Family refusal of skin donation for transplantation: trends and associated factors.

OBJECTIVES: to analyze the trends and factors associated with family refusal of skin donation for transplantation. METHODS: this cross-sectional study was conducted in the State of São Paulo, with family authorization terms collected from 2001 to 2020. The variables analyzed included year, age, gender, cause of death, and type of institution. Data were analyzed using linear and multiple logistic regression, with the Odds Ratio estimated at p<0.05 for statistical significance. RESULTS: 1,355 individuals refused skin donation. The trend of refusals decreased between 2001 and 2009 in the age groups of 0-11 years and 12-19 years, but increased in the group aged ≥60 years. This trend continued to decrease in the 0-11 years group from 2010 to 2020, and increased in the 20-40 years group. Males and the age groups of 20-40 years, 41-59 years, and ≥60 years exhibited 27%, 34%, 47%, and 53% lower chances of refusal, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: there is an urgent need for measures to mitigate the high number of refusals associated with skin donation.

Translation of SCAR-Q into Finnish and psychometric validation of the Finnish version.

BACKGROUND: An effective patient-reported outcome measure for scars is needed to assess scar treatments and thus improve scar management. The recently developed SCAR-Q questionnaire for all scar types, which consists of the Appearance, Symptom, and Psychosocial impact scales, has been developed with patients' input. The aim of this study was to translate the SCAR-Q into Finnish and to assess its psychometric properties in burn patients. METHODS: The translation protocol followed the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research guidelines. Participants for the psychometric validation of the Finnish SCAR-Q were adults with deep second or third degree burns treated with skin grafting in the Helsinki Burn Centre between 2006 and 2017. Internal consistency was assessed by using Crohnbach's alpha and reliability by using ICC, SEM, R values, and Mann-Whitney U-test. The internal structure of each SCAR-Q subscale was investigated by using exploratory factor analysis. RESULTS: 190 burn patients participated in the psychometric validation of the Finnish SCAR-Q. 135 (71.1 %) of the participants were male. Ceiling effect was present in all subscales. Internal consistency was excellent with all subscales, Crohnbach's alpha 0.97, 0.91, and 0.94. Reliability was good in all subscales, ICC 0.84, 0.88, and 0.91. The parallel analysis suggested inclusion of one factor into factor analysis for the Appearance scale and the Psychosocial impact scale, whereas two factors for the Symptom scale. CONCLUSION: The Finnish version of the SCAR-Q is equivalent with the original scale, showed excellent internal consistency, factor analysis confirmed it for the Appearance and Psychosocial impact scale, and demonstrated good reliability with all subscales when used in assessing burn scars.

The Application of Digital Design Combined with 3D Printing Technology in Skin Flap Transplantation for Fingertip Defects during the COVID-19 Epidemic.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the advantages of preoperative digital design of skin flaps to repair fingertip defects during the COVID-19 pandemic. We combined digital design with a 3D-printed model of the affected finger for preoperative communication with fingertip defect patients under observation in a buffer ward. METHODS: From December 2019 to January 2021, we obtained data from 25 cases of 30 fingertip defects in 15 males and 10 females, aged 20-65 years old (mean 35 ± 5 years). All cases were treated by digitally designing preoperative fingertip defect flaps combined with a 3D-printed model. Preoperative 3D Systems Sense scanning was routinely performed, 3-matic 12.0 was used to measure the fingertip defect area ranging from 1.5 cm × 3.5 cm to 2.0 cm × 5.0 cm, and the skin flap was designed. The flap area was 1.6 cm × 3.6 cm to 2.1 cm × 5.1 cm. CURA 15.02.1 was used to set parameters, and the 3D model of the affected finger was printed prior to the operation. Full-thickness skin grafts were taken from donor areas for repair. RESULTS: No vascular crises occurred in any of the 25 cases, and all flaps survived. The postoperative follow-up occurred over 3-12 months. All patients were evaluated 3 months after operation according to the trial standard of hand function evaluation of the Chinese Hand Surgery Society. The results showed that 20 cases had excellent outcomes (80%), four cases had good outcomes (16%), and one case had a fair outcome (4%). The excellent and good rate was 96%. CONCLUSIONS: During the COVID-19 epidemic, fingertip defects were treated with preoperative digital design of fingertip defect flaps combined with 3D printing. Precision design saves surgery time and improves the success rate of surgery and the survival rates of skin flaps. In addition, 3D model simulations improve preoperative communication efficiency, and the personalized design improves patient satisfaction.

Supermicrosurgical reconstruction of nasal tip defects using the preauricular reversed superficial temporal artery flap.

BACKGROUND: Microsurgical reconstruction of nasal tip defects is difficult to achieve. The free composite auricular flap allows for repair in a one-stage procedure. However, anastomosis to the recipient facial artery is often complicated because of its variable anatomy and the need for a vessel graft. In this study, we describe our experience using the alar artery and angular vein as recipient vessels for direct super microsurgical anastomosis. METHOD: From February 2004 to December 2015, thirty-two patients with different degrees of full-thickness multi-subunit nasal tip defects were included in this study. The superficial temporal vessels, alar artery, and angular vein were marked preoperatively by ultrasound detection. The preauricular reversed superficial temporal artery flap was harvested and transferred to the nasal tip defect region as a free flap using a supermicrosurgical technique. Patient pictures were taken before surgery and at 1, 3, and 6 months of follow-up. Outcomes and complications were recorded and analyzed. Moreover, a postoperative patient satisfaction survey was performed. RESULTS: The reversed superficial temporal artery flap was used in a total of 32 patients for the reconstruction of nasal tip defects in a one-stage procedure. In all cases, the alar artery and angular vein showed no anatomical variations and were used as recipient vessels. The size of the harvested preauricular flap size was 2.5 × 2.0 to 4.0 × 3.6 cm2, and the average flap size was 3.6 × 2.7 cm2. The length of the arterial pedicle was 4.0 to 6.7 cm, 5.58 cm on average. The length of the venous pedicle was 5.0 to 6.8 cm, 6.21 cm on average. Direct anastomosis was achieved in all patients, and in none of the cases, a vascular graft was needed. Donor sites were all closed primarily. Flap survival was complete, except for one case of vascular thrombosis, resulting in a 10% flap necrosis. Temporary hematoma was noted in one patient. The postoperative outcome showed excellent functional coverage and improved esthetic appearance. The average follow-up period was 12 months. The majority of patients (98.5%) rated their postoperative outcome as highly improved and improved. No late recurrence or other complications were seen in any of the patients. Twenty-two patients underwent a secondary debulking procedure of the flap for fine adjustment. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that the alar artery and angular vein are suitable recipient vessels for the super microsurgical reconstruction of nasal tip defects. Surgical planning and procedure are facilitated by their reliable anatomy without the need for a vessel graft. This technique may offer wider applications by extension to other facial cutaneous defects.

The application of W-plasty combined Botox-A injection in treating sunk scar on the face.

This study was aimed to explore the effect of W-plasty combined Botox-A injection in improving appearance of scar.According to the inclusive and exclusive criteria, patients received W-plasty combined Botox-A injection (study group) or traditional (control group) scar repairment were enrolled in this study. After surgery, a follow-up ranged from 1 to 2 years was conducted. The effectiveness of surgery was assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS).A total of 38 patients were enrolled in this study, including 21 cases in the study group and 17 cases in the control group. There were no significant difference were identified in age (t = 0.339, P = .736), gender ratio (χ = 0.003, P = .955) and scar forming reason (χ = 0.391, P = .822) between 2 groups. After treatment, the VAS score in the study group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < .001).W-plasty combined Botox-A injection can significantly improve the appearance of sunk scar on the face.

Health-related quality of life and patient burden in patients with split-thickness skin graft donor site wounds.

Split-thickness skin grafting is a common procedure to treat different kinds of wounds. This systematic, multicentre, observational, cross-sectional study of adult patients with split-thickness skin graft (STSG) donor site wounds was conducted to evaluate quality of life (QoL) impairments caused by donor site wounds following split-thickness skin grafting. Therefore, 112 patients from 12 wound centres in Germany were examined based on patient and physician questionnaires as well as a physical examination of the donor site wound. Most indications for skin grafting were postsurgical treatment (n = 51; 42.5%) and chronic wounds (n = 47; 39.2%). European QoL visual analoque scale (EQ VAS) averaged 64.7 ± 23.3, European QoL 5 dimensions (EQ-5D) averaged 77.4 ± 30.0. Wound-QoL (range: 0-4) was rated 0.8 ± 0.8 post-surgery and 0.4 ± 0.6 at the time of survey (on average 21 weeks between the time points). Compared to averaged Wound-QoL scores of chronic wounds donor site-related QoL impairments in split-thickness skin-graft patients were less pronounced. There were significant differences in patient burden immediately after surgery compared to the time of the survey, with medium effect sizes. This supports the hypothesis that faster healing of the donor site wound leads to more favourable patient-reported outcomes.

Dermatography (Medical Tattooing) for Scars and Skin Grafts in Head and Neck Patients to Improve Appearance and Quality of Life.

IMPORTANCE: Dermatography (medical tattooing) is often overlooked as an adjuvant procedure to improve color mismatch in the head and neck area, and its effect on patient satisfaction and quality of life has not been evaluated, to our knowledge. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effect of dermatography on the subjective perception of the appearance of scars and skin grafts and the quality of life in head and neck patients. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Case series of patients undergoing dermatography at the Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, between July 1, 2007, and April 1, 2015. Participants were invited to respond to 2 questionnaires measuring their scar or graft appearance and their quality of life before and after dermatography as an adjuvant treatment for benign or malignant head and neck tumors. INTERVENTION: Use of dermatography. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Two questionnaires evaluating a visual analog scale score (range, 0-10) and multiple questions on a 5-point scale focusing on satisfaction with the appearance and the quality of life. RESULTS: Among 76 patients, 56 (74%) were included in the study. The mean (SD) age of the study cohort was 56.5 (16.0) years, and 42 (75%) were female. The mean improvement in scar or skin graft perception on the visual analog scale of the modified Utrecht Questionnaire for Outcome Assessment in Aesthetic Rhinoplasty before and after dermatography was 4 points. On the modified Patient Scar Assessment Questionnaire, uniform improvement of approximately 1 point across 9 questions was observed. The answers to all patient satisfaction and quality-of-life questions on both questionnaires improved significantly after dermatography. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Dermatography is an effectual adjuvant procedure to improve the subjective perception of scar and skin graft appearance and the quality of life in head and neck patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

Patient experiences living with split thickness skin grafts.

The standard of care for deep burns is autologous split thickness skin grafting. Although adequate to resurface a deep wound, the resulting skin is chronically abnormal. The purpose of this study was to describe the experience of patients with split thickness skin grafts to help guide future investigations related to skin regeneration. In this study, an interpretive description qualitative methodology was employed. Subjects participated in a two-part single patient interview that was recorded and transcribed. A nurse with experience in clinical burn care coded and interpreted the data. Participants were recruited through presentation to a university based outpatient burn clinic for follow up from autologous split thickness skin grafting. Eight male patients and four female patients 20-62 years old ranging 2-29 months post-skin grafting were enrolled in the study. The most significant concerns voiced by patients were identified and organized into five themes: (1) a new normal, (2) split thickness skin graft symptoms, (3) appearance of new skin, (4) coping, and (5) participation in future clinical trials. Participants reported that the abnormalities related to their split thickness skin grafts were significant enough that they would be willing to participate in a future clinical trial investigating new cell-based therapies.

Donor-site preferences in women during autologous skin grafting.

BACKGROUND: Autologous split-thickness skin grafting has been proven to provide the best cosmetic and functional outcome after cutaneous burn injuries and thus is the standard of care. Clinical observations have shown that female burn patients frequently have greater difficulty choosing a donor site than do male burn patients. However, there is a lack of data characterizing donor-site preferences among women with burns. METHODS: The purpose of this study was to examine donor-site preferences among women using an online survey that included 356 responders between January 4, 2012, and April 4, 2012. RESULTS: This study found that there was a preference for posterior donor sites, with lower back, left buttock, and left posterior thigh being the most preferred sites. The least preferred locations were the right anterior upper arm, any aspect of the forearms, and the chest. Those surveyed and reporting a higher education level or concerns with scarring were least likely to choose anterior locations. Age, concern for color changes, and prior surgery or grafting had no statistically significant effect on donor-site preference. CONCLUSION: Given these strong preferences among female patients, posterior donor sites should be considered and discussed as compared with the current standard of using lateral or anterior thigh donor sites.

The impact of skin grafting on the quality of life and self-esteem of patients with venous leg ulcers.

BACKGROUND: The assessment of health-related quality of life in patients with venous leg ulcers provides important information for clinical decision making, evaluation of therapeutic benefits, and prediction of survival probabilities. METHODS: Health-related quality of life and self-esteem were assessed using the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the Rosenberg self-esteem (RSE) scale, respectively, in patients with venous leg ulcers treated with split-thickness skin grafts. One hundred patients with venous leg ulcers and indication for skin grafting were divided into two groups of 50 patients each: the control group (patients who received conservative treatment) and surgery group (patients who received split-thickness skin grafts). RESULTS: Patients in the surgery group reported significantly higher SF-36 scores (better health status) than controls one month after surgery, as well as 90 and 180 days postoperatively (p < 0.002). The mean total RSE score was significantly lower (indicating higher self-esteem) in the surgery group (mean RSE score, 17.54) than in the control group (mean RSE score, 24.22). CONCLUSIONS: Split-thickness skin grafting resulted in better health-related quality of life and self-esteem in patients with venous leg ulcers than did compression therapy with Unna's boot.

[The surgical treatment of scars]. / La prise en charge chirurgicale des cicatrices.

Scars can be functionally or socially disabling. Many patients affected therefore request corrective surgery. The list of surgical techniques is long and the most frequently-used solutions are well-known.

Correlations between morphological appearance and psychosocial difficulties in patients with extensive burns who received allotransplant.

Extensive burns are devastating traumatic events, with significant potential for development of complex psychosocial problems. The aim of the study was to identify and quantify these difficulties among extensive burns patients. This study was conducted at Clinical Emergency Hospital for Plastic, Reconstructive and Burns Surgery and "Bagdasar-Arseni" Emergency Hospital, in Bucharest, on 43 extensive burn patients. For each patient we developed a statistic sheet with demographic data and medical information. For data collection, subjects completed the following instruments: Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) and Satisfaction With Appearance Scale (SWAP). The impact variables evaluated in this study were demographic characteristic of patients, burn injury characteristics, abnormal scarring and visible scars, body image dissatisfaction and depression symptoms. Although performed on a small sample, the results of this pilot study could be a valuable starting point for future larger studies, to achieve more generalizable results on extensive burns survivor's quality of life.

The psychological impact of split-thickness skin grafts.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the psychological distress associated with a split-thickness skin graft (STSG). METHOD: A retrospective postal questionnaire survey of 102 patients who had undergone a STSG procedure within the last 3.5 years. Outcomes measures included the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Derriford Appearance Scale (DAS-59) and subjective rating scales (SRS) of noticeability and worry about the grafted and donor area. RESUTLS: Scores on the SRS correlated positively with HADS and DAS-59 scores. Rates of anxiety were higher than depression (19% vs 13%, respectively). Greater than 10% of the sample experienced significant appearance-related distress when compared to standardised test norms. Concerns about the grafted area were higher than for the donor site, but those concerned about the graft were also likely to be concerned about the donor area. Aged (< 60 years) and reason for surgery (trauma as opposed to cancer) were associated with significantly higher scores on appearance measures. CONCLUSION: STSG is not associated with high levels of psychological distress, However, there is a small but significant monitory who experience appearance-related distress, low mood and anxiety who would benefit from targeted psychological intervention, Demographic factors, such as age or gender, and length of time since surgery, are not useful discriminators in identifying vulnerable individuals. Simple SRS of visibility and worry correlate significantly with standardised psychological measures. These can be used as a short and effective screening tool to identify individuals who would benefit from postoperative psychological input. DECLARATION OF INTERNET: There were no external sources sources of funding for this study. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

[Informed consent to postmortem tissue donation: a catamnestic survey within a year of the donor's death]. / Die muskuloskelettale Gewebespende: Rückblickende Bewertung durch die Angehörigen des Spenders im Jahresabstand nach dem Tod.

UNLABELLED: The authors present data from 36 musculoskeletal donors. Talking to the next of kin plays a key role in the consenting process for tissue donation. We give an overview of our fundamental thoughts and the guidelines developed for the contact with the family and present the results of a catamnestic review. METHODS: One year after procurement, we contacted the consenting persons by telephone for an interview using a semi-standardized questionnaire to evaluate the information given on tissue donation and the emotional processing of the death. RESULTS: 8-18 months after the donation, 26 (72.2 %) consenting persons could be reached and gave a positive feedback with regard to the information and support provided and the consent given by them at that time. DISCUSSION: The telephone contact of physicians from an Institute of Legal Medicine with the family of a deceased is perceived as being helpful in an acute stress situation caused by a sudden death and as an accepted way to ascertain the deceased's last will with regard to a potential musculoskeletal donation. According to the German Transplantation Act asking for musculoskeletal donations is the duty of every physician. Our data show that this does not constitute an additional burden for the relatives, if the question is asked in an appropriate way.

Sensory perception and neuroanatomical structures in normal and grafted skin of burn survivors.

BACKGROUND: This study compared the neural structures found in grafted skin of burn survivors with neural structures found in site-matched normal skin and correlated these structures with psychophysical measures of sensation. METHODS: Fifteen skin-grafted male burn survivors (47.7+/-10.4 years old) with deep partial- or full-thickness thermal burn injuries covering an average of 11+/-5.6% of their total body surface and with normal skin at a matching, unburned, contralateral site were recruited into this study. Threshold determinations and magnitude estimations for touch, cold, warmth and heat-pain were performed at sites with grafted and normal skin, using Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments and the Medoc TSA 2001 thermal stimulator. Skin biopsies from both the grafted and normal sites were stained with antibodies for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP) and neurofilament 200 kDa. Nerve fibers in the epidermis and nerve fibers or bundles of nerve fibers in the superficial and deep dermis as well as innervated blood vessels, hair follicles and sweat glands were counted. RESULTS: On average, the data were collected 43.1+/-10.4 months after grafting. When thresholds on grafted skin were compared to thresholds on normal skin, they showed elevated sensory thresholds [touch (p<0.003), cold (p<0.031), warmth (p<0.009)]. Magnitude estimates of touch, cold and warmth differed on the two sides with sensations elicited from grafts being smaller than those from normal skin. Heat-pain thresholds and heat-pain magnitude estimations were not statistically different on the two sites. By comparison to the normal side, and consistent with the attenuated sensory functions of the grafts, counts of neural structures showed a reduction in innervation density; PGP-immunoreactive nerve fibers/bundles were reduced in grafted epidermis (p<0.026) and superficial dermis (p<0.001). The numbers of sweat glands (p<0.006) and hair follicles (p<0.001) were also reduced. The number of innervated blood vessels did not differ significantly on the two sides. There were significant correlations between sensory thresholds and the neuroanatomical variables: thresholds of cold and touch were correlated with the number of sweat glands in both grafted and normal skin (r2=0.56 and 0.50, respectively; p<0.001), while warmth thresholds were significantly correlated with the number of innervated blood vessels in grafted skin (r2=0.62, p<0.001). Encapsulated mechanoreceptors were not encountered in this study of hairy skin. CONCLUSIONS: Touch, cold and warmth thresholds and magnitude estimations do not return to normal levels after skin grafting in burn survivors. The elevation of thresholds and reduction of sensory intensity is accompanied by a general decrease in the density of nerve terminals. The lack, or numerical reduction, of sweat glands and innervated blood vessels was also indicative of diminished sensation on grafted skin.

Reality and fantasies: the psychology of skin transplants.

Skin transplants present similarities with and differences from other organ transplants (heart, kidney, liver) in the psychological sphere and in regard to symbolic and mythological references. A brief story supplies some explanations and introduces the reader to information in the psychosomatic and psycholinguistic spheres in scientific literature. We also present a list of commonly used terms that include the word skin, and cite important literary references that have some relationship with the subject of skin transplants, all to emphasize and explain why/how this topic is so emotionally involving.