The impact mechanism and empirical analysis of financial efficiency of science and technology empowering regional real economy growth.

With the aim of exploring the impact mechanism of scientific and technological financial efficiency on regional real economy growth in the context of ecological civilization construction, this study introduces environmental regulation as a mediating factor. By analyzing changes in science and financial efficiency of science and technology, we provide an effective basis for regional real economy development. To achieve this goal, we define concepts such as science and financial efficiency of science and technology and regional real economy, measure data from 2012 to 2021, analyze the impact of science and financial efficiency of science and technology on economic growth using intermediary models, test mediation effects with bootstrap methods, and identify significant differences between regions. It indicates that enhancing science and financial efficiency of sci-tech benefits China's regional real economy growth, but there's unbalanced development across regions. Additionally, environmental regulation serves as a crucial intermediary in the relationship between sci-tech finance and economic growth. There exist regional disparities in the mediation effects of environmental regulation, with eastern regions demonstrating stronger effects compared to central and western regions.

Incentivizing green building technology: A financial perspective on sustainable development in India.

Future viability depends on ensuring a sustainable society because green energy methods may efficiently reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, stakeholders, consumers, and developers continue to be notably ignorant of the financial incentives connected to green technology. Moreover, there is still a dearth of studies on the range of financial incentives offered by different authorities in India. Monetary incentives, such as tax breaks, indirect tax exemptions, and refunds, are crucial in encouraging the use of green technology in the modern world. This study explores the importance of financial incentives for green building technologies in India, which also looks at the wide range of incentives provided by federal, state, and local governments. Furthermore, the study highlights various state government programs such as goods subsidies, exemptions from local taxes, and fee waivers. Notably, several incentives aimed at consumers, developers, and other stakeholders have been implemented by the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC). This review study emphasizes the effectiveness of financial incentives in green construction projects and draws attention to a clear knowledge gap regarding the adoption of green technology. This study also provides insights into potential future directions. Studies and research results emphasize the importance of spreading the word about financial incentives as a key factor in determining the adoption of green technologies. Many parties, including governmental organizations, municipal governments, developers, and clients engaged in green building technology projects, stand to gain increased awareness.

Calculation and analysis of the efficiency of resource allocation for technological innovation in China.

The efficiency of resource allocation in technological innovation is a critical factor influencing the output level of technological innovation. By expanding and optimizing the Hsieh & Klenow (2009) framework for analyzing the efficiency of resource allocation and relaxing the assumption of constant returns to scale, this study utilizes sample data from Chinese listed companies from 2007 to 2019 to measure and analyze the resource allocation efficiency level in China's technological innovation. The findings indicate that in the process of technological innovation, companies face heterogeneous resource usage costs, leading to a deviation from the optimal resource allocation state, with evident issues of resource misallocation. The loss of efficiency in technological innovation output due to resource misallocation is significant, and addressing this issue can substantially enhance the level of technological innovation output. The misallocation of research and development capital resources is more severe than that of research and development personnel, resulting in greater efficiency losses in technological innovation output. Government subsidies are identified as a significant factor affecting resource allocation in technological innovation. Addressing the issue of resource misallocation, accelerating the market-oriented reforms of technological innovation resource allocation, and optimizing the government subsidy screening mechanism are crucial for improving the efficiency of resource allocation in technological innovation.

Quantitative evaluation of science and technology financial policies based on the PMC-AE index model: A case study of China's science and technology financial policies since the 13th five-year plan.

The formulation of science and technology financial policies directly influences the direction of national economic development. Quantitative evaluation of these policies is an important method to reflect the consistency and strengths and weaknesses of policy interrelations. This paper analyzes 16 science and technology financial policy documents issued by the Chinese central government from 2016 to 2022, using text analysis and content analysis to extract keyword frequencies, and constructs 9 primary variables and 34 secondary variables. For the first time, a PMC-AE index model for science and technology financial policies is established, and a quantitative evaluation is conducted on 5 significant policy documents out of the 16. The results show that, from an overall analysis, Policy 1 and Policy 4 are at a good level, while the other three policies are at an excellent level. From the analysis of individual policy PMC-AE indexes, the rankings in descending order are: P2 > P5 > P3 > P4 > P1. Overall, the policies effectively meet the needs of China's science and technology financial development, with P2, P3, and P5 being at an excellent level, P4 at a good level, and P1 at an acceptable level, mainly reflecting the need for improvement in aspects such as policy synchronization with the current stage, targeted entities, guiding fields, and policy content. It is recommended that Chinese government departments should focus on five aspects in policy formulation: building a talent system for science and technology finance, improving the quality of financial services, coordinating central and local financial policies, protecting intellectual property rights in science and technology finance, and strengthening financial supervision. This will be conducive to the effective implementation of science and technology financial policies.

The impact of fintech development on the entrepreneurial behavior of farmers: evidence from the China Household Finance Survey.

Fintech is disrupting the traditional financial models with the power of technology. Will it solve the problems faced by farmers in starting their own businesses and stimulate the vitality of rural entrepreneurship? In this paper, we focus on the impact of fintech development on the entrepreneurial behavior of farmers in China. First, we theoretically analyze the effects of fintech development on the entrepreneurial behavior of farmers and put forward the corresponding theoretical hypotheses. Second, using data from Baidu search index and the China Household Finance Survey (CHFS), we employ a Probit model to verify our theoretical hypotheses. Our findings suggest that (1) fintech development encourages farmer entrepreneurial behavior, (2) it achieves this by alleviating credit constraints, information constraints, and risk aversion effects, (3) in terms of the type of entrepreneurship, the development of fintech mainly promotes survival entrepreneurship among farmers, while the entrepreneurial effect of fintech is more significant among farmers with low education level, low income level and in the central and western regions. Overall, our study provides timely insights into boosting farmer entrepreneurship in emerging countries such as China by leveraging the potential of fintech.

Time-varying causality relationships between trade openness, technological innovation, industrialization, financial development, and carbon emissions in Thailand.

Over the last twenty years, there has been swift growth in industrialization and technological advancements, driving economic progress. Nevertheless, it is inevitable that these sectors will bring about environmental shifts. Thus far, endeavors have been undertaken to assess the influence of industrialization and technological advancements on environmental deterioration. Additionally, the extensive discussion surrounding the impact of financial development, trade openness, and technological innovation on the environment has not yielded conclusive empirical findings. Studies often operate under the assumption of symmetric relationships, potentially leading to biased results. Adding to the discussion on the drivers of carbon neutrality, the time-dependent effects of critical aspects such as financial development and technological innovation should inform meaningful policies for environmental management. This article explores the time-varying causal association between trade openness, industrialization, financial development, technological innovation, and CO2 emissions in Thailand using novel time-varying Granger causality tests. The time-varying causality outcomes demonstrate that the associations change significantly over time, in contrast to the results of Toda-Yamamoto causality. Overall, there exists a bidirectional relationship between industrialization, financial development, trade openness, technological innovation, and CO2 emissions over different time sequences. These outcomes have implications for both policy and research.

Economic expansion and innovation: A comprehensive analysis of Pakistan's path to technological excellence.

To encourage technological and industrial innovation, nations worldwide implement "re-industrialization" and "manufacturing return." This study investigates the relationship between GDP growth, expenditure on research and development, and medium- to high-tech as a percentage of manufactured exports on technological innovation in Pakistan. We evaluated long-run and short-run causal relationships using the ARDL, bound-F test, and ECM regression. The study found a positive relationship between GDP growth and technological innovation in the short and long run. In the short run, with a one-year lag, the analysis reveals a positive and statistically significant relationship between technological innovation, medium-high-tech exports, and GDP growth. In the long run, R&D is positive and significant, while economic growth and technological innovation are positive but not statistically significant. There is a 0.38 percent chance that exogenous shocks will eventually lead to equilibrium in the long run. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended to allocate resources to research and development, promoting collaborative initiatives, ensuring intellectual property rights, and developing a skilled workforce.

Designing a circular carbon and plastics economy for a sustainable future.

The linear production and consumption of plastics today is unsustainable. It creates large amounts of unnecessary and mismanaged waste, pollution and carbon dioxide emissions, undermining global climate targets and the Sustainable Development Goals. This Perspective provides an integrated technological, economic and legal view on how to deliver a circular carbon and plastics economy that minimizes carbon dioxide emissions. Different pathways that maximize recirculation of carbon (dioxide) between plastics waste and feedstocks are outlined, including mechanical, chemical and biological recycling, and those involving the use of biomass and carbon dioxide. Four future scenarios are described, only one of which achieves sufficient greenhouse gas savings in line with global climate targets. Such a bold system change requires 50% reduction in future plastic demand, complete phase-out of fossil-derived plastics, 95% recycling rates of retrievable plastics and use of renewable energy. It is hard to overstate the challenge of achieving this goal. We therefore present a roadmap outlining the scale and timing of the economic and legal interventions that could possibly support this. Assessing the service lifespan and recoverability of plastic products, along with considerations of sufficiency and smart design, can moreover provide design principles to guide future manufacturing, use and disposal of plastics.

Leveraging investment in agricultural science, technology, and innovation in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Climate change poses severe impacts on and risks to agriculture, food, and nutrition, particularly for smallholders. Agricultural researchers are tasked with deciphering interconnected variables-from soil characteristics and nutrient cycles to water and biodiversity-to create a robust framework for technological advancements. Increasing sustainability, resilience, and productivity is an urgent need that requires approaches to research and innovation tailored to both regional and country-specific challenges. One compelling model of regional collaboration is FONTAGRO, the Regional Fund for Agricultural Technology, which for 25 years has combined public and private institutions in supporting science, technology, and innovation within the agrifood sector in Latin American and the Caribbean. The science-based evidence that emerges is strategic not only for its local application but also for its potential in other regions of the world and capacity to accelerate the transformation of agrifood systems.

Can green finance promote green technology innovation in enterprises: empirical evidence from China.

Green technology innovation is a crucial step in China's transition towards a green economy and has received substantial financial support through green finance. However, China's efficacy in using green finance to serve enterprise green technology innovation is still at an exploratory stage. This study takes the 2017 policy of the Chinese government on "Green Finance Reform and Innovation Pilot Zones" as a quasi-natural experiment and constructs a difference-in-difference model to examine the impact of green finance on enterprise green technology innovation. The research results reveal that green financial policies significantly promote green technology innovation and have an incentive effect on the application of green invention patents and green utility model patents, with this conclusion being robust. This is particularly true for large-scale enterprises, state-owned enterprises, and non-heavy polluting enterprises. Compared to large-scale enterprises, state-owned enterprises, and non-heavy-polluting enterprises are more inclined to apply for green invention patents. Inspection of influence mechanisms suggests that green finance policies alleviate financing constraints and signaling effect to improve enterprises' green innovation, whereas external market supervision is ineffective. Based on empirical results, relevant policy suggestions are proposed to help green finance better serve enterprises' green innovation.

Age, morbidity, or something else? A residual approach using microdata to measure the impact of technological progress on health care expenditure.

This study measures the increment of health care expenditure (HCE) that can be attributed to technological progress and change in medical practice by using a residual approach and microdata. We examine repeated cross-sections of individuals experiencing an initial health shock at different point in time over a 10-year window and capture the impact of unobservable technology and medical practice to which they are exposed after allowing for differences in health and socioeconomic characteristics. We decompose the residual increment in the part that is due to the effect of delaying time to death, that is, individuals surviving longer after a health shock and thus contributing longer to the demand of care, and the part that is due to increasing intensity of resource use, that is, the basket of services becoming more expensive to allow for the cost of innovation. We use data from the Danish National Health System that offers universal coverage and is free of charge at the point of access. We find that technological progress and change in medical practice can explain about 60% of the increment of HCE, in line with macroeconomic studies that traditionally investigate this subject.

Discretionary Effort on Green Technology Innovation: How Chinese Enterprises Act when Facing Financing Constraints.

Firm's effort on Green technology innovation (hereafter, called G-innovation) is affected by financing constraints, and firm will make a discretionary choice according to its own situation, to achieve the maximization of self-interests. Based on the data of Chinese micro enterprises, firstly, we empirically analyze firms' decision-making towards G-innovation when faced with financing constraints. It supports the view that financing constraints can hinder enterprise technological innovation. And we also make an explanation that the social benefits of green technology innovation are greater than personal benefits, which makes enterprises tend to reduce green technology innovation when facing financing constraints. Then we examine firms' heterogonous behaviors under different internal attributes and external environments. The results reveal that: First, firms are reluctant to pay more efforts to G-innovation when faced with increased financing constraints. Second, firms with different attributes exhibit heterogeneous G-innovation. Political connections will change firms' willingness to innovate, while the structure of property rights and the pollution degree will not. Third, firms under different external environment also exhibit heterogeneous G-innovation. When economic policy uncertainty increases, firms' willingness to innovate weakens. The development of shadow banks fail to improve firm's willingness to innovate.

Universities' Scientific and Technological Transformation in China: Its Efficiency and Influencing Factors in the Yangtze River Economic Belt.

Universities are important sources of knowledge and key members of the regional innovation system. The key problem in Chinese universities is the low efficiency of the scientific and technological (S&T) transformation, which limits the promotion of regional innovation and economic development. This article proposes the three-stage efficiency analytical framework, which regards it as a complex and interactive process. Avoiding the problem of considering the input and output of university S&T transformation as a "black box" and neglecting the links among different transformation stages. The super efficiency network SBM model is applied to the heterogeneous region of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Empirical research proves that university S&T transformation has not been effectively improved and the scientific resources invested in universities have not been efficiently utilized in recent years. Generally, Despite the correlation between regional economy and transformation efficiency, the exclusive increase in resources is not enough. Regional openness and the quality of research talents are key factors for the application of technological innovation and technology marketization. Universities should not only pursue the number of research outputs but pay more attention to high-quality knowledge production to overcome difficulties in research achievements transformation.

Resource competition and technological diversity.

The work develops and investigates a mathematical model for evolution of the technological structure of an economic system where different technologies compete for the common essential resources. The model is represented by a system of consumer-resource rate equations. Consumers are technologies formalized as populations of weakly differentiated firms producing a similar commodity with like average output. Firms are characterized by the Leontief-Liebig production function in stock-flow representation. Firms self-replicate with a rate proportional to production output of the respective technology and dissolve with a constant rate of decay. The resources are supplied to the system from outside and consumed by concerned technologies; the unutilized resource amounts are removed elsewhere. The inverse of a per firm break-even resource availability is proposed to serve as a measure for competitiveness towards a given resource. The necessary conditions for coexistence of different technologies are derived, according to which each contender must be a superior competitor for one specific resource and an inferior competitor for the others. The model yields a version of the principle of competitive exclusion: in a steady state, the number of competing technologies cannot exceed the number of limiting resources. Competitive outcomes (either dominance or coexistence) in the general system of multiple technologies feeding on multiple essential resources are shown to be predictable from knowledge of the resource-dependent consumption and growth rates of each technological population taken alone. The proposed model of exploitative competition with explicit resource dynamics enables more profound insight into the patterns of technological change as opposed to conventional mainstream models of innovation diffusion.

Regional economic integration via detection of circular flow in international value-added network.

Global value chains are formed through value-added trade, and some regions promote economic integration by concluding regional trade agreements to promote these chains. However, it has not been established to quantitatively assess the scope and extent of economic integration involving various sectors in multiple countries. In this study, we used the World Input-Output Database to create a cross-border sector-wise network of trade in value-added (international value-added network) covering the period of 2000-2014 and evaluated them using network science methods. By applying Infomap to the international value-added network, we confirmed two regional communities: Europe and the Pacific Rim. We applied Helmholtz-Hodge decomposition to the value-added flows within the region into potential and circular flows, and clarified the annual evolution of the potential and circular relationships between countries and sectors. The circular flow component of the decomposition was used to define an economic integration index. Findings confirmed that the degree of economic integration in Europe declined sharply after the economic crisis in 2009 to a level lower than that in the Pacific Rim. The European economic integration index recovered in 2011 but again fell below that of the Pacific Rim in 2013. Moreover, sectoral economic integration indices suggest what Europe depends on Russia in natural resources makes the European economic integration index unstable. On the other hand, the indices of the Pacific Rim suggest the steady economic integration index of the Pacific Rim captures the stable global value chains from natural resources to construction and manufactures of motor vehicles and high-tech products.

RD internationalization, domestic technology alliance, and innovation in emerging market.

Although R&D internationalization plays an important role in enterprises' globalization, few studies explore the mechanism of R&D internationalization and emerging market companies' innovation, or the relationship between R&D internationalization, domestic technology alliances and absorptive capacity. How does the R&D internationalization of emerging market enterprises affect the innovation of those enterprises? Under fierce market competition, do absorption capacity and domestic technology alliances have a significant impact on enterprise innovation? From the perspective of the knowledge-based view, this paper studies 185 enterprises undergoing R&D internationalization in China from 2012 to 2017, using high-dimensional Poisson fixed effects model, we use instrumental (HDFE IV) estimation to explain the impact of R&D internationalization on the innovation of the parent company and the mechanism behind it. The study finds that R&D internationalization positively promotes the parent company's innovation, and domestic technology alliances and absorptive capacity play a partial mediator role in R&D internationalization. In the face of fierce market competition, domestic technical alliances play a significant role in promoting enterprise innovation, while absorptive capacity plays a negative role in promoting enterprise innovation with the moderating effect of market competition.

Advanced Diagnostic and Therapeutic Bronchoscopy: Technology and Reimbursement.

Advanced interventional pulmonary procedures of the airways, pleural space, and mediastinum continue to evolve and be refined. Health care, finance, and clinical professionals are challenged by both the indications and related coding complexities. As the scope of interventional pulmonary procedures expands with advanced technique and medical innovation, program planning and ongoing collaboration among clinicians, finance executives, and reimbursement experts are key elements for success. We describe advanced bronchoscopic procedures, appropriate Current Procedural Terminology coding, valuations, and necessary modifiers to fill the knowledge gap between basic and advanced procedural coding. Our approach is to balance the description of procedures with the associated coding in a way that is of use to the proceduralist, the coding specialist, and other nonclinical professionals.