RESUMEN
Rationale: Cancer cells reprogram cellular metabolism to fulfill their needs for rapid growth and metastasis. However, the mechanism controlling this reprogramming is poorly understood. We searched for upregulated signaling in metastatic colorectal cancer and investigated the mechanism by which Glut3 promotes tumor metastasis. Methods: We compared RNA levels and glycolytic capacity in primary and metastatic colon cancer. The expression and association of Glut3 with clinical prognosis in colon cancer tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry. Glut3 gain-of-function and loss-of-function were established using colon cancer HCT116, HT29, and metastatic 116-LM cells, and tumor invasiveness and stemness properties were evaluated. Metabolomic profiles were analyzed by GC/MS and CE-TOF/MS. The metastatic burden in mice fed a high-fat sucrose diet was assessed by intravenous inoculation with Glut3 knockdown 116-LM cells. Results: Upregulation of glycolytic genes and glycolytic capacity was detected in metastatic colorectal cancer cells. Specifically, Glut3 overexpression was associated with metastasis and poor survival in colorectal cancer patients. Mechanistically, Glut3 promoted invasiveness and stemness in a Yes-associated protein (YAP)-dependent manner. Activation of YAP in turn transactivated Glut3 and regulated a group of glycolytic genes. Interestingly, the expression and phosphorylation of PKM2 were concomitantly upregulated in metastatic colorectal cancer, and it was found to interact with YAP and enhance the expression of Glut3. Importantly, a high-fat high-sucrose diet promoted tumor metastasis, whereas the inhibition of either Glut3 or YAP effectively reduced the metastatic burden. Conclusion: Activation of the Glut3-YAP signaling pathway acts as a master activator to reprogram cancer metabolism and thereby promotes metastasis. Our findings reveal the importance of metabolic reprogramming in supporting cancer metastasis as well as possible therapeutic targets.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/genética , Adenocarcinoma/genética , Transformación Celular Neoplásica/genética , Neoplasias del Colon/genética , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Transportador de Glucosa de Tipo 3/genética , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma/diagnóstico , Adenocarcinoma/mortalidad , Adenocarcinoma/patología , Animales , Proteínas Portadoras/genética , Proteínas Portadoras/metabolismo , Proliferación Celular , Transformación Celular Neoplásica/metabolismo , Transformación Celular Neoplásica/patología , Neoplasias del Colon/diagnóstico , Neoplasias del Colon/mortalidad , Neoplasias del Colon/patología , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Transportador de Glucosa de Tipo 3/agonistas , Transportador de Glucosa de Tipo 3/antagonistas & inhibidores , Transportador de Glucosa de Tipo 3/metabolismo , Glucólisis/genética , Células HCT116 , Células HT29 , Humanos , Metástasis Linfática , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Desnudos , Pronóstico , ARN Interferente Pequeño/genética , ARN Interferente Pequeño/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Análisis de Supervivencia , Hormonas Tiroideas/genética , Hormonas Tiroideas/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/antagonistas & inhibidores , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de Xenoinjerto , Proteínas Señalizadoras YAP , Proteínas de Unión a Hormona TiroideRESUMEN
High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity is accompanied by insulin resistance and compromised brain synaptic plasticity through the impairment of insulin-sensitive pathways regulating neuronal survival, learning, and memory. Lipoic acid is known to modulate the redox status of the cell and has insulin mimetic effects. This study was aimed at determining the effects of dietary administration of lipoic acid on a HFD-induced obesity model in terms of (a) insulin signaling, (b) brain glucose uptake and neuronal- and astrocytic metabolism, and (c) synaptic plasticity. 3-Month old C57BL/6J mice were divided into 4 groups exposed to their respective treatments for 9 weeks: (1) normal diet, (2) normal diet plus lipoic acid, (3) HFD, and (4) HFD plus lipoic acid. HFD resulted in higher body weight, development of insulin resistance, lower brain glucose uptake and glucose transporters, alterations in glycolytic and acetate metabolism in neurons and astrocytes, and ultimately synaptic plasticity loss evident by a decreased long-term potentiation (LTP). Lipoic acid treatment in mice on HFD prevented several HFD-induced metabolic changes and preserved synaptic plasticity. The metabolic and physiological changes in HFD-fed mice, including insulin resistance, brain glucose uptake and metabolism, and synaptic function, could be preserved by the insulin-like effect of lipoic acid.
