South Dakota Dermatology: Urban vs Rural Wait Times and Dermatologist Density.

BACKGROUND: As of 2019, South Dakota had only 32 registered dermatologists, one per 27,569 people. Wait times for dermatologic care are affected by factors such as socioeconomic status, provider distribution, and patient to provider ratios. This inaccessibility to care or prolonged wait times may lead to diagnosis and treatment delays as well as disease progression. We hypothesized wait times to see a dermatologist would be longer in rural areas than urban areas in South Dakota. METHODS: Dermatology clinics throughout South Dakota were contacted to obtain wait times. An internet search was conducted to develop a list of dermatology providers. A population of 50,000 or greater defined an urban area and a ratio of four dermatologists per 100,000 people was used as an ideal patient to provider ratio. RESULTS: Overall, 75% of South Dakota's dermatology clinics participated with an equal rural to urban distribution. There was no difference in wait times for new (p=0.787) or established patients (p=0.461) comparing rural and urban clinics. All South Dakota cities with clinics met the goal patient to dermatologist ratio except for Dakota Dunes (included as part of the Sioux City, Iowa, metro population). CONCLUSIONS: The data does not support the hypothesis that wait times for dermatologists would be longer in rural locations than urban locations. Despite adequate dermatologist to patient ratios throughout most of South Dakota, wait times of over six weeks were found at both urban and rural locations, indicating the need for future studies to assess potential solutions for improving timely access to dermatologic care.

State of South Dakota's Child: 2023.

In 2022, there was a decrease in births in the state with 111 fewer resident newborns than in the previous year. This represented a decrease of 1% of its white and 3.5% of its AIBO (American Indian, Black and Other) births. The 2022 birth rate per 1,000 population for the state (12.3) is higher than observed nationally (10.9) but matches its 2020 rate that was an historic low. Approximately 22% of all births in 2022 were AIBO and this percent of the state's entire birth cohort has decreased in the past several years. The American Indian contribution to the AIBO cohort has also decreased as its racial diversity has increased. The percent of births that are low birth weight has consistently been lower in South Dakota than nationally. An increase of 16 infant deaths in 2022 from 2021 and the decreased number of births led to an increase in the infant mortality rate (IMR = deaths in first year of life per 1,000 live births) from 6.3 to 7.8, but this 2022 IMR is not statistically significantly higher than its previous five-year mean. Further, the 2022 increase in the IMR was almost entirely among white infants with the post neonatal mortality rate (PNMR = deaths between 28 and 365 days of life) decreasing between these two years for AIBO infants. Nonetheless, the state's five year mean rates of death (2018-2022) are significantly higher for the AIBO than white infants for the neonatal (0-27 days) and post neonatal periods of the first year of life. Recently, however, the ratio of AIBO to white post neonatal mortality rate (PNMR) has decreased, but increased for the neonatal mortality rate (NMR). Infants in South Dakota are significantly more likely between 2018 and 2022 to die of congenital anomalies, sudden unexpected infant death (SUID), and accidents/homicides than in the United States in 2021. SUID remains the leading cause of post neonatal death and its risk may be decreased when babies are placed to sleep supine and alone in environments that are devoid of soft hazards.

A Case of Chagas Disease in South Dakota: Diagnosis and Treatment.

Chagas disease is a chronic, systemic parasitic infection caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. The primary mode of transmission to humans is by the Reduviid insect, endemic to South America. Recent migration of the vector has led to increased cases in the southern United States and has prompted increased surveillance and blood donation screening. It is unusual to diagnose and treat individuals with Chagas disease in the northern United States. This case describes an immigrant female from El Salvador that was informed she had Chagas disease from a blood bank screening. Confirmation and treatment of the disease were performed by her South Dakota primary care provider thus demonstrating the importance of identifying Chagas disease in the immigrant population in regions where Chagas disease infection is uncommon.

Mortality Disparities Among Arrestees by Race, Sentencing Disposition, and Place.

Importance: Understanding mortality disparities among justice system-involved populations is crucial for public health and policy, especially for marginalized racial groups such as American Indian/Alaska Native persons. Objective: To examine racial disparities in mortality within the broader justice system-involved population in South Dakota, focusing on different sentencing dispositions and the role of place. Design, Setting, and Participants: This observational study used administrative criminal records linked to mortality data from January 2000 to December 2016. The statewide data linked data from South Dakota Attorney General's Office and South Dakota Department of Health. Individuals aged 18 years and older with arrests were analyzed in this population-based sample. Data were analyzed from August 1, 2022, to July 30, 2023. Exposure: Sentencing dispositions were categorized as arrest only, fine, probation, jail, and prison. Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcomes were mortality rates (both all-cause and cause-specific) calculated using Poisson regression models, adjusted for demographic and county variables. Results: Of 182 472 individuals with 422 987 arrests, the study sample included 29 690 American Indian/Alaska Native arrestees (17 900 [60%] male; mean [SD] age, 29.4 [11.0] years) and 142 248 White arrestees (103 471 [73%] male; mean [SD] age, 32.6 [12.9] years). American Indian/Alaska Native persons accounted for 16% of arrestees and 26% of arrests, but only 9% of the population in South Dakota. Across dispositions, mortality risk was greater for White individuals sentenced to probation, jail, and prison relative to White individuals who were arrested only. In terms of racial disparities, all-cause mortality risk was 2.37 (95% CI, 1.95-2.88) times higher for American Indian/Alaska Native than White arrestees in the arrest-only disposition. Disparities persisted across all dispositions but narrowed substantially for probation and prison. Results were similar for cause-specific mortality risk, except for cancer risk. In urban areas, mortality risk was 2.70 (95% CI, 1.29-2.44) times greater for American Indian/Alaska Native individuals relative to White individuals among those with arrest-only dispositions. Conclusions and Relevance: In this population-based observational study, mortality risk and associated racial disparities among justice system-involved individuals differed substantially across dispositions and places, underscoring the need for public health interventions tailored to these factors. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms through which sentencing and place shape these disparities.

Variation in Consult and Referral Patterns for Facial Lacerations by Emergency Department Provider Type: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

INTRODUCTION: Facial lacerations are a common reason for emergency department (ED) visits in the U.S. Proper laceration repair is imperative as poor wound management can lead to functional and aesthetic impairment and significantly impact patient quality of life. For the best outcomes and long-term scar reduction, treatment by and follow-up with a plastic surgeon or facial trauma specialist is recommended. The present study examines variations in facial trauma specialist consultation and referral by ED provider type for adult patients at hospitals within a large rural South Dakota health system. METHODS: Records for patients above the age of 18 who received treatment for facial lacerations between January 1, 2017 and January 1, 2022 were retrospectively reviewed across multiple hospitals in South Dakota, spanning a large rural catchment area. Multivariable logistic regression and Fisher's exact test were performed to examine the relationship between ED provider type and the probability of receiving specialty consult and/or referral. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-four ED visits were included in the analysis. Among these patients, 53 received specialty consult and/or follow-up referral and 101 were treated without consult or referral. ED provider type was significantly associated with the probability of having a specialty consult (OR = 5.11, 95% CI [1.05, 24.96]). When the patients had a certified nurse practitioner (CNP) as their ED provider, they had a significantly higher chance (40%) of receiving specialist consultation. CONCLUSION: For patients presenting to the ED with facial lacerations, facial trauma specialist consultation and referral for follow up varies based on provider type. CNPs placed specialist consultations more often than other ED provider types.

The Epidemic of Congenital Syphilis in the Indigenous and Rural Populations of South Dakota.

From 2020 to 2023, South Dakota witnessed a substantial increase in cases of congenital syphilis (CS), with the highest rates identified in rural and Native American (NA) communities. Here, we discuss 3 severe cases of CS in premature infants born to NA individuals and communities in South Dakota with poor access to prenatal care. The infants in these 3 cases presented with varying clinical conditions, including respiratory failure, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, severe direct hyperbilirubinemia, feeding intolerance, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Lack of prenatal care and other systemic health disparities likely contributed to the increased disease burden. For NA communities, rurality, limited resources, systemic racism, historical trauma, and lack of trust in medical institutions likely contribute to inadequate prenatal care. All 3 of these cases also occurred in pregnant people with a present or history of substance use disorders, which may have led to further hesitancy to seek care because of fear of prosecution. To combat the rising number of syphilis and CS cases, we advocate for new and continued outreach that provides education about and testing for sexually transmitted diseases to NA and rural populations, increased care coordination, the integration of point-of-care testing and treatment strategies in lower resource centers, and legislative allocation of additional resources to engage pregnant people with or at risk for substance use disorders.

Outbreak of Human Trichinellosis - Arizona, Minnesota, and South Dakota, 2022.

Trichinellosis is a parasitic zoonotic disease transmitted through the consumption of meat from animals infected with Trichinella spp. nematodes. In North America, human trichinellosis is rare and is most commonly acquired through consumption of wild game meat. In July 2022, a hospitalized patient with suspected trichinellosis was reported to the Minnesota Department of Health. One week before symptom onset, the patient and eight other persons shared a meal that included bear meat that had been frozen for 45 days before being grilled and served rare with vegetables that had been cooked with the meat. Investigation identified six trichinellosis cases, including two in persons who consumed only the vegetables. Motile Trichinella larvae were found in remaining bear meat that had been frozen for >15 weeks. Molecular testing identified larvae from the bear meat as Trichinella nativa, a freeze-resistant species. Persons who consume meat from wild game animals should be aware that that adequate cooking is the only reliable way to kill Trichinella parasites and that infected meat can cross-contaminate other foods.

Patterns of Hemorrhagic Disease in White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the Great Plains of the USA, 1982-2020.

Hemorrhagic disease (HD) of deer is caused by epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) or bluetongue virus (BTV) and is considered one of the most important viral diseases of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Despite evidence of changing patterns of HD in the northeastern and upper midwestern US, the historical and current patterns of HD in the Great Plains remain poorly described. We used results from an annual survey documenting HD mortality to characterize historic and current patterns of HD in the northern and central Great Plains (North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma), US, between 1982 and 2020. Further, we assessed temporal change using linear regression to determine change in annual reporting intensity (percentage of counties in a state with reported HD) and change in reporting frequency (the number of years a county or state reported HD) during each decade between 1982 and 2020. Across the 38-yr study period, HD reports expanded northeast across latitude and longitude. Intensity of HD reports significantly increased during this period for three (North Dakota, South Dakota, Kansas) of five states examined. Frequency of reports also increased for all five states. Such changes in northern latitudes might lead to increased deer mortality in regions where HD epizootics have been historically less frequent. Understanding how patterns of HD are changing on the landscape is important when considering future deer management in the face of other mortality factors.

Factors Associated with Breastfeeding Initiation and Continuation at Two Months Postpartum in American Indian Women: An Exploratory Analysis.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of breastfeeding initiation and continuation at two months postpartum in American Indian (AI) mothers in South Dakota and to identify factors associated with breastfeeding. Using logistic regression, data from the South Dakota Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System were used to investigate the relationship between binary breastfeeding initiation and continuation outcomes and maternal behaviors and experiences including access to health care, safe sleep practices, ability to handle life events, depression, and sources of breastfeeding information. Higher odds of initiation were seen for factors including access to health care services, ability to handle life events, and sources of breastfeeding information, while lower odds were seen for factors including safe sleep. Higher odds of continuation were seen among mothers who reported not taking long to get over setbacks and among mothers who reported no postpartum depression, while lower odds of continuation were seen among mothers practicing safe sleep. Several modifiable factors were identified as reasons for stopping breastfeeding. This information about factors associated with higher odds of breastfeeding initiation and continuation at two months postpartum can be used to inform interventions, programs, and policies designed to support breastfeeding among AI women and to guide future research in this area.

Adverse childhood experiences and dental cleaning during pregnancy: Findings from the North and South Dakota PRAMS, 2017-2021.

OBJECTIVE: Research demonstrates that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)-that is, experiences of abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction-are related to lower preventive dental care utilization in childhood and adolescence. However, limited research has explored the connection between ACEs and preventive dental care utilization in adulthood, and no research has examined this relationship during pregnancy. The current study extends existing research by investigating the relationship between ACEs and dental cleaning and dental care utilization during pregnancy among a sample of women who delivered live births in North Dakota and South Dakota. METHODS: Data are from the 2017 to 2021 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) in North Dakota and South Dakota (n = 7391). Multiple logistic regression is used to examine the relationship between the number of ACEs (0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 or more) and dental cleaning during pregnancy. RESULTS: Relative to respondents with 0 ACEs, those with 4 or more ACEs were significantly less likely to report having dental care during pregnancy (OR = 0.757, 95% CI = 0.638, 0.898). By racial and ethnic background, the results showed that the significant associations are concentrated among White and Native American respondents. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that exposure to 4 or more ACEs is associated with a significantly lower likelihood of dental cleaning during pregnancy among women who delivered a live birth in North Dakota and South Dakota. Further investigations are necessary to understand the mechanisms underlying the relationship between ACEs and dental cleaning during pregnancy and replicate the findings in other geographic contexts.

Changes in Patterns of Trauma Injuries in the Dakotas Region During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to compare impact of COVID-19 on trauma volume and characteristics on a set of trauma centers with a rural catchment area. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected different parts of the country quite differently, both in case volume and in local responses. State-wide responses have varied considerably, including variations in local mask mandates, school closures, and social distancing measures. METHODS: This was a retrospective trauma registry review of patients who were admitted to three of the tertiary care trauma centers in North and South Dakota between 2014 through 2022. RESULTS: In the analysis of 36,397 patients, we found a significant increase in trauma patient volume during the COVID-19 pandemic, with an increased percentage of patients presenting with a mechanism of injury secondary to abuse or assault. This increase in patient volume continued to rise during 2021 and 2022. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted trauma center admissions in the rural and frontier Midwest differently from more urban areas, and the importance of including a variety of settings in trauma research.

A metagenomic view of novel microbial and metabolic diversity found within the deep terrestrial biosphere at DeMMO: A microbial observatory in South Dakota, USA.

The deep terrestrial subsurface is a large and diverse microbial habitat and vast repository of biomass. However, in relation to its size and physical heterogeneity we have limited understanding of taxonomic and metabolic diversity in this realm. Here we present a detailed metagenomic analysis of samples from the Deep Mine Microbial Observatory (DeMMO) spanning depths from the surface to 1.5 km into the crust. From eight geochemically and spatially distinct fluid samples we reconstructed ~600 partial to near-complete metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), representing 50 distinct phyla and including 18 candidate phyla. These novel clades include members of the candidate phyla radiation, two new MAGs from OLB16, a phylum originally identified in DeMMO fluids and for which only one other MAG is currently available, and new MAGs from the Eisenbacteria, Omnitrophota, and Edwardsbacteria. We find that microbes spanning this expansive phylogenetic diversity and physical subsurface space gain a competitive edge by maintaining a wide variety of functional pathways, are often capable of numerous dissimilatory energy metabolisms and poised to take advantage of nutrients as they become available in isolated fracture fluids. Our results support and expand on emerging themes of tight nutrient cycling and genomic plasticity in deep subsurface biosphere taxa.

Sensitivity of US Preventive Services Task Force and PLCOm2012 lung cancer screening eligibility criteria in individuals with lung cancer in South Dakota self-reporting as Indigenous and non-Indigenous.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths. Screening individuals who are at elevated risk using low-dose computed tomography reduces lung cancer mortality by ≥20%. Individuals who have community-based factors that contribute to an increased risk of developing lung cancer have high lung cancer rates and are diagnosed at younger ages. In this study of lung cancer in South Dakota, the authors compared the sensitivity of screening eligibility criteria for self-reported Indigenous race and evaluated the need for screening at younger ages. METHODS: US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) 2013 and 2021 (USPSTF2013 and USPSTF2021) criteria and two versions of the PLCOm2012 risk-prediction model (based on the 2012 Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian [PLCO] Cancer Screening Trial), one with a predictor for race and one without, were applied at USPSTF-equivalent thresholds of ≥1.7% in 6 years and ≥1.0% in 6 years to 1565 individuals who were sequentially diagnosed with lung cancer (of whom 12.7% self-reported as Indigenous) at the Monument Health Cancer Care Institute in South Dakota (2010-2019). RESULTS: Eligibility sensitivities of USPSTF criteria did not differ significantly between individuals who self-reported their race as Indigenous and those who did not (p > .05). Sensitivities of both PLCOm2012 models were significantly higher than comparable USPSTF criteria. The sensitivity of USPSTF2021 criteria was 66.1% and, for comparable PLCOm2012 models with and without race, sensitivity was 90.7% and 89.6%, respectively (both p < .001); 1.4% of individuals were younger than 50 years, and proportions did not differ by Indigenous classification (p = .518). CONCLUSIONS: Disparities in screening eligibility were not observed for individuals who self-reported their race as Indigenous. USPSTF criteria had lower sensitivities for lung cancer eligibility. Both PLCOm2012 models had high sensitivities, with higher sensitivity for the model that included race. The PLCOm2012noRace model selected effectively in this population, and screening individuals younger than 50 years did not appear to be justified. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths. Studies show that using low-dose computed tomography scans to screen people who smoke or who used to smoke and are at elevated risk for lung cancer reduces lung cancer deaths. This study of 1565 individuals with lung cancer in South Dakota compared screening eligibility using US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) criteria and a lung cancer risk-prediction model (PLCOm2012; from the 2012 Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian [PLCO] Cancer Screening Trial). The model had higher sensitivity and picked more people with lung cancer to screen compared with USPSTF criteria. Eligibility sensitivities were similar for individuals who self-reported as Indigenous versus those who did not between USPSTF criteria and the model.

The Relationship of Modified Rankin Score and Risk Factors with Stroke Mortality in the South Dakota Native American Population: A Descriptive Study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the impact of multiple risk factors on stroke outcomes among Native Americans in South Dakota. METHODS: This is a retrospective chart review of 189 Native American patients treated for stroke in South Dakota between Jan. 1, 2016, to May 1, 2021 at a single hospital system. RESULTS: Risk factor prevalence in the population: hypertension (76.1%), smoking (74.2%), diabetes mellitus (56.8%), dyslipidemia (55.4%), alcohol use (43.7%), cardiac or vascular disease (39.7%), stroke history (26.4%), and atrial fibrillation (13.3%). There was no significant difference between admission and 90-day post-discharge modified Rankin scale scores in all patients. Five risk factors were significantly associated with death: older age, hemorrhagic stroke, female sex, atrial fibrillation, and cardiac/vascular disease. CONCLUSION: These results align with previous studies that concluded many stroke risk factors are more prevalent among Native Americans in comparison to other racial/ethnic groups. Therefore, it remains an imperative public health initiative that efforts be made to improve preventative measures which address comorbid conditions and behaviors in Native American populations to reduce risk for stroke with subsequent related disability or death.

The Relationship of Modified Rankin Score and Risk Factors with Stroke Mortality in the South Dakota American Indian Population: A Descriptive Study.

INTRODUCTION: To describe the impact of multiple risk factors on stroke outcomes among American Indians in South Dakota. METHODS: This is a retrospective chart review of 189 American Indian patients treated for stroke in South Dakota between Jan 1, 2016, to May 1, 2021, at a single hospital system. RESULTS: Risk factor prevalence in the population: hypertension (76.1%), smoking (74.2%), diabetes mellitus (56.8%), dyslipidemia (55.4%), alcohol use (43.7%), cardiac or vascular disease (39.7%), stroke history (26.4%), and atrial fibrillation (13.3%). There was no significant difference between admission and 90-day post-discharge modified Rankin scale scores in all patients. Five risk factors were significantly associated with death: older age, hemorrhagic stroke, female sex, atrial fibrillation, and cardiac/vascular disease. CONCLUSIONS: These results align with previous studies that concluded many stroke risk factors are more prevalent among American Indians in comparison to other racial/ethnic groups. Therefore, it remains an imperative public health initiative that efforts be made to improve preventative measures which address comorbid conditions and behaviors in American Indian populations to reduce risk for stroke with subsequent related disability or death.