Calorie-Containing Recovery Drinks Increase Recreational Runners' Voluntary Energy and Carbohydrate Intake, with Minimal Impact on Fluid Recovery.

This study assessed voluntary dietary intake when different beverages were provided within a recovery area following recreational exercise. Participants completed two 10-km runs 1 week apart. Immediately after the first run, "beer drinkers" (n = 54; mean ± SD: age = 23.9 ± 5.8 years, body mass [BM] = 76 ± 13 kg) randomly received low-alcohol beer (Hahn Ultra® [Lion Co.], 0.9% alcohol by volume) or sports drink (SD; Gatorade® [PepsiCo]), whereas "nonbeer drinkers" (n = 78; age = 21.8 ± 2.2 years, BM = 71 ± 13 kg) received water or SD. Participants remained in a recovery area for 30-60 min with fluid consumption monitored. The following week, participants received the alternate beverage. Participants recorded all food/fluid consumed for the remainder of both trial days (diary and photographs). Fluid balance was assessed via BM change and urine specific gravity. Paired t tests were used to assess differences in hydration and dietary variables. No differences were observed in preexercise urine specific gravity (∼1.01) or BM loss (∼2%) between intervention groups (ps > .05). Water versus SD: No difference in acute fluid intake was noted (water = 751 ± 259 ml, SD = 805 ± 308 ml, p = .157). SD availability influenced total energy and carbohydrate intakes (water = 5.7 ± 2.5 MJ and 151 ± 77 g, SD = 6.5 ± 2.7 MJ and 187 ± 87 g, energy p = .002, carbohydrate p < .001). SD versus beer: SD availability resulted in greater acute fluid intake (SD = 1,047 ± 393 ml, beer = 850 ± 630 ml; p = .004), which remained evident at the end of trial days (SD = 3,337 ± 1,100 ml, beer = 2,982 ± 1,191 ml; p < .01). No differences in dietary variables were observed. Next day, urine specific gravity values were not different between water versus SD. However, a small difference was detected between SD versus beer (SD = 1.021 ± 0.009, beer = 1.016 ± 0.008, p = .002). Consuming calorie-containing drinks postexercise appears to increase daily energy and carbohydrate intake but has minimal impact on next-day hydration.

Avaliação comparativa entre diferentes modalidades de reposição hidroeletrolítica em equinos desidratados experimentalmente pela utilização de parâmetros do exame físico e marcadores hematológicos / Comparative evaluation between different kinds of hydroeletrolitic reposition in horses experimentally dehydrated by the use of physical examination parameters and hematological markers

O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar a comparação entre três modalidades de terapias hidroeletrolíticas, sendo uma hipotônica (SeHIPO) e outra isotônica (SeISO), ambas por via enteral em fluxo contínuo (HETfc), com a solução de ringer lactato por via intravenosa (RL IV), na taxa de infusão de 15 ml/kg/h, administradas simultaneamente em tempo real por 8 horas num delineamento crossover6X3 em equinos desidratados experimentalmente pela utilização de parâmetros clínicos do exame físico e de alguns exames laboratoriais. Para tanto foram utilizadas 6 éguas adultas da raça Brasileiro de Hipismo submetidas a um protocolo experimental de indução de desidratação (PD) e posteriormente tratadas de acordo com o delineamento experimental. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que ambos os tratamentos HETfc demonstraram eficácia equivalente ao RL IV na reversão dos efeitos determinados pelo PD, ainda que para os marcadores da volemia, tais como o Volume Globular (VG), Proteínas Plasmáticas Totais (PPT) e porcentagem de Volume Plasmático (%VP) tenham sido relativamente mais lentos. Porém, para os demais marcadores clínicos a eficácia entre as três terapias estudadas foi equivalente. Esses resultados comprovam a ação das terapias HETfc ao serem comparadas ao tratamento RL IV, pela utilização dos marcadores clínicos e laboratoriais utilizados, e justificam a indicação e utilização dessas modalidades terapêuticas em equinos.

The objective of the present study was to compare three modalities of hydroelectrolytic therapies, one hypotonic (SeHIPO) and another isotonic (SeISO), both by continuous enteral flow (HETfc), with intravenous lactated ringer solution ( RL IV), at the infusion rate of 15 ml / kg / h, administered simultaneously in real time for 8 hours in a 6X3 crossover design in horses experimentally dehydrated by the use of clinical parameters of the physical examination and some laboratory tests. Six adult mares of the Brazilian Equestrian race were submitted to an experimental protocol for induction of dehydration (PD) and later treated according to the experimental design. The results showed that both HETfc treatments demonstrated an efficacy equivalent to RL IV in the reversal of the effects determined by PD, although for volume markers such as Globular Volume (VG), Total Plasma Proteins (PPT) and Percentage of Plasmatic Volume (% VP) were relatively slower. However, for the other clinical markers the efficacy among the three therapies studied was equivalent. These results confirm the action of HETfc therapies when compared to RL IV treatment, by the clinical and laboratorial markes used, and justify the indication and use of these therapeutic modalities in horses.

[Is physiological saline really physiological? Hyponatreamia treatment--small deviations from the rules of appropriate therapy create serious complications and side effects]. / Czy sól fizjologiczna jest fizjologiczna? Leczenie hiponatremii--male odstepstwa od regul prawidlowego leczenia powoduja powazne powiklania i objawy uboczne.

Physiological saline can hardly be treated as physiological as it contains qualitatively and quantitatively different amounts of electrolytes. In particular, it contains 50% more chlorine ions than serum. Physiological saline can cause metabolic acidosis and in diabetic patients hyperchloremic acidosis. In comparison with Ringer solution and plasma-lyte, physiological saline is causing higher number of untoward effects and mortality associated with surgery. Ringer solution should be used in the situations requiring expansion of extracellular fluid. Physiological saline is a solution of choice in hypochloremic alkalosis in the case of brain injuries quite unfavourable is unnecessary rapid correction with physiological saline which can lead to serious sequelae in form of brain oedema and central extrapontine myelinolysis (osmotic demyelinisation) and permanent brain lesions. The hyponatremia's treatment depends on severity of symptoms, neurological deficit motivates immediate 4-6 mmol/l infusion, but further correction should be prolonged to 24-hrs; cautious correction corresponds to 8-mmol/l for 24 hrs. The modern treatment encompasses the introduction of vasopressin receptors antagonist--vaptans.

Convenient detection of E. coli in Ringer's solution.

An easy and inexpensive detection method for DNA hybridization assays combining magnetic beads and enzymatically generated silver nanoparticles is introduced. The main advantage of this approach is the possibility to distinguish between positive and negative test results with the naked eye. In the case of complementary DNA sequences the sample will turn black within a few minutes, allowing readout without any hardware. In order to illustrate the applicability of the assay genomic DNA isolated from E. coli contaminated Ringer's solution was used for testing the sensitivity as well as specificity.

Intrafollicular collagenous crystalloids in a hair follicle of the nose.

The authors report an unusual case of intrafollicular collagenous crystalloids in an 86-year-old woman. The presence of collagenous crystalloids within the follicular epithelium is intriguing and has not been described previously.

Ringer's lactate solution remains in the peritoneal cavity after laparoscopy longer than expected.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate by serial ultrasound scans how long a Ringer's lactate instillation remains in the peritoneal cavity after laparoscopy. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double blind, clinical trial. SETTING: Tertiary care, university hospital. PATIENT(S): Thirty-six patients undergoing diagnostic or minor operative laparoscopy. INTERVENTION(S): At the end of laparoscopy, the patients were tilted to an anti-Trendelenburg position and all fluid was aspirated. The patients were then randomized to receive an instillation of 300 mL of Ringer's lactate or no fluid instillation. Serial transvaginal ultrasound scans were performed at the end of surgery and at 24, 48, and 96 hours after the surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Through direct measurements of scalar fluid volumes instilled in the operating room and real-time ultrasound comparisons, an empiric formula was calculated to correlate actual intraperitoneal volumes to ultrasonically derived measurements of fluid pockets. With this formula, the volume of intraperitoneal fluid at 24, 48, and 96 hours after surgery was calculated. RESULT(S): Twenty-four hours after surgery, a mean volume of 184 mL was present in the Ringer's lactate group versus 46 mL in the control group. At 48 hours after surgery, the mean volumes were 78 mL versus 30 mL, respectively. No statistically significant differences were found after 96 hours. CONCLUSION(S): Peritoneal absorption of instilled crystalloids is traditionally reported to be 30 to 60 mL/hour. We report detecting statistically significant amounts of fluid at 24 and 48 hours after surgery, after infusion of 300 mL of Ringer's lactate. This suggests that fluid remains in the peritoneal cavity longer than traditionally believed.

Photostability of symphatomimetic agents in commonly used infusion media in the absence and presence of bisulfite.

Previous studies have indicated that epinephrine is photodegraded in sulfite-containing solutions by adrenochrome sulfonate. The present study was undertaken to investigate if the same degradation pattern is found for the symphatomimetic compounds isoprenaline, dopamine, and metaraminol. It was found that isoprenaline and dopamine followed the same degradation pattern as epinephrine--they are photodegraded more rapidly in the presence of bisulfite than in its absence, probably by formation of an aminochrome sulfonate. Metraminol was photostable under the given conditions. The photostability of isoprenaline, dopamine, and epinephrine was further investigated in the infusion media sodium chloride (9 mg/ml), glucose (50 mg/ml), Macrodex (dextran 70, 60 mg/ml, sodium chloride 9 mg/ml) and Ringer acetate. The influence of pH, conductivity, viscosity and media concentration were analyzed. In the presence of bisulfite it was found that Ringer acetate had a photodestabilizing effect, while Macrodex had a slight photoprotective effect, on the catecholamines. The pH of the media was shown to be the most important factor, a low pH being protective. Glucose had a destabilizing effect on epinephrine, dopamine, and isoprenaline in the absence of bisulfite.

Distribution and elimination of crystalloid fluid in pre-eclampsia.

Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a disease of pregnancy associated with peripheral oedema and hypovolaemia, but few details are known about how women with PE handle a volume load of crystalloid fluid compared with healthy pregnant women. To study this issue, Ringer's acetate solution (12.5 ml/kg of body weight) was given by intravenous infusion over 30 min to eight women with PE and to eight healthy pregnant women matched with respect to gestational week (mean, 34 weeks). Venous blood was sampled and excreted urine was collected over 90 min to study the time course of the volume expansion by means of volume kinetic analysis. The results show that the size of the central body fluid space expanded by the infused fluid was smaller in PE (mean, 2940 ml compared with 4240 ml respectively; P<0.04), and the clearance constants for distribution (100 ml/min compared with 43 ml/min; P<0.04) and elimination (125 ml/min compared with 36 ml/min; P<0.02) were higher in the women with PE than in the controls. Less excess volume accumulated in the central body fluid space in the presence of PE, whereas the rates of distribution and elimination were higher during and for 15 min after the infusion. It is concluded that Ringer's acetate solution fluid is both distributed and eliminated faster in women with PE than in matched pregnant controls.

Recovery of cell volume and electrolytes of A6 cells after re-establishing isotonicity following hypotonic stress.

Cellular element concentrations and dry weight contents in A6 cells were determined using electron microprobe analysis to establish whether these cells exhibit a regulatory volume increase (post-RVD-RVI) when re-establishing isotonicity following a hypotonically induced regulatory volume decrease (RVD). Hypotonic stress was induced by reducing basolateral [NaCl], and hence, osmolarity fell from 260 to 140 mosmol/l. The alterations in cell volume after re-establishing isotonicity, calculated from the cellular dry weight changes, indicate within the first 2 min cell shrinkage from 120 to 76% of control, compatible with almost ideal osmometric behaviour of A6 cells, and thereafter a post-RVD-RVI to 94%. The cellular uptake of osmolytes necessary to explain the post-RVD-RVI could be accounted for solely by a gain in cellular K and Cl. The involvement of a Na-K-2Cl cotransporter in most of the KCl uptake seems plausible since basolateral bumetanide blocked KCl uptake and post-RVD-RVI. The net uptake of cations (K uptake of 185.2, Na loss of 8.2 mmol/kg dry wt) during the isotonic period exceeded the Cl uptake by 38.2 mmol/kg dry wt, suggesting the uptake of another anion and/or the alteration of cellular buffer capacity. The relatively low Na concentration maintained during the isotonic period (13.3 vs. 20.4 mmol/kg wet wt under control conditions) might favour electrolyte uptake via the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter.

Release of amino acids from fatty livers during organ harvest for transplantation.

Shortage of organ donors presents a perplexing problem in liver transplantation, and improved methods for evaluating the viability of organs prior to implantation are urgently needed. In the present study, the hypothesis was evaluated that grafts from fatty livers release more amino acids than non-fatty controls during organ harvest. Amino acids in graft rinse effluents at the time of harvest and after cold storage were measured by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography and compared with plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels and recipient survival. Twenty-four hours after transplantation of fatty livers, AST levels in recipient rats were increased more than two-fold compared to non-fatty controls (p < 0.01). Survival in the control group was 83 percent, whereas animals receiving fatty livers from ethanol-treated rats survived no longer than 7 days after transplantation (p < 0.05). The rate of release of amino acids from the liver explant was two-fold higher during the harvest procedure (0.5 h) than during the subsequent 23.5 hour cold storage period (435 +/- 70 vs. 186 +/- 14 nmol/ml/hr/g liver, p < 0.001). Further, in the early rinse effluent, amino acids were released about two-fold faster from fatty livers than from controls (p < 0.05). This study demonstrates that the release of amino acids from liver explants increases during the harvesting procedure and is about two-fold higher in fatty livers which fail after transplantation than in surviving controls. It is proposed that amino acid release from explants after organ harvest might serve as a useful marker to evaluate graft function prior to transplantation.

A new long shelf life formulation of modified Ham's F-10 medium: biochemical and clinical evaluation.

PURPOSE: To evaluate biochemically and clinically a new formulation of modified Ham's F-10 medium made without the inclusion of hypoxanthine. The medium was formulated for long-term storage and use by separately preparing a stable liquid ("basal") portion and a freeze-dried "supplement" containing the labile medium components. RESULTS: Following 18 months of storage the basal medium was biochemically analyzed for its amino acid (aa's) and vitamin content. Cysteine and tryptophan were decreased to less than 30% of their starting theoretical concentrations (STCs). Asparagine, serine, tyrosine, histidine and lysine were present at 50% to 70% of their STC. The remaining aa's were all within 90% of their STCs except arginine which was at 77%. All of the vitamins were present at 90% or more of their STCs except inositol, riboflavin and thiamine which were present at 70% of their STCs. IVF with the new formulation resulted in 13 deliveries from 51 aspirations (25%) as compared with 10/39 (26%) in 1991, when standard medium preparation was used. Oocyte donation resulted in 30 deliveries from 84 cycles (36%) with the new formulation as compared with 21/65 (32%) in 1991. CONCLUSIONS: (1) The new basal with lyophilized supplement formulation produces similar clinical results in the IVF laboratory as medium prepared in the standard fashion, (2) certain amino acids and vitamins are not stable in the liquid basal medium, and (3) the separate formulation of a liquid basal medium with lyophilized supplement is convenient, viable alternative to modified Ham's F-10 medium prepared in the standard manner (i.e., from powder) and may decrease the need for frequent medium preparation.

[Development and optimization of an isotonic sports drink]. / Desarrollo y optimización de un jugo isotónico para deportistas.

Within a research program on food products for athletes starting from natural apple concentrate, the design, manufacture and control of isotonic beverages, was undertaken. The dilution conditions for the apple concentrate were established studying several salts combinations which will supply those electrolytes that are eliminated through sweat and have to be replenished. They are sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium and calcium in concentrations such as to supply an osmotic pressure similar to that observed in blood. The addition of a premix of vitamins (B1, B2, B6, B12, C, E, folic acid, niacin, pantothenic acid and biotin) in several levels of the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) (100, 75, 62.5, 60 and 30% of the RDA) was assayed. The obtained formula tasted salty and medicine-like, therefore the vitamin content had to be reduced, supplying 30% of the RDA in a premix constituted by those vitamins which are the most important for physical activity (B1, B2, B6 and C). The quality of the formula was optimized considering variables such as flavor, color and maltodextrin levels by using methods of sensory evaluation. In the elaborated beverage controls such as pH, acidity, total solids (degree Bx), relative density and soluble solids/acidity ratio complying with the corresponding standards, were carried out. In addition, chemical composition, caloric value, microbiological and sensory quality, were controlled. The fruit juice was packed in a 250 ml self-supporting"Doy-Pack"-like bag. Both, microbiological and sensory quality were good, and the caloric value was 101.18 Kcal/250ml. Shelf life studies at two different temperature conditions 15-25 degrees C and 3-5 degrees C, were carried out. The limiting factor was flavor which defined a shelf life of at least 3 months, stored at refrigeration temperature (3-5 degrees C). The formulated beverage supply the electrolyte concentrations which allows to be characterized as isotonic beverage, recommended for athletes.

Use of refractometry to identify opioid-containing solutions.

The purpose of this laboratory study was to assess the value of refractometry in identifying the contents of a variety of opioid-containing solutions. A hand-held refractometer was used to document the refraction produced by the undiluted contents of alfentanil, fentanyl, morphine, sufentanil ampoules and by solutions of Ringer's lactate, 0.9% saline, 3.3% dextrose in 0.3% saline, and distilled water. Each opioid was then serially diluted in serial 1:2, 1:4, and 1:8 dilutions in each of these solutions and the refractions of each determined. Based on this information, blinded identification of various diluted opioid solutions was attempted. Refractometer values for undiluted fentanyl and sufentanil were identical with those for distilled water. Those for undiluted alfentanil and morphine were almost identical with each other and with 1:2 and 1:4 dilutions of either drug in Ringer's lactate or 0.9% saline. We conclude that refractometry is an unreliable screening method to detect tampering with opioid solutions.

Comparison of pig cornea preservation solutions using quantitative 31P NMR spectroscopy.

We compared the abilities of three solutions (bicarbonate-free glucose-phosphate Ringer's solution (EP II), lactated Ringer's solution and physiologic saline solution) to preserve pig cornea by measuring phosphate metabolites with 31P NMR spectroscopy. EP II preserves corneal viability better than others, and preserving extracted cornea also is better than preserving the whole eye.

Comparison of histone H1 kinase activity during meiotic maturation between two types of porcine oocytes matured in different media in vitro.

Histone H1 kinase (H1K) activity was assayed during meiotic maturation in porcine oocytes matured in a modified Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution (KRB) or in porcine follicular fluid (pFF) in vitro. Oocytes matured in KRB displayed lower male pronucleus formation ability, delayed first polar body emission, and a higher spontaneous activation rate than oocytes matured in pFF. In oocytes matured in pFF, H1K activity was low at the germinal vesicle stage and increased about 8-fold at first and second metaphases, with a transient depression at first anaphase and telophase. The H1K activity at second metaphase in oocytes matured in KRB was significantly lower than that in oocytes matured in pFF. These results suggest that the maturation medium used influences the fluctuation pattern of H1K activity and the biological characteristics of porcine oocytes cultured in vitro.