RESUMEN
We aimed to develop and validate a Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) assay to Sporothrix brasiliensis. LAMP reaction was developed using six primers designed based on calmodulin gene. In the LAMP reaction, we tested twenty isolates of S. brasiliensis from animals and humans, along with ten tissue samples extracted from the left footpad of mice that had been experimentally infected with S. brasiliensis. In addition, it included DNA samples from various other fungal species for specificity evaluation. All S. brasiliensis isolates yielded positive results in the LAMP, and the limit of DNA detection was 1 ng/µL. All murine samples were positive in the test while DNA from other fungal species were all negative, resulting in 100% of sensitivity and specificity of primers. LAMP diagnosis technique is a promising alternative to sporotrichosis diagnosis, in a simple and cost-effective way. Further studies are warranted to validate this technique using animal model samples obtained from both humans and animals.
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Cartilla de ADN , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular , Técnicas de Amplificación de Ácido Nucleico , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Sporothrix , Esporotricosis , Sporothrix/genética , Sporothrix/aislamiento & purificación , Sporothrix/clasificación , Esporotricosis/diagnóstico , Esporotricosis/microbiología , Esporotricosis/veterinaria , Animales , Técnicas de Amplificación de Ácido Nucleico/métodos , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/métodos , Ratones , Humanos , Cartilla de ADN/genética , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Calmodulina/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Sporotrichosis is a chronic granulomatous infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue that can affect any organ through lymphatic spread. The prevalence of sporotrichosis infections is increasing and its treatment is challenging as there are no unified and standard diagnostic techniques or antifungal medications. Controlling further spread requires a rapid diagnosis. Assessment of clinical symptoms, histological analysis, serological testing, and pathogen culture are all necessary for the diagnosis of sporotrichosis. However, these procedures are unable to identify the species. The development of safe, reliable, and species-specific diagnostic techniques is essential. OBJECTIVE: To establish and evaluate a new quantitative real-time PCR assay for the rapid diagnosis of sporotrichosis and to identify relevant species. METHODS: Polymorphisms in calmodulin (CAL) gene sequences and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) were used in a quantitative real-time PCR assay to identify S. globosa, S. schenckii, and non-target species. RESULTS: The quantitative real-time PCR assay had 100% sensitivity and specificity. The limit of detection was 6 fg/µl. Thirty-four clinical specimens were verified to be infected with S. globosa with a 100% positive detection rate. CONCLUSIONS: The quantitative PCR technique developed in this study is a quick, accurate, and targeted method of identifying S. globosa based on polymorphisms in CAL sequences and ITS. It can be used for a prompt clinical diagnosis to identify S. globosa in clinical specimens from patients with sporotrichosis.
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Calmodulina , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Sporothrix , Esporotricosis , Esporotricosis/diagnóstico , Esporotricosis/microbiología , Sporothrix/genética , Sporothrix/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/métodos , Calmodulina/genética , Asia , ADN de Hongos/genética , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/métodos , Prueba de Diagnóstico RápidoRESUMEN
Introduction. Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous infection caused by dimorphic Sporothrix species embedded in the clinical clade. Fungi have virulence factors, such as biofilm and melanin production, which contribute to their survival and are related to the increase in the number of cases of therapeutic failure, making it necessary to search for new options.Gap statement. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have already been shown to inhibit the growth and melanogenesis of other fungi.Aim. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of the PPIs omeprazole (OMP), rabeprazole (RBP), esomeprazole, pantoprazole and lansoprazole on the susceptibility and melanogenesis of Sporothrix species, and their interactions with itraconazole, terbinafine and amphotericin B.Methodology. The antifungal activity of PPIs was evaluated using the microdilution method, and the combination of PPIs with itraconazole, terbinafine and amphotericin B was assessed using the checkerboard method. The assessment of melanogenesis inhibition was assessed using grey scale.Results. The OMP and RBP showed significant MIC results ranging from 32 to 256 µg ml-1 and 32 to 128 µg ml-1, respectively. Biofilms were sensitive, with a significant reduction (P<0.05) in metabolic activity of 52% for OMP and 50% for RBP at a concentration of 512 µg ml-1 and of biomass by 53% for OMP and 51% for RBP at concentrations of 512 µg ml-1. As for the inhibition of melanogenesis, only OMP showed inhibition, with a 54% reduction.Conclusion. It concludes that the PPIs OMP and RBP have antifungal activity in vitro against planktonic cells and biofilms of Sporothrix species and that, in addition, OMP can inhibit the melanization process in Sporothrix species.
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Anfotericina B , Antifúngicos , Melanogénesis , Inhibidores de la Bomba de Protones , Sporothrix , Esporotricosis , Humanos , Anfotericina B/farmacología , Anfotericina B/uso terapéutico , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Biopelículas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Itraconazol/farmacología , Melaninas/biosíntesis , Melaninas/metabolismo , Melanogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Inhibidores de la Bomba de Protones/farmacología , Inhibidores de la Bomba de Protones/uso terapéutico , Sporothrix/efectos de los fármacos , Sporothrix/metabolismo , Esporotricosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Esporotricosis/microbiología , Terbinafina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The research addresses zoonotic sporotrichosis in Brazil, particularly caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis, highlighting its epidemiological severity. Transmission occurs through contact with sick animals, especially felines, and diagnosis in humans is challenging due to the low fungal load in the lesions. The study analyzed data from Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN) and Zoonosis Surveillance Unit (UVZ) from January 2017 to March 2023, carried out in Contagem, Minas Gerais. Geospatial tools and statistical analysis revealed a significant increase in cases, peaking in 2021 for felines and 2022 for humans. The geospatial analysis highlighted areas of higher incidence, suggesting a correlation between human and feline populations. The research contributes to the understanding of sporotrichosis in Contagem, emphasizing the importance of integrated approaches for surveillance and control strategies, aiming to mitigate impacts on the local community.
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Enfermedades de los Gatos , Esporotricosis , Zoonosis , Gatos , Animales , Esporotricosis/veterinaria , Esporotricosis/epidemiología , Esporotricosis/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Gatos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Gatos/microbiología , Brasil/epidemiología , Zoonosis/epidemiología , Humanos , Incidencia , Análisis Espacio-Temporal , SporothrixRESUMEN
Zoonotic sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis is an emerging mycosis in Latin America. One of the problems to quickly treat infected animals and break the transmission chain is associated with the time-consuming gold-standard diagnosis method (culture). We aimed to evaluate a species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the diagnosis of sporotrichosis caused by S. brasiliensis using non-invasive samples. We performed a retrospective cross-sectional study using samples collected with swabs from humans and cats with clinical suspicion of sporotrichosis. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted using a commercial kit, and a species-specific PCR for S. brasiliensis detection was performed. One hundred ten samples were included. PCR showed a good concordance with culture (86% of agreement) for human and cat samples (Kappa coefficient = 0.722, and 0.727, respectively). In conclusion, our data shows that this adapted PCR using non-invasive samples can be applied to sporotrichosis diagnosis, being a good alternative mainly in regions with a lack of mycologists to identify the fungus in culture, contributing to the control of this emergent zoonosis.
We aimed to evaluate a molecular method for diagnosing sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis in humans and cats. We observed that the technique is in good agreement with the classic method and is a good alternative for assisting in the diagnosis and consequent control of this zoonosis.
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Enfermedades de los Gatos , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Sporothrix , Esporotricosis , Esporotricosis/diagnóstico , Esporotricosis/microbiología , Esporotricosis/veterinaria , Gatos , Sporothrix/genética , Sporothrix/aislamiento & purificación , Sporothrix/clasificación , Humanos , Animales , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Enfermedades de los Gatos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Gatos/microbiología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estudios Transversales , Zoonosis/diagnóstico , Zoonosis/microbiología , ADN de Hongos/genética , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/métodos , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
Cat-transmitted sporotrichosis is caused by the emerging fungal pathogen Sporothrix brasiliensis and constitutes a significant public health issue that affects people living in resource-poor urban centers in Brazil. The lack of knowledge about transmission dynamics makes it difficult to propose public health policies to contain the advance of sporotrichosis. We describe the recent emergence of 1,176 cases of sporotrichosis in cats (2016 to 2021) in the metropolitan region of Recife, Brazil, leading to significant zoonotic transmission and an overwhelming occurrence of S. brasiliensis as the etiological agent. Most cases were from cats in the cities of Olinda (408/1,176; 34.70%), Jaboatão dos Guararapes (332/1,176; 28.23%), and Recife (237/1,176; 20.15%). Molecular typing using amplified fragment length polymorphism (EcoRI-GA/MseI-AG) revealed low polymorphic information content (PIC = 0.2499) and heterozygosity (H = 0.2928), typical of an outbreak scenario. Dendrogram and multivariate cluster analysis revealed that isolates from Pernambuco are closely related to Rio de Janeiro isolates. We report a substantial occurrence of MAT1-2 idiomorphs in the metropolitan region of Recife (0:60 ratio; χ2 = 60.000, P < 0.0001). The limited population differentiation and genetic diversity of the isolates from Pernambuco suggest a recent introduction, possibly via a founder effect, from the parental population in Rio de Janeiro. Our findings emphasize the critical importance of molecular surveillance of S. brasiliensis for outbreak response. A comprehensive one-health strategy is mandatory to control the spread of cat-transmitted sporotrichosis driven by S. brasiliensis, encompassing sanitary barriers, quick diagnosis, and treatment.
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Enfermedades de los Gatos , Sporothrix , Esporotricosis , Esporotricosis/transmisión , Esporotricosis/microbiología , Esporotricosis/veterinaria , Esporotricosis/epidemiología , Gatos , Brasil/epidemiología , Sporothrix/genética , Sporothrix/aislamiento & purificación , Sporothrix/clasificación , Animales , Enfermedades de los Gatos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Gatos/transmisión , Enfermedades de los Gatos/epidemiología , Tipificación Molecular , Zoonosis/transmisión , Zoonosis/microbiología , Análisis del Polimorfismo de Longitud de Fragmentos Amplificados , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/transmisión , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/microbiología , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/epidemiología , Genotipo , FilogeniaRESUMEN
Sporotrichosis, a mycosis resulting from cutaneous or subcutaneous infection with the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix, has been reported in China, particularly in the northeast region. In this review, we conducted a thorough examination of the recent advancements in sporotrichosis in China, encompassing aspects such as etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment strategies. Within the Chinese context, fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis represents the prevailing clinical manifestation. Fungal culture stands as the gold standard for diagnosing sporotrichosis, while polymerase chain reaction techniques can enhance both the specificity and sensitivity of diagnosis. Besides conventional systemic antifungal agents, alternative modalities such as Chinese herbal medicines, photodynamic therapy and laser therapy show potential efficacy against sporotrichosis.
Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection on the skin. It is caused by a group of fungi called Sporothrix. Common symptoms are lesions on the skin, inflammatory papules, nodules and ulcers. These fungi live in the natural environment and cause infection by entering the body through a wound in the skin. China has a high prevalence of sporotrichosis, with northeast China the most seriously affected region. This review looks at the state of sporotrichosis in China.
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Antifúngicos , Sporothrix , Esporotricosis , Esporotricosis/epidemiología , Esporotricosis/microbiología , Esporotricosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Esporotricosis/diagnóstico , China/epidemiología , Humanos , Sporothrix/aislamiento & purificación , Sporothrix/genética , Sporothrix/efectos de los fármacos , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , FotoquimioterapiaAsunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Gatos , Sporothrix , Esporotricosis , Esporotricosis/epidemiología , Esporotricosis/microbiología , Esporotricosis/veterinaria , Esporotricosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Brasil/epidemiología , Gatos , Humanos , Animales , Enfermedades de los Gatos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Gatos/epidemiología , Sporothrix/aislamiento & purificación , Zoonosis/transmisión , Zoonosis/microbiología , Zoonosis/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Sporotrichosis is the most common subcutaneous mycosis caused by Sporothrix spp. Traditionally, it is transmitted through injuries involving plant debris. However, over the past few decades, there has been an epidemic increase in human cases resulting from contact with infected animals, particularly cats, in various regions of Brazil. In this report, we report a notable increase in both human and animal cases within the Brazilian Amazon state. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: An ecological study was conducted by analyzing official records of human and animal sporotrichosis diagnosed in the state of Amazon from 2020 to 2023. Data including patient demographics, clinical manifestations, mycological examination results, and species identification through PCR confirmation were evaluated. During this period, a total of 950 human cases and 2,823 animal cases of sporotrichosis were reported at an exponential rate, since no human cases were registered in 2020. The spatial and temporal dispersion of human sporotrichosis followed that of animal cases, moving from downtown areas to the periphery. Contact with infected animals was reported in 77.7% of cases, with cats being the most commonly implicated (73.5%). Only 66.7% of individuals underwent mycological examination. Among the positive cultures for Sporothrix spp., 65.4% were identified as S. brasiliensis. All patients were treated with systemic antifungals. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This study highlights a rising incidence of sporotrichosis among animals and humans in the Brazilian Amazon region over the past four years, with S. brasiliensis being the predominant agent. Collaborative efforts involving healthcare professionals, veterinarians, and public health authorities are crucial to implement effective control measures, educate populations at risk, and promote responsible guidance for pet guardians. These measures are essential to mitigate the burden of epidemic sporotrichosis in Brazil.
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Brotes de Enfermedades , Sporothrix , Esporotricosis , Zoonosis , Esporotricosis/epidemiología , Esporotricosis/microbiología , Esporotricosis/veterinaria , Brasil/epidemiología , Animales , Humanos , Zoonosis/epidemiología , Zoonosis/microbiología , Zoonosis/transmisión , Gatos , Sporothrix/aislamiento & purificación , Sporothrix/genética , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Salud Pública , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Anciano , NiñoRESUMEN
Sporotrichosis is a globally distributed subcutaneous mycosis caused by dimorphic Sporothrix species commonly found in soil, mosses, and decaying plant matter. The lymphocutaneous manifestation, historically associated with occupational activities and sapronotic transmission, has recently been observed to also occur through animal contact, particularly notable in Brazil. We describe a rare case of lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis with simultaneous pulmonary complications resulting from the scratching of a southern three-banded armadillo, Tolypeutes matacus, primarily inhabiting the arid forests of South America's central region. Speciation using multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) established the etiological agent as S. schenckii s. str., while amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis unveiled a novel genotype circulating in the Midwest of Brazil. The patient received treatment with itraconazole (200 mg/day) for two months, leading to substantial clinical improvement of cutaneous and pulmonary symptoms. This case highlights the critical role of animal-mediated transmission in sporotrichosis epidemiology, particularly within regions with diverse armadillo species. The unusual epidemiology and genetic characteristics of this case emphasize the need for enhanced awareness and diagnostic vigilance in atypical sporotrichosis presentations.
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Antifúngicos , Armadillos , Itraconazol , Sporothrix , Esporotricosis , Animales , Humanos , Masculino , Análisis del Polimorfismo de Longitud de Fragmentos Amplificados , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Armadillos/microbiología , Brasil , Genotipo , Itraconazol/uso terapéutico , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa Multiplex , Sporothrix/genética , Sporothrix/aislamiento & purificación , Sporothrix/clasificación , Esporotricosis/microbiología , Esporotricosis/diagnóstico , Esporotricosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Esporotricosis/transmisión , Resultado del Tratamiento , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
A 26-year-old woman presented an eyelid lesion, after being scratched by a cat that had a similar skin lesion. It evolved into a cervical lymph node enlargement. With a hypothesis of Parinaud´s oculoglandular syndrome (POS) due to cat scratch disease (CSD), doxycycline was prescribed. After two weeks of treatment without improvement, a biopsy and blood sample were obtained. Itraconazole was prescribed and the skin lesion improved, but not the lymph node enlargement. A Sporothrix schenckii complex was isolated from the skin sample. Also, a specie-specific polymerase chain reaction detected Bartonella henselae DNA in her blood sample. Azithromycin was included to treat the bacterial infection, whereupon the lymph node also receded successfully. Sporotrichosis and CSD are zoonoses that can be transmitted to humans by traumatic inoculation due to scratches or bites from cats. Both can evolve with POS. Patients who present skin lesions and/or POS after being wounded by a cat should be investigated for both diseases.
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Antibacterianos , Bartonella henselae , Enfermedad por Rasguño de Gato , Coinfección , Sporothrix , Esporotricosis , Femenino , Bartonella henselae/aislamiento & purificación , Bartonella henselae/genética , Humanos , Adulto , Sporothrix/aislamiento & purificación , Sporothrix/genética , Esporotricosis/microbiología , Esporotricosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Esporotricosis/diagnóstico , Coinfección/microbiología , Animales , Gatos , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Enfermedad por Rasguño de Gato/microbiología , Enfermedad por Rasguño de Gato/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad por Rasguño de Gato/complicaciones , Enfermedad por Rasguño de Gato/diagnóstico , Azitromicina/uso terapéutico , Itraconazol/uso terapéutico , Doxiciclina/uso terapéutico , Piel/microbiología , Piel/patologíaRESUMEN
Introduction: Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by fungi of the genus Sporothrix sp. Phenotypic and genotypic differences have been associated with their geographic distribution, virulence, or clinical manifestation of sporotrichosis. In the past decade, the interest in identifying species of the Sporothrix sp. has been increasing, due to its epidemiological importance and, in consequence, is important to know how to preserve them for future studies, in culture collection. Aims: The purposes of this study were to analyze the global distribution of environmental isolates and/or causal agents of sporotrichosis identified by polyphasic taxonomy, with mandatory use of molecular identification, and to evaluate the percentages and distribution of isolates stored in culture collections. Methods: A systematic review of articles on animal and human sporotrichosis and/or environmental isolation of the fungus, from 2007 to 2023, was done. Results: Our results demonstrated that, S. globosa, S. schenckii, and S. brasiliensis were the most identified species. With respect to the deposit and maintenance of species, we observed that only 17% of the strains of Sporothrix sp. isolated in the world are preserved in a culture collection. Conclusions: This systematic review confirmed a difficulty in obtaining the frequency of Sporothrix species stored in culture collection and insufficient data on the molecular identification mainly of animal sporotrichosis and isolation of Sporothrix sp. in environmental samples.
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Sporothrix , Esporotricosis , Sporothrix/clasificación , Sporothrix/aislamiento & purificación , Sporothrix/genética , Esporotricosis/microbiología , Animales , Humanos , Microbiología Ambiental , Preservación Biológica/métodosRESUMEN
Mycobacterium chelonae and Sporothrix globosa, both of which are opportunistic pathogens, have been proved to be possible multidrug resistant. However, are all recurring symptoms in chronic infections related to decreasing susceptibility? Here we report a case of sporotrichosis secondary to M. chelonae infection. In addition, we find that the blackish-red spots under the dermoscopic view can be employed as a signal for the early identification and regression of subcutaneous fungal infection.
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Infecciones por Mycobacterium no Tuberculosas , Mycobacterium chelonae , Sporothrix , Esporotricosis , Sporothrix/aislamiento & purificación , Sporothrix/genética , Sporothrix/efectos de los fármacos , Esporotricosis/microbiología , Humanos , Mycobacterium chelonae/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Mycobacterium no Tuberculosas/microbiología , Masculino , Coinfección/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Vertebrate animal models are essential in research; however, efforts need to be made to decrease animal suffering as much as possible. It could be useful to determine humane endpoints that could serve as surrogates for a fatal outcome. We address this issue with respect to infectious diseases. We propose a humane endpoint for studies of Sporothrix brasiliensis infection. BALB/c mice were inoculated subcutaneously in the footpad. To define a humane endpoint, we considered two groups: animals who died during the experiment, and those euthanized at the end of the experiment. The groups were compared for colony-forming units (CFU) in internal organs, clinical condition, and body weight. Thirteen (22%) animals died before the end of the experiment due to the progression of local infection to severe and disseminated sporotrichosis. Analyzing data of the groups, we propose the following future criteria for euthanasia as a humane endpoint: neurological impairment OR necrosis of the footpad OR loss of ≥ 20% body weight AND moderate to severe dehydration. In view of the current global epidemiological impact of zoonotic sporotrichosis caused by S. brasiliensis, our data could facilitate the utility of models used to study the disease, particularly therapy.
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Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Sporothrix , Esporotricosis , Animales , Esporotricosis/microbiología , Ratones , Peso CorporalRESUMEN
Cyclophilin B (CypB), a significant member of immunophilins family with peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) activity, is crucial for the growth and metabolism of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Sporothrix globosa (S. globosa), a principal pathogen in the Sporothrix complex, causes sporotrichosis. Transcriptomic analysis identified the cypB gene as highly expressed in S. globosa. Our previous study demonstrated that the recombinant Escherichia coli strain containing SgcypB gene failed to produce sufficient product when it was induced to express the protein, implying the potential toxicity of recombinant protein to the bacterial host. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that SgCypB contains transmembrane peptides within the 52 amino acid residues at the N-terminus and 21 amino acids near the C-terminus, and 18 amino acid residues within the cytoplasm. AlphaFold2 predicted a SgCypB 3D structure in which there is an independent PPIase domain consisting of a spherical extracellular part. Hence, we chose to express the extracellular domain to yield high-level recombinant protein with PPIase activity. Finally, we successfully produced high-yield, truncated recombinant CypB protein from S. globosa (SgtrCypB) that retained characteristic PPIase activity without host bacterium toxicity. This study presents an alternative expression strategy for proteins toxic to prokaryotes, such as SgCypB. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY: The recombinant cyclophilin B protein of Sporothrix globosa was expressed successfully by retaining extracellular domain with peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity to avoid toxicity to the host bacterium.
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Ciclofilinas , Escherichia coli , Proteínas Recombinantes , Sporothrix , Sporothrix/genética , Sporothrix/enzimología , Sporothrix/efectos de los fármacos , Sporothrix/metabolismo , Ciclofilinas/genética , Ciclofilinas/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Expresión Génica , Biología Computacional , Isomerasa de Peptidilprolil/genética , Isomerasa de Peptidilprolil/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the clinical characteristics of sporotrichosis in low-endemic areas of China, including the prevalence geography, genotypic traits of patients, clinical manifestations, and strain virulence and drug sensitivities. The objective is to improve the currently used clinical management strategies for sporotrichosis. METHODS: Retrospective data were collected from patients diagnosed with sporotrichosis through fungal culture identification. The isolates from purified cultures underwent identification using CAL (Calmodulin) gene sequencing. Virulence of each strain was assessed using a Galleria mellonella (G. mellonella) larvae infection model. In vitro susceptibility testing against commonly used clinical antifungal agents for sporotrichosis was conducted following CLSI criteria. RESULTS: In our low-endemic region for sporotrichosis, the majority of cases (23) were observed in middle-aged and elderly women with a history of trauma, with a higher incidence during winter and spring. All clinical isolates were identified as Sporothrix globosa (S. globosa). The G. mellonella larvae infection model indicated independent and dose-dependent virulence among strains, with varying toxicity levels demonstrated by the degree of melanization of the G. mellonella. Surprisingly, lymphocutaneous types caused by S. globosa exhibited lower in vitro virulence but were more common in affected skin. In addition, all S.globosa strains displayed high resistances to fluconazole, while remaining highly susceptible to terbinafine, itraconazole and amphotericin B. CONCLUSION: Given the predominance of elderly women engaged in agricultural labour in our region, which is a low-epidemic areas, they should be considered as crucial targets for sporotrichosis monitoring. S. globosa appears to be the sole causative agent locally. However, varying degrees of melanization in larvae were observed among these isolates, indicating a divergence in their virulence. Itraconazole, terbinafine and amphotericin B remain viable first-line antifungal options for treating S.globosa infection.
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Sporothrix , Esporotricosis , Anciano , Persona de Mediana Edad , Humanos , Femenino , Itraconazol/farmacología , Itraconazol/uso terapéutico , Esporotricosis/microbiología , Anfotericina B/farmacología , Anfotericina B/uso terapéutico , Terbinafina/uso terapéutico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Sporothrix/genética , China/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Sporotrichosis is a neglected mycosis that affects human and animal hosts, including domestic cats. In Brazil, its most frequently diagnosed etiological agent is Sporothrix brasiliensis. Zoonotic transmission of S. brasiliensis occurs via direct contact between an infected cat and a susceptible human host. Notification of confirmed cases of feline sporotrichosis is not mandatory in Brazil. The metropolitan area of Goiania city can be considered a silent area for the occurrence of feline sporotrichosis. In this context, voluntary reporting of feline sporotrichosis cases is recommended for all healthcare professionals. This study aimed to report the first occurrence of S. brasiliensis in a cat from the metropolitan area of Goiania city. Cytopathology, mycology, thermal dimorphism and calmodulin gene amplification tests were performed. The mycological and molecular biological diagnoses corresponded to S. brasiliensis. The etiological agent of zoonotic sporotrichosis was detected in the metropolitan area of Goiania city, and therefore there is a risk of the emergence of new cases of cats infected with S. brasiliensis and the occurrence of zoonotic transmission of this fungus.
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Enfermedades de los Gatos , Sporothrix , Esporotricosis , Animales , Gatos , Humanos , Esporotricosis/diagnóstico , Esporotricosis/epidemiología , Esporotricosis/veterinaria , Brasil/epidemiología , Sporothrix/genética , Personal de Salud , Enfermedades de los Gatos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
We describe a feline sporotrichosis cluster and zoonotic transmission between one of the affected cats and a technician at a veterinary clinic in Kansas, USA. Increased awareness of sporotrichosis and the potential for zoonotic transmission could help veterinary professionals manage feline cases and take precautions to prevent human acquisition.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Gatos , Esporotricosis , Zoonosis , Animales , Gatos , Femenino , Humanos , Técnicos de Animales , Enfermedades de los Gatos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Gatos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Gatos/transmisión , Kansas/epidemiología , Sporothrix/aislamiento & purificación , Sporothrix/genética , Esporotricosis/veterinaria , Esporotricosis/transmisión , Esporotricosis/epidemiología , Esporotricosis/microbiología , Zoonosis/epidemiología , Zoonosis/microbiología , Zoonosis/transmisiónRESUMEN
Sporothrix brasiliensis is recognized as an emergent fungal pathogen and the high amount of fungal propagules in the lesions of infected cats allows the contamination of surfaces by direct contact. Given that the environment can play a role in the transmission of this fungus, effective methods to eliminate this pathogen from contaminated surfaces are necessary. Physical methods, such as ultraviolet light C (UVC), are broad used for surfaces disinfection, however, non-data about its activity against S. brasiliensis is reported. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate an easy handled prototype of a UVC device, in the inhibition of S. brasiliensis. Three doses and times of exposure of irradiance were tested: 3.5 mJ/cm2 (1 s), 5.25 mJ/cm2 (1.5 s) and 329 mJ/cm2 (94 s) against a standardized inoculum of yeast and mold phase of S. brasiliensis. A decrease in CFU was shown in all doses of irradiance in both phases of S. brasiliensis, the average reduction ranged from 78 to 100% among doses, being a complete fungicidal activity achieved against the yeast phase after the 94 s exposure (329 mJ/cm2). Our data shows that UVC is a potential physical method for disinfection of surfaces contaminated with S. brasiliensis, and the prototype device developed provides an easy handling, and quickly results.