Elimination of Simulium neavei-Transmitted Onchocerciasis in Wambabya-Rwamarongo Focus of Western Uganda.

Wambabya-Rwamarongo onchocerciasis focus is one of the eight foci Uganda verified using the WHO verification guidelines. The approach for elimination was twice yearly treatment with ivermectin for every round, treating at least 90% of all the eligible population. This was in combination with vector elimination using Abate® (BASF SE, Limburgerhof, Germany) since elimination nationwide policy was launched. From 2008 to 2013, the program distributed ivermectin with a mean treatment coverage of the ultimate treatment goal (UTG) or eligible population of 91.2%, with a range of 85-96%. In 2009, vector elimination based on ground larviciding had a dramatic impact on the Simulium vectors, as the last fly was observed in October 2009. No more Simulium vectors were observed during a period of at least 7 years, including the 3-year posttreatment surveillance (PTS) until the focus was reclassified as eliminated in August 2017. During the PTS period, none of the 10,578 trapped crabs were found infested with the aquatic stages of the vector. The last infested crab was observed in March 2010, and for at least 7 years, no infested crabs were observed. Serological surveys showed that of 2,978 young children examined in 2013, only one was OV16 positive (0.0%; 95% CI: 0-0.21). In 2017, after the PTS period, all 3,079 young children examined were negative for OV16 (95% CI: 0-0.16). Therefore, entomological and serological results provided evidence that resulted in the reclassification of Wambabya-Rwamarongo focus from "transmission interrupted" to "transmission eliminated" with no possibility of recrudescence.

Evaluación de la resistencia a insecticidas en cepas de Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) de la Región Caribe de Costa Rica / Evaluation of insecticide resistance in strains of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Caribbean region of Costa Rica

Introducción: el dengue y chikungunya son virosis antroponóticas transmitidas por Aedes aegypti que afectan extensas áreas del continente americano incluyendo Costa Rica. La reciente introducción del virus Zika representa un nuevo reto para los sistemas de salud. Dada la ausencia de tratamiento antiviral y vacunas, el control del vector Ae. aegypti, representa la única alternativa para minimizar el impacto de estas virosis. En Costa Rica, el control químico del vector se hace mediante la aplicación de piretroides (cipermetrina y deltametrina) y del organofosforado temefós; de ahí la importancia de detectar la aparición de resistencia a estos insecticidas. Objetivo: determinar el nivel de resistencia a temefós, cipermetrina y deltametrina en tres cepas de Ae. aegypti de la Región Caribe de Costa Rica, así como los mecanismos de detoxificación enzimática correspondientes. Métodos: la resistencia a temefós, cipermetrina y deltametrina se evaluó mediante bioensayos larvarios. Grupos de 20 larvas se expusieron por 24 h a 5 concentraciones de insecticidas que generaron una mortalidad entre el 2 y el 100 por ciento. Cada concentración se evaluó mediante cinco réplicas y se calculó la concentración que causa el 50 por ciento de letalidad (CL50). Como control susceptible se empleó la cepa Rockefeller. Con cada cepa se calculó un factor de resistencia 50 por ciento (FR50) para cada insecticida. Cuando se observó resistencia, se repitieron los bioensayos mediante exposición previa de las larvas a butóxido de piperonilo (PB) y S,S,S, tributilfosforotritioato (DEF) para evaluar el mecanismo detoxificante relacionado. Resultados: ninguna de las cepas evaluadas fue resistente al temefós. En las cepas Guápiles y Limón se determinó una resistencia incipiente a cipermetrina (CL50= 0,01022, FR50= 7,35 y CL 50= 0,01016, FR50= 7,30, respectivamente), mientras que en la cepa Siquirres se detectó resistencia a deltametrina (CL50= 0,01973 mg/L, FR5= 12,64). En los casos referidos hubo una disminución de la resistencia cuando se dio el pretratamiento con PB, lo que indica una detoxificación mediada por el sistema Cit P450 monooxigenasa. Conclusiones: los resultados en el presente estudio demuestran que el temefós sigue siendo efectivo para el control larvario de Ae. aegypti en las principales localidades de la región Caribe de Costa Rica. Con respecto a los piretroides se alerta ante la aparición de resistencia, lo que conlleva la necesidad de optimizar los procesos de monitoreo y la implementación de otras alternativas de control químico(AU)

Introduction: dengue and chikungunya are anthroponotic virus infections transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. These conditions affect large areas of the American continent, including Costa Rica. The recent introduction of Zika virus infection is a new challenge for health systems. Given the absence of antiviral treatment and vaccines, Aedes aegypti control is the only alternative to minimize the impact of these viral diseases. In Costa Rica chemical control of the vector is based on the use of pyrethroids (cypermethrin and deltamethrin) and the organophosphate larvicide temephos, hence the importance of detecting the emergence of resistance to these insecticides. Objective: determine the level of resistance to temephos, cypermethrin and deltamethrin in three Aedes aegypti strains from the Caribbean region of Costa Rica, as well as the corresponding enzymatic detoxification mechanisms. Methods: resistance to temephos, cypermethrin and deltamethrin was evaluated with larval bioassays. Groups of 20 larvae were exposed to 5 insecticide concentrations for 24 h. Mortality ranged between 2 and 100 percent. Each concentration was evaluated by means of five replications, and estimation was performed of the concentration causing 50 percent lethality (CL50). The Rockefeller strain was used as susceptible control. Each strain underwent estimation of a 50 percent resistance factor (RF50) for each insecticide. Whenever resistance was observed, the bioaasays were repeated with prior exposure of the larvae to piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and S.S.S. phosphotrithiate tributyl (DEF) to evaluate the corresponding detoxification mechanism. Results: none of the strains evaluated was resistant to temephos. Incipient resistance to cypermethrin was detected in strains Guápiles and Limón (CL50= 0.01022, RF50= 7.35 and CL 50= 0.01016, RF50= 7.30, respectively), whereas resistance to deltamethrin was detected in the Siquirres strain (CL50= 0.01973 mg/L, RF50= 12.64). In the above-mentioned cases resistance decreased when pre-treatment with PBO was provided, indicating the presence of detoxification mediated by the Cyt P450 monooxygenase system. Conclusions: results show that temephos continues to be effective for larval control of Aedes aegypti in the main areas of the Caribbean region of Costa Rica. A warning is hereby given about the emergence of pyrethroid resistance, leading to the need to optimize monitoring processes and the implementation of other chemical control alternatives(AU)

Spinosad, a naturally derived insecticide, for control of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): efficacy, persistence, and elicited oviposition response.

The naturally derived insecticide spinosad is a reduced-risk material that is neurotoxic to Diptera. The 24-h 50% lethal concentration by laboratory bioassay in third instars of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) (Rockefeller strain) was estimated at 0.026 ppm. Two identical field trials were performed in an urban cemetery in southern Mexico during the dry and wet seasons. Water containers treated with 1 or 5 ppm spinosad suspension concentrate (Tracer, Dow Agrosciences) were as effective in preventing the development of Aedes spp. (mostly Ae. aegypti) as temephos granules during both trials, whereas the bacterial insecticide VectoBac 12AS performed poorly. The half-life of aqueous solutions of spinosad (10 ppm) placed in a warm sunny location was 2.1 d, compared with 24.5 d for solutions in a shaded location. Spinosad, temephos, and VectoBac were not repellent to gravid Ae. aegypti at the concentrations tested, and no ovicidal properties were observed. The 24-h survival of neonate larvae but was reduced by 94-100% in the presence of residues carried over from the spinosad treatments, but it was not affected by residues of temephos or VectoBac. The toxicological properties of spinosad, combined with its favorable environmental profile, should encourage the detailed evaluation of spinosad as a mosquito larvicide in domestic and urban environments.

Dracunculiasis eradication: delayed, not denied.

By the end of 1998, Asia was free of dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease), with Pakistan, India, and Yemen having interrupted transmission in 1993, 1996, and 1997, respectively. Transmission of the disease was also interrupted in Cameroon and Senegal during 1997. Chad reported only 3 cases during 1998. Dracunculiasis is now confined to only 13 countries in Africa. The overall number of cases has been reduced by more than 97% from the 3.2 million cases estimated to have occurred in 1986 to 78,557 cases reported in 1998. Because the civil war in Sudan remains the major impediment to eradication of dracunculiasis, the interim goal is to stop all transmission outside that country by the end of 2000. The most important operational need now is for national programs to improve the frequency and quality of supervision of village-based health workers in order to enhance the sensitivity of surveillance and effectiveness of case containment.