Sacral neuromodulation therapy for urinary and defecatory disorders: experience in a Latin American public hospital.

Objective: To show the experience of a Latin American public hospital, with SNM in the management of either OAB, NOUR or FI, reporting feasibility, short to medium-term success rates, and complications. Methods: A retrospective cohort was conducted using data collected prospectively from patients with urogynecological conditions and referred from colorectal surgery and urology services between 2015 and 2022. Results: Advanced or basic trial phases were performed on 35 patients, 33 (94%) of which were successful and opted to move on Implantable Pulse Generator (GG) implantation. The average follow-up time after definitive implantation was 82 months (SD 59). Of the 33 patients undergoing, 27 (81%)reported an improvement of 50% or more in their symptoms at last follow-up. Moreover, 30 patients (90%) with a definitive implant reported subjective improvement, with an average PGI-I "much better" and 9 of them reporting to be "excellent" on PGI-I. Conclusion: SNM is a feasible and effective treatment for pelvic floor dysfunction. Its implementation requires highly trained groups and innovative leadership. At a nation-wide level, greater diffusion of this therapy among professionals is needed to achieve timely referral of patients who require it.

Regenerative Medicine in Urogynecology: Where We Are and Where We Want to Be.

ABSTRACT: Pelvic floor disorders (PFDs) constitute a major public health issue given their negative effect on quality of life for millions of women worldwide and the associated economic burden. As the prevalence of PFDs continues to increase, novel therapeutic approaches for the effective treatment of these disorders are urgently needed. Regenerative medicine techniques, including cellular therapies, extracellular vesicles, secretomes, platelet-rich plasma, laser therapy, and bioinductive acellular biomaterial scaffolds, are emerging as viable clinical options to counteract urinary and fecal incontinence, as well as pelvic organ prolapse. This brief expert review explores the current state-of-science regarding application of these therapies for the treatment of PFDs. Although regenerative approaches have not been widely deployed in clinical care to date, these innovative techniques show a promising safety profile and potential to positively affect the quality of life of patients with PFDs. Furthermore, investigations focused on regeneration of the main constituents of the pelvic floor and lower urinary tract improve our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of PFDs. Regenerative medicine techniques have a high potential not only to revolutionize treatment of PFDs but also to prevent these complex conditions.

Primary care providers practice patterns regarding female pelvic floor disorders.

INTRODUCTION: Pelvic floor disorders (PFDs) pose substantial physical and psychological burdens for a growing number of women. Given the ubiquity of these conditions and known patient reluctance to seek care, primary care providers (PCPs) have a unique opportunity to increase treatment and provide appropriate referrals for these patients. METHODS: An online survey was administered to PCPs to assess provider practices, knowledge, comfort managing and ease of referral for PFDs. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between demographic/practice characteristics of PCPs and two primary outcomes of interest: discomfort with management and difficulty with referral of PFDs. RESULTS: Of the 153 respondents to the survey, more felt comfortable managing stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and overactive bladder (OAB), compared with pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and faecal incontinence (FI) and were less likely to refer patients with urinary symptoms. Few providers elicited symptoms for POP and FI as compared with SUI and OAB. Provider variables that were significantly associated with discomfort with management varied by PFD, but tended to correlate with less exposure to PFDs (eg, those with fewer years of practice, and internal medicine and family physicians as compared with geriatricians); whereas the factors that were significantly associated with difficulty in referral, again varied by PFD, but were related to practice characteristics (eg, specialist network, type of practice, practice setting and quantity of patients). CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the need to increase PCPs awareness of PFDs and develop effective standardised screening protocols, as well as collaboration with pelvic floor specialists to improve screening, treatment and referral for patients with PFDs.

Protocol for a prospective longitudinal cohort study on the effects of non-surgical weight loss on pelvic floor dysfunction.

INTRODUCTION: Recent studies have recommended non-surgical weight loss and pelvic floor muscle training as first-line treatment for obese patients with urinary incontinence. However, limited studies are detecting the effect of weight loss on other types of pelvic floor dysfunctions (PFDs), as well as on the quality of life (QoL) and the related influencing factors. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The "Weight Loss on Pelvic Floor Dysfunction"(WLPFD) observational study is a 6 months prospective, longitudinal real-world cohort study aiming to recruit 200 patients. Participants will be followed up three times during the study: at baseline, and at 2 and 6 months. The methodology involves recruitment and follow-up of participants, data collection through validated questionnaires, and statistical analysis to assess the impact of non-surgical weight loss on PFD and QoL. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study has been reviewed and given a favourable ethical opinion by the Peking Union Medical College Hospital ethics committee (K4278). All results from the study will be submitted to international journals and international conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05987085.

A Treatment Algorithm for High-Tone Pelvic Floor Dysfunction.

OBJECTIVE: To develop evidence- and consensus-based clinical practice guidelines for management of high-tone pelvic floor dysfunction (HTPFD). High-tone pelvic floor dysfunction is a neuromuscular disorder of the pelvic floor characterized by non-relaxing pelvic floor muscles, resulting in lower urinary tract and defecatory symptoms, sexual dysfunction, and pelvic pain. Despite affecting 80% of women with chronic pelvic pain, there are no uniformly accepted guidelines to direct the management of these patients. METHODS: A Delphi method of consensus development was used, comprising three survey rounds administered anonymously via web-based platform (Qualtrics XM) to national experts in the field of HTPFD recruited through targeted invitation between September and December 2021. Eleven experts participated with backgrounds in urology, urogynecology, minimally invasive gynecology, and pelvic floor physical therapy (PFPT) participated. Panelists were asked to rate their agreement with rated evidence-based statements regarding HTPFD treatment. Statements reaching consensus were used to generate a consensus treatment algorithm. RESULTS: A total of 31 statements were reviewed by group members at the first Delphi round with 10 statements reaching consensus. 28 statements were reposed in the second round with 17 reaching consensus. The putative algorithm met clinical consensus in the third round. There was universal agreement for PFPT as first-line treatment for HTPFD. If satisfactory symptom improvement is reached with PFPT, the patient can be discharged with a home exercise program. If no improvement after PFPT, second-line options include trigger or tender point injections, vaginal muscle relaxants, and cognitive behavioral therapy, all of which can also be used in conjunction with PFPT. Onabotulinumtoxin A injections should be used as third line with symptom assessment after 2-4 weeks. There was universal agreement that sacral neuromodulation is fourth-line intervention. The largest identified barrier to care for these patients is access to PFPT. For patients who cannot access PFPT, experts recommend at-home, guided pelvic floor relaxation, self-massage with vaginal wands, and virtual PFPT visits. CONCLUSION: A stepwise approach to the treatment of HTPFD is recommended, with patients often necessitating multiple lines of treatment either sequentially or in conjunction. However, PFPT should be offered first line.

Pelvic Floor Therapy and Initial Interventions for Pelvic Floor Dysfunction in Gynecologic Malignancies.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review provides evidence-based updates for the first-line management approaches for pelvic floor disorders in patients with gynecologic malignancies, as well as important provider considerations when referring for pelvic floor physical therapy. RECENT FINDINGS: Currently, there is strong evidence to recommend pelvic floor muscle training as initial treatment for urinary incontinence and for pelvic organ prolapse; some evidence to recommend a more targeted pelvic floor muscle training program for fecal incontinence; and mostly expertise-based evidence to recommend vaginal gels or estrogen to aid with dyspareunia causing sexual dysfunction. More research is greatly needed to understand the role of overactive pelvic floor muscles in survivors with chronic pelvic pain and the treatment of post-radiation pelvic complications such as vaginal stenosis and cystitis. While pelvic floor disorders are common concerns in gynecologic cancer survivors, there are evidence-based initial noninvasive treatment approaches that can provide relief for many individuals.

Pelvic Floor Disorders in Black Women: Prevalence, Clinical Care, and a Strategic Agenda to Prioritize Care.

Pelvic floor disorders are a group of common conditions affecting women of all racial and ethnic groups. These disorders are undertreated in all women, but this is especially magnified in Black people who have been historically marginalized in the United States. This article seeks to highlight the prevalence of pelvic floor disorders in Black women, evaluate the clinical care they receive, examine barriers they face to equitable care, and present a strategic agenda to prioritize the care of Black women with pelvic floor disorders.

Pelvic floor hypertension: possible factors for pelvic floor tenderness in endometriosis patients-a pilot study.

PURPOSE: Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is one of the main problems of endometriosis, leading to a significant impairment of quality of life. Understanding the pain mechanisms and the pelvic floor muscles (PFM) changes in these patients is essential to integrate additional therapeutic strategies. We hypothesize that endometriosis patients have changes in PFM and that targeted vaginal electrostimulation can be a treatment option for CPP in this disease. METHODS: Fifteen patients with endometriosis and chronic acyclical pelvic pain were included. PFM electromyography with the Multiple Array Probe Leiden (MAPLe) was performed. Mapping of PFM was utilized and targeted electrostimulation of the hypertensive muscles was conducted. Control electromyography was performed afterward to evaluate the electrostimulation therapeutic effect. RESULTS: In 12/15 (80%) patients, the myofascial trigger point could be localized by digital examination. The most frequently affected muscle was the puborectalis (10/15-66.7%). Most of the patients showed serious changes in the average resting tone (aRT) of PFM. aRT was significantly increased in all patients and decreased after stimulation, whereby the difference prior to and after stimulation was not significant (p = 0.064). The detailed separated analysis of the hypertensive muscles showed a significant (p = 0.026) reduction in their resting tone (hRT), after targeted stimulation. CONCLUSION: Vaginal electrostimulation is a promising and feasible complementary treatment option for CPP in endometriosis patients. Targeted treatment of pelvic floor dysfunction should be included in clinical trials.

Pelvic floor dysfunction and obesity.

Obesity is a growing condition within the society and more patients, who have underlying obesity, are presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD). The effect of obesity on general health has been well documented, and its impact on the cardiovascular, endocrine, and musculoskeletal systems has been extensively studied. There is now a growing body of evidence on the effects of obesity on the female urogenital system. It seems to influence the prevalence, presentation, assessment, management, and outcome of various types of LUTS and PFD. A holistic approach is needed to assess and manage these patients. A clear understanding of the functions of the pelvic floor and the way it can be affected by obesity is essential in providing holistic care to this group. A frank discussion about patient weight is required in the clinics handling PFD. A multimodal approach to weight loss would help improve PFD symptoms and progression. Patients with obesity should still be offered standard treatment options for all PFDs and should not be forced to lose weight as a prerequisite before starting treatment. However, they should also be made aware of the impediments that being overweight adds to their care and their expectations should be managed accordingly.

The influence of defaecating proctograms on clinical decision-making in pelvic floor disorders.

AIM: Defaecating proctogram (DP) studies have become an integral part of the evaluation of patients with pelvic floor disorders. However, their impact on treatment decision-making remains unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the concordance of decision-making by colorectal surgeons and the role of the DP in this process. METHOD: Four colorectal surgeons were presented with online surveys containing the complete history, examination and investigations of 106 de-identified pelvic floor patients who had received one of three treatment options: physiotherapy only, anterior Delorme's procedure or anterior mesh rectopexy. The survey assessed the management decisions made by each of the surgeons for the three treatments both before and after the addition of the DP to the diagnostic work-up. RESULTS: After the addition of the DP results; treatment choice changed in 219 (52%) of 424 surgical decisions and interrater agreement improved significantly from κ = 0.26 to κ = 0.39. Three of the four surgeons reported a significant increase in confidence. Agreement with the actual treatments patients received increased from κ = 0.21 to κ = 0.28. Intra-anal rectal prolapse on DP was a significant predictor of a decision to perform anterior mesh rectopexy. CONCLUSION: The DP improves interclinician agreement in the management of pelvic floor disorders and enhances the confidence in treatment decisions. Intra-anal rectal prolapse was the most influential DP parameter in treatment decision-making.

Pelvic floor dysfunction in gynecologic cancer survivors.

Pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) is a common complication in gynecologic cancer survivors (GCS) and is now a worldwide medical and public health problem because of its great impact on the quality of life of GCS. PFD after comprehensive gynecologic cancer treatment is mainly reflected in bladder function, rectal function, sexual dysfunction and pelvic organ prolapse (POP), of which different types of gynecologic cancer correspond to different disease incidence. The prevention strategies of PFD after comprehensive gynecologic cancer treatment mainly included surgical treatment, physical therapy and behavioral guidance, etc. At present, most of them still focus on physical therapy, mostly using Pelvic Floor Muscle Training (PFMT) and multi-modal PFMT treatment of biofeedback combined with electrical stimulation, which can reduce the possibility of PFD after surgery in GCS to some extent. This article reviews the clinical manifestations, causes and current research progress of prevention and treatment methods of PFD after comprehensive treatment for GCS.

[Multidisciplinary meetings in pelvic floor disease in women: A national survey by the CUROPF among French urologists]. / Réunion de concertation pluridisciplinaire en pelvipérinéologie en France : résultats d'une enquête nationale du CUROPF auprès des urologues français.

INTRODUCTION: Multidisciplinary team meetings (MTMs) in the field of pelvic floor diseases in women tend to generalize, as they are required as mandatory before mid-urethral sling implantation or sacrocolpopexy by recent decrees published by the French health authorities. However, access to these meetings is variable in the French territory. The goal of the present study was to describe the existence and the settings of these kinds of meetings in France. MATERIEL AND METHODS: An on-line survey was conducted between June and July 2020 (stage 1) then between November 2021 and January 2022 (stage 2). A 15-item questionnaire was sent to all members of the Association française d'urologie (AFU). A descriptive analysis was conducted. RESULTS: Three hundred and twenty-two completed questionnaires were sent back during stage 1 and 158 during stage 2. Early 2022, 61.3% of respondents had access to a pelviperineology MTM, with important difference according to geographical areas. Main activity of MTMs was case discussion of complex situations (68% of meetings). At the end of 2021, 22% of the respondents declared willing to stop partially or totally their pelviperineology activity, given the new regulations set in place by the authorities. CONCLUSION: Despite being absolutely mandatory in current clinical practice, MTMs in pelvic floor disease have spread slowly. MTMs implementation was still insufficient in 2022, and variable on the French territory. Some urologists declare having no access to such resources and about 1 out of 5 were considering to voluntary stop of decrease significantly their activity in this difficult context.

Effectiveness of telehealth physical therapy for patients with pelvic floor disorders in a community hospital setting.

PURPOSE: To examine whether there are differences in meeting treatment goals between pelvic floor physical therapy (PFPT) patients who participated in a majority of telehealth visits versus those who participated in mostly traditional office visits at a community hospital. METHODS: Retrospective chart review was performed among patients who received PFPT from April 2019 to February 2021. Cohorts were defined as "Mostly Office Visits" (> 50% office visits) and "Mostly Telehealth" (> / = 50% telehealth visits). Primary outcome measures included demographic data, number/type of visit for each patient, number of no-show/cancelation appointments, and number of patients discharged meeting PFPT goals. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. RESULTS: 234 subjects met criteria for the "Mostly Office Visit" cohort and 48 subjects met criteria for the "Mostly Telehealth" cohort. There were no significant differences observed in age (p = 0.919), BMI (p = 0.817), race/ethnicity (p = 0.170) or insurance type (p = 0.426) between cohorts. There was no significant difference in meeting PFPT goals between the "Mostly Office Visit" cohort (24.4%) and the "Mostly Telehealth" cohort (35.4%) (p = 0.113). There was no difference in the number of canceled visits per patient (mean cancelations "Office visit" 1.98; "Telehealth" 1.63; p = 0.246) and the number of no-show visits per patient (mean no-show's "Office visit" 0.23; "Telehealth" 0.31; p = 0.297) between cohorts. CONCLUSION: There was no difference in meeting discharge goals regardless of whether a patient participated in mostly telehealth visits versus mostly traditional office visits. Therefore, we can conclude that participating in mostly provider-led telehealth visits can be equally efficacious at providing competent PFPT care.

Investigation of the effects of pelvic floor training on pain, sexual dysfunction, and quality of life in female patients with primary Sjögren syndrome.

AIM: To investigate the effects of pelvic floor training on pain, sexual dysfunction and quality of life in female patients with primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS) and determine whether pelvic floor training was superior to an education program. METHODS: Forty-six pSS patients (all women) with an average age of 47.78 ± 9.18 years were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups as a pelvic floor training group and control group for 8 weeks. Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Pelvic Pain Impact Questionnaire (PPIQ), Female Sexual Function Scale (FSFI), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), Pelvic Floor Disability Index-20 (PFDI-20), and Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire (PFIQ-7) were used to evaluate the outcomes. All evaluations were performed at baseline and at the end of the 8th week. RESULTS: When the groups were compared before training, there was no significant difference (p > .05). In post-training comparisons, there were significant differences in VAS, PPIQ, FSFI, PFIQ-7, and PFDI-20 in the pelvic floor training group (p values between .02 and .00), and in FSFI-lubrication, PFIQ-7, and PFDI-20 (p values between .00 and .03) in the control group. According to Δ values, the pelvic floor training group was found to be superior in terms of FSFI orgasm, pain, and lubrication scores (p = .00) and all sub-parameters of PFDI-20 (p = .00). CONCLUSION: Pelvic floor training has a positive effect on the sexual dysfunction and discomfort caused by pelvic symptoms in patients with pSS. Pelvic floor training should be included in rehabilitation programs to improve sexual function and pelvic floor dysfunctions for patients with pSS.

New Advances in Female Pelvic Floor Dysfunction Management.

Pelvic floor dysfunctions (PFDs), which include various disorders such as urinary and anal incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, and sexual disorders, are widespread amongst females, so much so that they affect one fifth of adult women [...].

Functional outcomes and satisfaction rates of sacral nerve stimulation in the treatment of one and multiples pelvic floor dysfunctions

Objective: Few studies have addressed the use of sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) in the treatment of patients with multiple pelvic floor dysfunctions (PFD). So, we evaluated the functional outcomes and level of satisfaction with SNS in selected patients with one or multiples PFD. Methods: A prospective database was used to collect information on eligible patients treated for PFD with SNS, and severity of symptoms was assessed with scores and satisfaction rates by visual analogue scale (VAS) at baseline and by the end of follow-up. Results: We recruited 70 patients, 98.6% of whom responded positively during the evaluation period (Global Response Assessment ≥ 50% for at least one type of PFD), resulting in the implantation of a permanent SNS device. Additionally, 49 of the patients (71%) had a single PFD (fecal incontinence [FI] = 38; constipation/obstructed defecation syndrome [C/ODS] = 11), while 20 (29%) had more than one PFD (double incontinence/n = 12; double incontinence + C/ODS/n = 8). All scores improved significantly between baseline (pre-SNS) and the end of follow-up (post-SNS), as did VAS in all groups (single and multiple PFD). The pre-SNS scores were higher in patients with a single PFD, including FI (Cleveland clinic Florida incontinence score [CCF-FI]) and C/ODS (Cleveland clinic constipation score [C-CCF] and the Renzi ODS score). The pre-SNS impact of VAS scores was similar in all groups (single and multiple PFD), but the VAS (post-SNS) was significantly lower (better response) for FI alone compared with multiple PFD. Conclusion: The SNS technique is an effective and safe option for patients with one or more PFD refractory to conservative measures. Response was positive for at least two PFD, based on reduced correspondent scores and satisfaction rate. (AU)

A Qualitative and Quantitative Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness and Safety of Magnetic Stimulation in Women with Urinary Incontinence Symptoms and Pelvic Floor Disorders.

Background and objectives: Involuntary loss of urine owed to dysfunction of the detrusor muscle or muscles of the pelvic floor is known as urinary incontinence (UI). In this study, ultrasound monitoring was employed for the first time to measure the usefulness and safety of electromagnetic stimulation for women with Stress or Urge UI. Materials and Methods: A total of 62 women were enrolled, with a mean age of 55.1 (±14.5); 60% of them were menopausal and presented with urinary incontinence (UI). Eight validated questionnaires were used to evaluate Stress UI, prolapse, overactive bladder urge, faecal incontinence, and quality of life, and the whole study population was tested with ultrasounds at the beginning and at the end of the treatment cycle. The device used was a non-invasive electromagnetic therapeutic system composed of a main unit and an adjustable chair applicator shaped for deep pelvic floor area stimulation. Results: Ultrasound measurements and validated questionnaires revealed a consistent and statistically significant (p < 0.01) improvement of the mean scores when pre- and post-treatment data were considered. Conclusions: Study results showed that the proposed treatment strategy led to a significant improvement in Pelvic Floor Muscle (PFM) tone and strength in patients with UI and pelvic floor disorders, without discomfort or side effects. The demonstration was qualitatively carried out with validated questionnaires and quantitatively with ultrasounds exams. Thus, the "chair" device we used represents valuable and effective support that could be widely employed in the gynaecological field for patients affected by different pathologies.

Management of levator ani avulsion: a systematic review and narrative synthesis.

PURPOSE: Levator ani muscle (LAM) avulsion affects up to 35% of women. Unlike obstetric anal sphincter injury, LAM avulsion is not diagnosed immediately after vaginal delivery, however, has a profound impact on quality of life. The management of pelvic floor disorders is in growing demand yet the significance of LAM avulsion in the context of pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) is poorly understood. This study collates information on success of treatment for LAM avulsion to establish the best options for management of women. METHODS: MEDLINE®, MEDLINE® In-Process, EMBASE, PubMed, CINAHL and The Cochrane Library were searched for articles that evaluated the management techniques used to treat LAM avulsion. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021206427). RESULTS: Natural healing of LAM avulsion occurs in 50% of women. Conservative measures, including pelvic floor exercises and pessary use are poorly studied. Pelvic floor muscle training for major LAM avulsions was of no benefit. Post-partum pessary use was only of benefit in the first three months for women. Surgeries for LAM avulsion are poorly researched but studies suggest they may provide benefit for 76-97% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Whilst some women with PFD secondary to LAM avulsion improve spontaneously, 50% continue to have pelvic floor symptoms 1 year following delivery. These symptoms result in a significant negative impact on quality of life, however, it is not clear whether conservative or surgical methods are helpful. There is a pressing need for research to find effective treatments and explore appropriate surgical repair techniques for women with LAM avulsion.

Evolution and current status of the management of functional and pelvic floor pathology in the hospitals of the Community of Madrid.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) includes a large number of pathologies subjected to a significantly varied management, depending on the hospitals' resources and educational levels of their professionals. The aim of this study is to determine and describe the clinical variability in the management of PFD in the urology departments of the public health centers of the Community of Madrid, as well as the resources currently available in these centers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The survey was carried out in September 2021 and was addressed to physicians specialized in functional urology in the public hospitals of the Community of Madrid. This survey is based on the one performed in 2011 by Díez et al. for the same purpose. The characteristics of the healthcare services provided in the different centers and the management of the main functional pathologies of the pelvic floor were analyzed. The results were compared with those of the 2011 survey for equivalent questions. RESULTS: The number of Pelvic Floor Units (PFUs) has remarkably increased in the last 10 years. The use of adjustable devices in the treatment of male SUI has become widespread in the centers included in the survey. Laparoscopic/robotic sacrocolpopexy has become the gold standard treatment for pelvic organ prolapse (POP). CONCLUSIONS: Multidisciplinary PFUs represent the reference framework for the management of PFD. Variability in the management of urinary incontinence, POP, bladder pain syndrome and pudendal nerve neuropathy is recognized.

The Impact of Pelvic Floor Physical Therapy on Bladder and Bowel Function After Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injury.

IMPORTANCE: Women with obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) are at increased risk of pelvic floor disorders. No standard of care exists for management of pelvic floor dysfunction after OASI. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to evaluate the impact of pelvic floor physical therapy (PFPT) on bladder and bowel function after OASI and to describe adherence to PFPT. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study of women with OASI presenting at a postpartum care clinic from 2017 to 2021 was conducted. Women were grouped according to PFPT attendance. Urinary Distress Inventory 6 (UDI-6) and Fecal Incontinence Severity Index (FISI) were administered at baseline and 6 months. RESULTS: A total of 430 women with OASI presented to a postpartum care clinic, of which 137 (31.9%) attended PFPT, and 293 (68.1%) did not attend. Baseline and 6-month questionnaires were completed by 169 women: 52 (30.8%) in the PFPT group and 117 (69.2%) in the non-PFPT group. Baseline UDI-6 and FISI scores were higher in the PFPT group. Improvement in UDI-6 was not different between groups (-5.8 ± 14.9 vs -3.7 ± 10.8, P = 0.36). The non-PFPT group had greater worsening of FISI compared with PFPT group (9.8 ± 15.2 vs 1.1 ± 11.5, P < 0.001). Sixty-six percent (n = 136) of women referred to PFFT attended at least 1 session, of which 32.4% (n = 44) completed all sessions. Completely adherent women were referred to PFPT earlier (18.5 vs 28.5 days postpartum, P = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS: Women in both the PFPT and non-PFPT groups reported improvement in bladder leakage 6 months after OASI. Women who did not attend PFPT had significant worsening of bowel leakage. Early referral to PFPT in women with pelvic floor dysfunction following OASI should be considered.