In this sense, starting from the biomechanical features of padel-specific gestures we have reported the ultrasonographic patterns of most frequent injuries involving the upper limb, the trunk, and the lower limb. Indeed, comprehensive knowledge of the biomechanical and clinical features of musculoskeletal injuries in padel is paramount to accurately perform a detailed ultrasound examination of the affected anatomical site. So, the present investigation aims to provide a practical guide, simple and ready-to-use in daily practice, to optimize the sonographic assessment of padel players by combining it with the clinical findings and the biomechanical features of athletic gestures.

EURO-MUSCULUS/USPRM Dynamic Ultrasound Protocols for Ankle/Foot.

ABSTRACT: In this dynamic scanning protocol, ultrasound examination of the ankle is described using various maneuvers to assess different conditions. Real-time patient examination and scanning videos are used for better simulation of daily clinical practice. The protocol is prepared by several/international experts in the field of musculoskeletal ultrasound and within the umbrella of European Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Study Group in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine/Ultrasound Study Group of the International Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine.

Applications of Diffusion-Weighted MRI to the Musculoskeletal System.

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is an established MRI technique that can investigate tissue microstructure at the scale of a few micrometers. Musculoskeletal tissues typically have a highly ordered structure to fulfill their functions and therefore represent an optimal application of DWI. Even more since disruption of tissue organization affects its biomechanical properties and may indicate irreversible damage. The application of DWI to the musculoskeletal system faces application-specific challenges on data acquisition including susceptibility effects, the low T2 relaxation time of most musculoskeletal tissues (2-70 msec) and the need for sub-millimetric resolution. Thus, musculoskeletal applications have been an area of development of new DWI methods. In this review, we provide an overview of the technical aspects of DWI acquisition including diffusion-weighting, MRI pulse sequences and different diffusion regimes to study tissue microstructure. For each tissue type (growth plate, articular cartilage, muscle, bone marrow, intervertebral discs, ligaments, tendons, menisci, and synovium), the rationale for the use of DWI and clinical studies in support of its use as a biomarker are presented. The review describes studies showing that DTI of the growth plate has predictive value for child growth and that DTI of articular cartilage has potential to predict the radiographic progression of joint damage in early stages of osteoarthritis. DTI has been used extensively in skeletal muscle where it has shown potential to detect microstructural and functional changes in a wide range of muscle pathologies. DWI of bone marrow showed to be a valuable tool for the diagnosis of benign and malignant acute vertebral fractures and bone metastases. DTI and diffusion kurtosis have been investigated as markers of early intervertebral disc degeneration and lower back pain. Finally, promising new applications of DTI to anterior cruciate ligament grafts and synovium are presented. The review ends with an overview of the use of DWI in clinical routine. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 5 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 3.

Zero Echo Time Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Techniques and Clinical Utility in Musculoskeletal System.

Zero echo time (ZTE) sequence is recent advanced magnetic resonance technique that utilizes ultrafast readouts to capture signals from short-T2 tissues. This sequence enables T2- and T2* weighted imaging of tissues with short intrinsic relaxation times by using an extremely short TE, and are increasingly used in the musculoskeletal system. We review the imaging physics of these sequences, practical limitations, and image reconstruction, and then discuss the clinical utilities in various disorders of the musculoskeletal system. ZTE can be readily incorporated into the clinical workflow, and is a promising technique to avoid unnecessary radiation exposure, cost, and time-consuming by computed tomography in some cases. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 1.

Dual-Energy Computed Tomography and Beyond: Musculoskeletal System.

Traditional monoenergetic computed tomography (CT) scans in musculoskeletal imaging provide excellent detail of bones but are limited in the evaluation of soft tissues. Dual-energy CT (DECT) overcomes many of the traditional limitations of CT and offers anatomical details previously seen only on MR imaging. In addition, DECT has benefits in the evaluation and characterization of arthropathies, bone marrow edema, and collagen applications in the evaluation of tendons, ligaments, and vertebral discs. There is current ongoing research in the application of DECT in arthrography and bone mineral density calculation.

Explaining Skeletal System Anatomy with Classical Method, Video Assisted Method and 3D Imaging Techniques and Comparison of Learning Levels Between Methods

SUMMARY: The aim of this research is to introduce the ideal lecture technique to the literature by explaining the anatomy of the skeletal system using the classical method, video-assisted method and 3D imaging techniques. The research was carried out with 180 students. The number of samples was determined by power analysis (a=0.05,b=0.20, effect size=0.25). Participants were pre-screened and divided into 4 groups with the closest group mean (group 1: control group: the group that did not take anatomy lessons, group 2: video-assisted anatomy education, group 3: 3D anatomy course, group 4: classical anatomy education group). The courses in the training groups were organised as 4 hours/day, 2 days/week for 5 weeks. At the end of the course, the students were re-examined and scaled to determine the difference in scores and self-efficacy between the groups. A one-way ANOVA test was performed because the data were normally distributed when comparing between groups. The mean scores were calculated as group 1=30.22±6.24, group 2=39.02±9.15, group 3=49.77±9.20 and group 4=59.28±8.95. In the post hoc comparison, in pairwise comparisons between all groups, the differences were highly significant (pgroup 3>group 2>group 1 (p<0.001). According to the results of this study, the laboratory method in skeletal anatomy teaching is the best alternative to 3D anatomy teaching.

El objetivo de esta investigación es introducir la técnica de lectura ideal en la literatura, explicando la anatomía del sistema esquelético, utilizando el método clásico, el método asistido por video y las técnicas de imágenes en 3D. La investigación se llevó a cabo con 180 estudiantes. El número de muestras se determinó mediante análisis de potencia (a=0,05, b=0,20, tamaño del efecto=0,25). Los participantes fueron preseleccionados y divididos en 4 grupos con la media de grupo más cercana (grupo 1: grupo de control: el grupo que no tomó lecciones de anatomía, grupo 2: educación de anatomía asistida por video, grupo 3: curso de anatomía 3D, grupo 4: grupo de educación en anatomía clásica). Los cursos en los grupos de formación se organizaron con 4 horas/día, 2 días/semana durante 5 semanas. Al final del curso, los estudiantes fueron reexaminados y escalados para determinar la diferencia en puntajes y autoeficacia entre los grupos. Se realizó una prueba de ANOVA de una vía debido a que los datos se distribuyeron normalmente al comparar entre grupos. Las puntuaciones medias se calcularon como grupo 1=30,22±6,24, grupo 2=39,02±9,15, grupo 3=49,77±9,20 y grupo 4=59,28±8,95. En la comparación post hoc, en comparaciones por pares entre todos los grupos, las diferencias fueron altamente significativas (pgrupo 3>grupo 2>grupo 1 (p<0,001). Según los resultados de este estudio, el método de laboratorio en la enseñanza de la anatomía esquelética es la mejor alternativa a la enseñanza de la anatomía en 3D.

Three-dimensional ultrasound image reconstruction based on 3D-ResNet in the musculoskeletal system using a 1D probe:ex vivoandin vivofeasibility studies.

Objective. Three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound (US) is needed to provide sonographers with a more intuitive panoramic view of the complex anatomical structure, especially the musculoskeletal system. In actual scanning, sonographers may perform fast scanning using a one-dimensional (1D) array probe .at random angles to gain rapid feedback, which leads to a large US image interval and missing regions in the reconstructed volume.Approach.In this study, a 3D residual network (3D-ResNet) modified by a 3D global residual branch (3D-GRB) and two 3D local residual branches (3D-LRBs) was proposed to retain detail and reconstruct high-quality 3D US volumes with high efficiency using only sparse two-dimensional (2D) US images. The feasibility and performance of the proposed algorithm were evaluated onex vivoandin vivosets.Main results. High-quality 3D US volumes in the fingers, radial and ulnar bones, and metacarpophalangeal joints were obtained by the 3D-ResNet, respectively. Their axial, coronal, and sagittal slices exhibited rich texture and speckle details. Compared with kernel regression, voxel nearest-neighborhood, squared distance weighted methods, and a 3D convolution neural network in the ablation study, the mean peak-signal-to-noise ratio and mean structure similarity of the 3D-ResNet were up to 28.53 ± 1.29 dB and 0.98 ± 0.01, respectively, and the corresponding mean absolute error dropped to 0.023 ± 0.003 with a better resolution gain of 1.22 ± 0.19 and shorter reconstruction time.Significance.These results illustrate that the proposed algorithm can rapidly reconstruct high-quality 3D US volumes in the musculoskeletal system in cases of a large amount of data loss. This suggests that the proposed algorithm has the potential to provide rapid feedback and precise analysis of stereoscopic details in complex and meticulous musculoskeletal system scanning with a less limited scanning speed and pose variations for the 1D array probe.

Sono-palpation and sono-Tinel in musculoskeletal ultrasound examination: use all "sono-senses". A systematic review.

Flexibility and dynamic perspective of ultrasound imaging allow for a targeted/focused examination, yielding extra find-ings. Sonopalpation - also referred as sono-Tinel for nerves - is one of those particular features of ultrasound examination whereby the ultrasound probe is actively 'manipulated'. It is paramount to ascertain the painful structure/pathology during the evaluation of a patient and it is not possible with other imaging techniques other than ultrasonography. In this aspect, the cur-rent review aims to provide an analysis of the literature regarding the use of sonopalpation for clinical and research purposes respectively.

Photoacoustic clinical applications: Musculoskeletal and abdominal imaging.

Photoacoustic (PA) imaging has been extensively investigated in application in biomedicine over the last decade. This article reviews the motivation, significance, and system configuration of a few ongoing studies of implementing photoacoustic technology in musculoskeletal imaging, abdominal imaging, and interstitial sensing. The review then summarizes the methodologies and latest progress of relevant projects. Finally, we discuss our expectations for the future of translation research in PA imaging.

The Current Situation of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Education: A Systematic Literature Review.

As a radiation-free and dynamic imaging tool, musculoskeletal ultrasound improves diagnostic and therapeutic safety. With its growing application, the demand for training opportunities rises rapidly. Therefore, this work was aimed at mapping the current state of musculoskeletal ultrasonography education. A systematic literature search was conducted in January 2022 in the medical databases Embase, PubMed and Google Scholar. By use of specifically selected keywords, matching publications were filtered; then abstracts were screened independently by two authors and the inclusion of each publication was checked against pre-defined criteria according to the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes) scheme. Full-text versions of included publications were reviewed, and relevant information was extracted. Finally, 67 publications were included. Our results revealed a wide variety of course concepts and programs that have been implemented in different disciplines. Musculoskeletal ultrasonography training especially addresses residents in rheumatology, radiology and physical medicine and rehabilitation. International institutions, such as the European League Against Rheumatism and the Pan-American League of Associations for Rheumatology, have suggested guidelines and curricula to promote standardized ultrasound training. The development of alternative teaching methods incorporating e-learning, peer teaching and distance learning on mobile ultrasound devices and the determination of international guidelines could facilitate overcoming the remaining obstacles still to be passed. In conclusion, it can be stated that there is a broad consensus that standardized musculoskeletal ultrasound curricula would improve training and facilitate the implementation of new training programs.

'Ultrasound Examination' of the Musculoskeletal System: Bibliometric/Visualized Analyses on the Terminology (Change).

Ultrasound imaging of the musculoskeletal system is paramount for physicians of different specialties. In recent years, its use has become the extension of physical examinations like using a "magnifying glass". Likewise, the eventual concept has naturally and spontaneously evolved to a "fusion" of classical physical examination and static/dynamic ultrasound imaging of the musculoskeletal system. In this regard, we deem it important to explore the current use/awareness regarding 'ultrasound examination', and to better provide insight into understanding future research spots in this field. Accordingly, this study aimed to search the global/research status of 'ultrasound examination' of the musculoskeletal system based on bibliometric and visualized analysis.

Modern Low-Field MRI of the Musculoskeletal System: Practice Considerations, Opportunities, and Challenges.

ABSTRACT: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides essential information for diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal disorders. Although most musculoskeletal MRI examinations are performed at 1.5 and 3.0 T, modern low-field MRI systems offer new opportunities for affordable MRI worldwide. In 2021, a 0.55 T modern low-field, whole-body MRI system with an 80-cm-wide bore was introduced for clinical use in the United States and Europe. Compared with current higher-field-strength MRI systems, the 0.55 T MRI system has a lower total ownership cost, including purchase price, installation, and maintenance. Although signal-to-noise ratios scale with field strength, modern signal transmission and receiver chains improve signal yield compared with older low-field magnetic resonance scanner generations. Advanced radiofrequency coils permit short echo spacing and overall compacter echo trains than previously possible. Deep learning-based advanced image reconstruction algorithms provide substantial improvements in perceived signal-to-noise ratios, contrast, and spatial resolution. Musculoskeletal tissue contrast evolutions behave differently at 0.55 T, which requires careful consideration when designing pulse sequences. Similar to other field strengths, parallel imaging and simultaneous multislice acquisition techniques are vital for efficient musculoskeletal MRI acquisitions. Pliable receiver coils with a more cost-effective design offer a path to more affordable surface coils and improve image quality. Whereas fat suppression is inherently more challenging at lower field strengths, chemical shift selective fat suppression is reliable and homogeneous with modern low-field MRI technology. Dixon-based gradient echo pulse sequences provide efficient and reliable multicontrast options, including postcontrast MRI. Metal artifact reduction MRI benefits substantially from the lower field strength, including slice encoding for metal artifact correction for effective metal artifact reduction of high-susceptibility metallic implants. Wide-bore scanner designs offer exciting opportunities for interventional MRI. This review provides an overview of the economical aspects, signal and image quality considerations, technological components and coils, musculoskeletal tissue relaxation times, and image contrast of modern low-field MRI and discusses the mainstream and new applications, challenges, and opportunities of musculoskeletal MRI.

Synthetic Contrasts in Musculoskeletal MRI: A Review.

ABSTRACT: This review summarizes the existing techniques and methods used to generate synthetic contrasts from magnetic resonance imaging data focusing on musculoskeletal magnetic resonance imaging. To that end, the different approaches were categorized into 3 different methodological groups: mathematical image transformation, physics-based, and data-driven approaches. Each group is characterized, followed by examples and a brief overview of their clinical validation, if present. Finally, we will discuss the advantages, disadvantages, and caveats of synthetic contrasts, focusing on the preservation of image information, validation, and aspects of the clinical workflow.