[When the seed sprouts: The first thirty years of the VIKOTE].

The Hungarian Association for Behavioural, Cognitive and Schema Therapies (HABCT) has continuously been developing since its foundation 30 years ago. László Tringer was the first to teach Cognitive and Behavioural Therapy (CBT) in Hungary and to establish the first educational team. Their goal was to familiarise doctors and other professionals with CBT's methodology in psychotherapy. They conducted research in the field using CBT and supported other research projects as well. Today, HABCT has its own Psychotherapy Center running various programs from multilevel psychotherapy and individual training, to patient care and other health related programs. The leaders of the association were present and assisted the works of the Hungarian Psychiatric Association, Hungarian Psychological Association, Psychotherapeutic Gremium, Psychotherapeutic Co-ordination Committee and international cognitive behavioural associations.

21st Century Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Anger: A Systematic Review of Research Design, Methodology and Outcome.

BACKGROUND: Past reviews of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for anger have focused on outcome in specific subpopulations, with few questions posed about research design and methodology. Since the turn of the century, there has been a surge of methodologically varied studies awaiting systematic review. AIMS: The basic aim was to review this recent literature in terms of trends and patterns in research design, operationalization of anger, and covariates such as social desirability bias (SDB). Also of interest was clinical outcome. METHOD: After successive culling, 42 relevant studies were retained. These were subjected to a rapid evidence assessment (REA) with special attention to design (ranked on the Scientific Methods Scale) measurement methodology (self-monitored behaviour, anger questionnaires, and others' ratings), SDB assessment, and statistical versus clinical significance. RESULTS: The randomized controlled trial characterized 60% of the studies, and the State Trait Anger Expression Inventory was the dominant measure of anger. All but one of the studies reported statistically significant outcome, and all but one of the 21 studies evaluating clinical significance laid claim to it. The one study with neither statistical nor clinical significance was the only one that had assessed and corrected for SDB. CONCLUSIONS: Measures remain relatively narrow in scope, but study designs have improved, and the outcomes suggest efficacy and clinical effectiveness. In conjunction with previous findings of an inverse relationship between anger and SDB, the results raise the possibility that the favourable picture of CBT for anger may need closer scrutiny with SDB and other methodological details in mind.

50 years of rational-emotive and cognitive-behavioral therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), introduced by Albert Ellis in the late 1950s, is one of the main pillars of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Existing reviews on REBT are overdue by 10 years or more. We aimed to summarize the effectiveness and efficacy of REBT since its beginnings and investigate the alleged mechanisms of change. METHOD: Systematic search identified 84 articles, out of which 68 provided data for between-group analyses and 39 for within-group analyses. RESULTS: We found a medium effect size of REBT compared to other interventions on outcomes (d = 0.58) and on irrational beliefs (d = 0.70), at posttest. For the within-group analyses, we obtained medium effects for both outcomes (d = 0.56) and irrational beliefs (d = 0.61). Several significant moderators emerged. CONCLUSION: REBT is a sound psychological intervention. Directions for future studies are outlined, stemming from the limitations of existing ones.

Psychological mislabeling of chronic pain: lessons from migraine in the 20th century.

Starting with Freud, psychoanalytically oriented practitioners described a complex of unconscious conflicts, desires and personality traits they believed to be the primary cause of a wide range of medical disorders. This was the psychogenic model. With the advance of basic research and pharmacotherapy, the psychogenic model was gradually replaced by a biopsychobehavioral model. This model treats chronic pain as a biologically based disorder that can be influenced by psychological factors and lifestyle. The present paper argues that many patients with chronic pain may not be significantly impacted by psychological factors, and that for those who are, cognitive-behavioral therapy is the treatment of choice.

The origins and professionalization of cognitive psychotherapy in Argentina.

The growing popularity of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has helped reshape the mental health scene in the city of Buenos Aires, historically the stronghold of psychoanalysis. In the early 1980s, CBT was infrequently used and sometimes overtly resisted in the field of mental health. Almost 3 decades later, the impact of CBT has increased dramatically in Argentina, not only in independent practice but also in the health system and in everyday life. This article aims to describe the process by which Argentine psychotherapists first adopted this new theoretical framework.

The evolution of behaviour therapy and cognitive behaviour therapy.

The historical background of the development of behaviour therapy is described. It was based on the prevailing behaviourist psychology and constituted a fundamentally different approach to the causes and treatment of psychological disorders. It had a cold reception and the idea of treating the behaviour of neurotic and other patients was regarded as absurd. The opposition of the medical profession and psychoanalysts is explained. Parallel but different forms of behaviour therapy developed in the US and UK. The infusion of cognitive concepts and procedures generated a merger of behaviour therapy and cognitive therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT). The strengths and limitations of the early and current approaches are evaluated.

Joseph Hersey Pratt (1872-1956): An early proponent of cognitive-behavioural therapy in America.

The treatment of mild psychoneuroses in America began shifting in the 1950s from Freudian psychoanalysis to various forms of psychotherapy that do not delve into patient's subconscious. Some of the new approaches were termed cognitive, behavioural or cognitive behavioural therapy and in America were practised notably by Joseph Wolpe, Albert Ellis and Aaron T Beck. Modern psychiatric literature makes little mention of two prior innovators in this area - the French neurologist Jules Dejerine and his Boston disciple Joseph H Pratt. In the early 1900s, Dejerine treated patients at La Salpêtrière in Paris using techniques adopted subsequently by Pratt during the 1930s and employed by the trio some decades later. This paper revisits the early history of psychotherapy in America and includes a brief summary of Pratt's medical career.

The "Splendid Isolation" of Aaron T. Beck.

Aaron T. Beck's Cognitive Therapy (CT) is a school of psychotherapy, conceived in the 1960s, that is celebrated by many clinicians for having provided the scientific antidote to all that was wrong with psychoanalysis. This essay situates the origins of CT in the crisis of legitimacy in psychiatry in the 1960s and 1970s, when, among many charges, psycho- analysts had to face the accusation that analysis was not adequately scientific. Beck actually began his career as both a psychoanalyst and an experimentalist. Contrary to common triumphalist accounts, Beck created CT to be a neutral space, not a partisan one, in turbulent times. Other notable psychoanalysts also sought compromise, rather than partisanship, to bridge the transition to biomedical science. The biographical approach of this essay to the origins of Beck's CT both situates him historiographically and articulates the complex experiences of a generation of psychoanalysts otherwise opaque to standard narratives.

Lars-Göran Öst.

Lars-Göran Öst is one of the most eminent clinical researchers in the field of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) and a founder of CBT in Sweden. He has recently retired from his position as professor in clinical psychology at Stockholm University, Sweden. In this paper, we sketch a brief description of the body of work by Öst. Examples of his innovative and pioneering new treatment methods include the one-session treatment for specific phobias, as well as applied relaxation for a range of anxiety disorders and health conditions. While Öst remains active in the field, he has contributed significantly to the development and dissemination of CBT in Sweden as well as in the world.

Rehabilitation of aphasia.

Aphasia is one of the most striking cognitive sequels of strokes and other cerebral lesions, and attempts to rehabilitate aphasic patients have been undertaken for many years. Following a brief overview of the epidemiology and the clinical characteristics of aphasia, the chapter presents the major traditional approaches to rehabilitation. They include the stimulation approach (also called classic), the behavior modification approach, Luria's approach (functional reorganization), the pragmatic approach, as well as the neurolinguistic approach. The next section illustrates some of the current approaches to aphasia rehabilitation, specifically the syndromic approach (also called neoassociationist), the cognitive neuropsychological approach, and the social approach. The chapter then provides examples of specific methods. While all intervention strategies may be classified, more or less correctly, into one or another of the above categories, it is not possible to mention the hundreds of specific interventions to be found in the literature, some of which have been described only briefly and in reference to a single case. The chapter concludes with a review of efficacy studies on aphasia therapy. Despite some opinions to the contrary, the current consensus is that sufficient experimental evidence of efficacy exists to recommend treatment of aphasia.

Aaron T. Beck's drawings and the psychoanalytic origin story of cognitive therapy.

In this essay the author challenges the standard origin story of cognitive therapy, namely, that its founder Aaron T. Beck broke with psychoanalysis to pursue a more pragmatic, parsimonious, and experimentalist cognitive model. It is true that Beck broke with psychoanalysis in large measure as a result of his experimental disconfirmation of key psychoanalytic ideas. His new school of cognitive therapy brought the experimental ethos into every corner of psychological life, extending outward into the largest multisite randomized controlled studies of psychotherapy ever attempted and inward into the deepest recesses of our private worlds. But newly discovered hand-sketched drawings from 1964 of the schema, a conceptual centerpiece of cognitive therapy, as well as unpublished personal correspondence show that Beck continued to think psychoanalytically even after he broke with psychoanalysis. The drawings urge us to consider an origin story much more complex than the one of inherited tradition. This new, multifaceted origin story of cognitive therapy reaches beyond sectarian disagreements and speaks to a broader understanding of the theoretical underpinnings of cognitive therapy.

History of cognitive-behavioral therapy in youth.

The numerous intervention strategies that comprise cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) reflect its complex and integrative nature and include such topics as extinction, habituation, modeling, cognitive restructuring, problem solving, and the development of coping strategies, mastery, and a sense of self-control. CBT targets multiple areas of potential vulnerability (eg, cognitive, behavioral, affective) with developmentally guided strategies and traverses multiple intervention pathways. Although CBT is often considered the "first-line treatment" for many psychological disorders in youth, additional work is necessary to address nonresponders to treatment and to facilitate the dissemination of efficacious CBT approaches.

Laboratório de pesquisa e intervenção cognitivo-comportamental (LaPICC): ensino-pesquisa-extensão no dia a dia da formação de psicólogos / Research laboratory and cognitive behavioral intervention (LaPICC): Teaching-research-extension in the day-to-day training of psychologists

O presente trabalho visa apresentar o Laboratório de Pesquisa e IntervençãoCognitivo-Comportamental (LaPICC) do Departamento de Psicologia da Faculdadede Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade deSão Paulo. Apesar de sua recente história, apenas três anos e meio, o mesmojá pode auxiliar um grande número de pacientes a manejarem suas dificuldades,e também ofertou formação a diversos terapeutas em Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental e em Terapia Analítico-Comportamental. Como espaço de formação ele também tem atuado no aprimoramento de supervisores nestasáreas de atuação. O LaPICC conta com diferentes modalidades de intervençõesque variam desde o atendimento terapêutico individual, até processosem grupo visando a promoção de saúde, passando por diferentes intervençõesem saúde e educação. Neste sentido, a metodologia de formação (deterapeutas e supervisores), a forma de avaliação dos formandos e das intervenções,bem como do serviço prestado como um todo será discutido. Comum enfoque voltado para a indissociabilidade entre ensino-pesquisa-extensão,as estratégias utilizadas e os resultados alcançados nestes campos sãoapresentados e discutidos em termos de avanços e desafios a serem enfrentados.

Cognitive behavioral therapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Until the mid-1960s, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) was considered to be treatment-resistant, as both psychodynamic psychotherapy and medication had been unsuccessful in significantly reducing OCD symptoms. The first real breakthrough came in 1966 with the introduction of exposure and ritual prevention. This paper will discuss the cognitive behavioral conceptualizations that influenced the development of cognitive behavioral treatments for OCD. There will be a brief discussion of the use of psychodynamic psychotherapy and early behavioral therapy, neither of which produced successful outcomes with OCD. The main part of the paper will be devoted to current cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with an emphasis on variants of exposure and ritual or response prevention (EX/RP) treatments, the therapy that has shown the most empirical evidence of its efficacy.