Trichomonas vaginalis infection and risk of prostate cancer: associations by disease aggressiveness and race/ethnicity in the PLCO Trial.

PURPOSE: Results from previous sero-epidemiologic studies of Trichomonas vaginalis infection and prostate cancer (PCa) support a positive association between this sexually transmitted infection and aggressive PCa. However, findings from previous studies are not entirely consistent, and only one has investigated the possible relation between T. vaginalis seropositivity and PCa in African-American men who are at highest risk of both infection and PCa. Therefore, we examined this possible relation in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial, including separate analyses for aggressive PCa and African-American men. METHODS: We included a sample of participants from a previous nested case-control study of PCa, as well as all additional Caucasian, aggressive, and African-American cases diagnosed since the previous study (total n = 438 Gleason 7 Caucasian cases, 487 more advanced Caucasian cases (≥Gleason 8 or stage III/IV), 201 African-American cases, and 1216 controls). We tested baseline sera for T. vaginalis antibodies. RESULTS: No associations were observed for risk of Gleason 7 (odds ratio (OR) = 0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.55-1.37) or more advanced (OR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.58-1.38) PCa in Caucasian men, or for risk of any PCa (OR = 1.06, 95% CI 0.67-1.68) in African-American men. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings do not support an association between T. vaginalis infection and PCa.

[The lipid peroxidation processes in males with chronic mono trichomonal infection against the background of intake of triethanolammonium salt of 2-methyl phenoxiacetic acid].

The research center of problems of family health and human reproduction, Irkutsk, Russia The article presents the results of evaluation of processes of lipid peroxidation and anti-oxidant defense in males with chronic mono trichomonal infection against the background of intake of triethanolammonium salt of methyl phenoxiacetic acid, pharmaceutical of phytohormones class with anti-oxidant characteristics. The sampling for examination consisted of 61 males with chronic urogenital trichomoniasis. The blood plasma and hemolysate prepared from erythrocytes were used as material for biochemical analysis. The modern spectrophotometric, fluorometric and statistical method of analysis were applied. In examined patients the parameters characterizing significant disorders of metabolic homeostasis were analyzed. The condition of lipids peroxidation was judged by blood concentration of substrates with saturated double bounds, diene conjugates, tiobarbituric acid active products expressed in micromol per 1 liter. The intensity of processes of anti-oxidant defense was evaluated by content of concentrations of alpha-tokopherol and retinol, oxidated and reduced glutathione and by activity of super oxide dismutase too. The common anti-oxidant activity of blood was measured as indicator characterizing sum total of inhibitors of lipid peroxidation and determining its buffer capacity. The reduction of balance in the system pro-oxidant-anti-oxidant in direction to anti-oxidant components is marked in group of patients with chronic mono trichomonal infection after complex treatment including as add-on to common therapy triethanolammonium salt of 2-methyl phenoxiacetic acid. The effectiveness of complex therapy in many instances depends on degree of defense of structure and function of cellular membranes. Therefore, application of this pharmaceutical is appropriate because of decreasing of level of lipid peroxidation, increasing of anti-oxidant defense of organism and normalizing of particular parameters of spermatogenesis.

Prospective study of effect modification by Toll-like receptor 4 variation on the association between Trichomonas vaginalis serostatus and prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: In previous studies, we observed a positive association between Trichomonas vaginalis serostatus and risk of prostate cancer, particularly aggressive cancer, which we hypothesized might be due to T. vaginalis-mediated intraprostatic inflammation and cell damage. To explore this hypothesis further, we investigated effect modification by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) variation on this association. We hypothesized that TLR4 variation might serve a marker of the anti-trichomonad immune response because T. vaginalis has been shown to elicit inflammation through this receptor. METHODS: We previously genotyped the non-synonymous TLR4 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs4986790, and determined T. vaginalis serostatus for 690 incident prostate cancer cases and 692 controls in a nested case-control study within the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. RESULTS: A non-significant suggestion of effect modification was observed by rs4986790 carrier status on the association between T. vaginalis serostatus and prostate cancer risk (p interaction = 0.07). While no association was observed among men homozygous wildtype for this SNP (odds ratio (OR) = 1.23, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.86-1.77), a positive association was observed among variant carriers (OR = 4.16, 95 % CI: 1.32-13.1). CONCLUSIONS: Although not statistically significant, TLR4 variation appeared to influence the association between T. vaginalis serostatus and prostate cancer risk consistent with the hypothesis that inflammation plays a role in this association. Larger studies will be necessary to explore this possible effect modification further.

[Complex personalized therapy of patients with chlamydiosis taking into consideration abnormalities of pro-oxidant-antioxidant and immune systems].

A new original, pathogenetically relevant method of complex differentiated treatment of chlamydial urogenital disorders was developed with the consideration of prooxidant-antioxidant and immune systems statuses. That provides a personalized usage in the treatment plan modern azalide antibiotic azithromycin and immunomodulator herbal drug manax taking into the account clinical course of the disease.

Evaluation of an IgG cystatin capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of anti-cysteine proteinase antibodies in asymptomatic trichomoniasis patients.

All isolates of T. vaginalis release cysteine proteinases proteolytic enzymes that are shed into the vagina or culture medium. Cystatin has been used successfully as a capture agent in ELISA to detect cysteine proteinase antibodies without the need for purified proteinases. The ELISA was evaluated in comparison to wet mount microscopy and culture techniques. IgG cystatin capture ELISA proved to be a sensitive and highly specific (100%) assay that could rapidly detect anti-cysteine proteinase antibodies in both vaginal washouts and sera of asymptomatic patients with a sensitivity of 100% and 86.7%, respectively. A defined discrimination between sero-positive and sero-negative individuals was markedly observed for ELISA-vaginal washouts providing a more conclusive diagnosis by this technique. The results demonstrated that in trichomoniasis patients (52 cases) whether symptomatic or asymptomatic. T. vaginalis infection was detected in 19 (36.5%), 49 (94.2%), 50 (96.1%) and 48 (92.3%) by wet mount, culture, cystatin capture ELISA-vaginal washouts and ELISA-sera, respectively. The assay was reliable also as a test of cure with a specificity of 94.4% in the vaginal washouts and 83.3% in sera.

Trichomonas gallinae: a possible contact-dependent mechanism in the hemolytic activity.

The in vitro hemolytic activity of Trichomonas gallinae was investigated. The parasite was tested against human erythrocytes of groups A, B, AB, and O, and against erythrocytes of six adult animals of different species (rabbit, rat, chicken, horse, bovine, and sheep). Results showed that T. gallinae lysed all human erythrocytes groups, as well as rabbit, rat, chicken, horse, bovine and sheep erythrocytes. No hemolysin released by the parasites could be identified. Hemolysis did not occur with trichomonad culture supernatants, with sonicated extracts of T. gallinae, or with killed organisms. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the erythrocytes adhered to the parasite surface and were phagocytosed. These observations suggest that the contact between T. gallinae and erythrocytes may be an important mechanism in the injury caused to the erythrocytes. The hemolytic activity of T. gallinae may be an efficient means of obtaining nutrients for the parasite and allow the investigation of the mechanism used by T. gallinae to damage cellular membranes.

Haematological findings in budgerigars with megabacterium and Trichomonas infections associated with 'going light'.

Eighteen budgerigars with clinical signs of 'going light' were euthanased and examined post mortem; ingluvitis caused by Trichomonas gallinae infection was present in seven birds, proventriculitis associated with the presence of megabacteria in eight birds and in three birds both conditions were present. Haematological examinations of blood taken from the living birds showed that those with T gallinae infection had normal white cell counts whereas those in which megabacteria were present had significant leucocytosis and heterophilia. Some birds in both groups were anaemic. The findings suggest that infection with megabacteria may be responsible for a proportion of cases of 'going light' in budgerigars and that haematological examination can establish this diagnosis in living birds.

Polymorphonuclear cell chemotaxis to secretions of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Trichomonas vaginalis.

Polymorphonuclear cell chemotaxis to secretions of pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of Trichomonas vaginalis were investigated. Cells from three groups, laboratory workers, patients with urogenital symptoms, and asymptomatic patients attending an antenatal clinic, all showed greater response to secretions of pathogenic strains, when the secretion was dilute. At higher concentrations of secretion, responses to both strains were similar, except in the pregnant group, where increased chemotaxis to pathogenic strains was still evident.

Serum protein changes in immune and nonimmune pigeons infected with various strains of Trichomonas gallinae.

Serum protein changes were studied in immune and nonimmune pigeons infected with three different strains of Trichomonas gallinae. Strain I (nonvirulent) produced no change in the relative concentration of serum components. Strains II (oral canker) and III (Jones' Barn) produced decreases in albumin and alpha globulins, and increases in beta and gamma globulins between the 7th and 20th days post infection. Birds infected with strain II began to return to normal by the 20th day, while all those infected with strain III were dead between 10 and 14 days post infection. Two serum protein patterns resulted from infection of immune birds with the Jones' Barn strain. One showed no change in relative protein concentrations and no tissue invasion by the parasite while the other was similar to that seen in nonimmune birds infected with a strain producing oral canker. These also showed evidence of tissue invasion by the parasite. It was concluded that tissue invasion was necessary to evoke a quantitative change in serum protein concentrations.