RESUMEN
Swine enteric coronaviruses (SeCoVs) pose a significant threat to the global pig industry, but no effective drugs are available for treatment. Previous research has demonstrated that thapsigargin (TG), an ER stress inducer, has broad-spectrum antiviral effects on human coronaviruses. In this study, we investigated the impact of TG on transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) infection using cell lines, porcine intestinal organoid models, and piglets. The results showed that TG effectively inhibited TGEV replication both in vitro and ex vivo. Furthermore, animal experiments demonstrated that oral administration of TG inhibited TGEV infection in neonatal piglets and relieved TGEV-associated tissue injury. Transcriptome analyses revealed that TG improved the expression of the ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) component and influenced the biological processes related to secretion, nutrient responses, and epithelial cell differentiation in the intestinal epithelium. Collectively, these results suggest that TG is a potential novel oral antiviral drug for the clinical treatment of TGEV infection, even for infections caused by other SeCoVs.
Asunto(s)
Antivirales , Gastroenteritis Porcina Transmisible , Tapsigargina , Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible , Animales , Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible/efectos de los fármacos , Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible/fisiología , Porcinos , Gastroenteritis Porcina Transmisible/tratamiento farmacológico , Gastroenteritis Porcina Transmisible/virología , Antivirales/farmacología , Tapsigargina/farmacología , Línea Celular , Replicación Viral/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV)-induced enteritis is characterized by watery diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration, and has high mortality in newborn piglets, resulting in significant economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. Conventional cell lines have been used for many years to investigate inflammation induced by TGEV, but these cell lines may not mimic the actual intestinal environment, making it difficult to obtain accurate results. In this study, apical-out porcine intestinal organoids were employed to study TEGV-induced inflammation. We found that apical-out organoids were susceptible to TGEV infection, and the expression of representative inflammatory cytokines was significantly upregulated upon TGEV infection. In addition, retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway were responsible for the expression of inflammatory cytokines induced by TGEV infection. We also discovered that the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) positively regulated TGEV-induced inflammation by activating glycolysis in apical-out organoids, and pig experiments identified the same molecular mechanism as the ex vivo results. Collectively, we unveiled that the inflammatory responses induced by TGEV were modulated via the RIG-I/NF-κB/HIF-1α/glycolysis axis ex vivo and in vivo. This study provides novel insights into TGEV-induced enteritis and verifies intestinal organoids as a reliable model for investigating virus-induced inflammation. IMPORTANCE: Intestinal organoids are a newly developed culture system for investigating immune responses to virus infection. This culture model better represents the physiological environment compared with well-established cell lines. In this study, we discovered that inflammatory responses induced by TGEV infection were regulated by the RIG-I/NF-κB/HIF-1α/glycolysis axis in apical-out porcine organoids and in pigs. Our findings contribute to understanding the mechanism of intestinal inflammation upon viral infection and highlight apical-out organoids as a physiological model to mimic virus-induced inflammation.
Asunto(s)
Gastroenteritis Porcina Transmisible , Glucólisis , Inflamación , Organoides , Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible , Animales , Citocinas/metabolismo , Proteína 58 DEAD Box/metabolismo , Proteína 58 DEAD Box/genética , Gastroenteritis Porcina Transmisible/virología , Gastroenteritis Porcina Transmisible/metabolismo , Gastroenteritis Porcina Transmisible/patología , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/genética , Inflamación/metabolismo , Inflamación/virología , Intestinos/virología , Intestinos/patología , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Organoides/virología , Organoides/metabolismo , Organoides/patología , Transducción de Señal , Porcinos , Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Gut microbiota-derived metabolites are important for the replication and pathogenesis of many viruses. However, the roles of bacterial metabolites in swine enteric coronavirus (SECoV) infection remain poorly understood. Recent studies show that SECoVs infection in vivo significantly alters the composition of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing gut microbiota. This prompted us to investigate whether and how SCFAs impact SECoV infection. Employing alphacoronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), a major cause of diarrhea in piglets, as a model, we found that SCFAs, particularly butyrate, enhanced TGEV infection both in porcine intestinal epithelial cells and swine testicular (ST) cells at the late stage of viral infection. This effect depended on the inhibited productions of virus-induced type I interferon (IFN) and downstream antiviral IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) by butyrate. Mechanistically, butyrate suppressed the expression of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), a key viral RNA sensor, and downstream mitochondrial antiviral-signaling (MAVS) aggregation, thereby impairing type I IFN responses and increasing TGEV replication. Using pharmacological and genetic approaches, we showed that butyrate inhibited RIG-I-induced type I IFN signaling by suppressing class I histone deacetylase (HDAC). In summary, we identified a novel mechanism where butyrate enhances TGEV infection by suppressing RIG-I-mediated type I IFN responses. Our findings highlight that gut microbiota-derived metabolites like butyrate can be exploited by SECoV to dampen innate antiviral immunity and establish infection in the intestine.IMPORTANCESwine enteric coronaviruses (SECoVs) infection in vivo alters the composition of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing gut microbiota, but whether microbiota-derived SCFAs impact coronavirus gastrointestinal infection is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated that SCFAs, particularly butyrate, substantially increased alphacoronavirus TGEV infection at the late stage of infection, without affecting viral attachment or internalization. Furthermore, enhancement of TGEV by butyrate depended on impeding virus-induced type I interferon (IFN) responses. Mechanistically, butyrate suppressed the cytoplasmic viral RNA sensor RIG-I expression and downstream type I IFN signaling activation by inhibiting class I HDAC, thereby promoting TGEV infection. Our work reveals novel functions of gut microbiota-derived SCFAs in enhancing enteric coronavirus infection by impairing RIG-I-dependent type I IFN responses. This implies that bacterial metabolites could be therapeutic targets against SECoV infection by modulating antiviral immunity in the intestine.
Asunto(s)
Butiratos , Infecciones por Coronavirus , Coronavirus , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Interferón Tipo I , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible , Animales , Butiratos/metabolismo , Coronavirus/fisiología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/veterinaria , Infecciones por Coronavirus/virología , Interferón Tipo I/inmunología , ARN Viral , Porcinos , Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible/fisiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/virologíaRESUMEN
IMPORTANCE: Porcine epidemic diarrhea caused by porcine coronaviruses remains a major threat to the global swine industry. Fatty acids are extensively involved in the whole life of the virus. In this study, we found that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) significantly reduced the viral load of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV) and acted on the replication of the viruses rather than attachment and entry. We further confirmed that DHA and EPA inhibited PEDV replication by alleviating the endoplasmic reticulum stress. Meanwhile, DHA and EPA alleviate PEDV-induced inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and enhance the cellular antioxidant capacity. These data indicate that DHA and EPA have antiviral effects on porcine coronaviruses and provide a molecular basis for the development of new fatty acid-based therapies to control porcine coronavirus infection and transmission.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Coronavirus , Coronavirus , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Coronavirus/fisiología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Coronavirus/veterinaria , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/farmacología , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/farmacología , Virus de la Diarrea Epidémica Porcina/fisiología , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/tratamiento farmacológico , Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible/fisiología , Replicación Viral/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés del Retículo Endoplásmico/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Coronavirus membrane protein is a major component of the viral envelope and plays a central role in the viral life cycle. Studies of the coronavirus membrane protein (M) have mainly focused on its role in viral assembly and budding, but whether M protein is involved in the initial stage of viral replication remains unclear. In this study, eight proteins in transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV)-infected cells coimmunoprecipitated with monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against M protein in PK-15 cells, heat shock cognate protein 70 (HSC70), and clathrin were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-tandem time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Further studies demonstrated that HSC70 and TGEV M colocalized on the cell surface in early stages of TGEV infection; specifically, HSC70 bound M protein through its substrate-binding domain (SBD) and preincubation of TGEV with anti-M serum to block the interaction of M and HSC70 reduced the internalization of TGEV, thus demonstrating that the M-HSC70 interaction mediates the internalization of TGEV. Remarkably, the process of internalization was dependent on clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in PK-15 cells. Furthermore, inhibition of the ATPase activity of HSC70 reduced the efficiency of CME. Collectively, our results indicated that HSC70 is a newly identified host factor involved in TGEV infection. Taken together, our findings clearly illustrate a novel role for TGEV M protein in the viral life cycle and present a unique strategy used by HSC70 to promote TGEV infection in which the interaction with M protein directs viral internalization. These studies provide new insights into the life cycle of coronaviruses. IMPORTANCE TGEV is the causative agent of porcine diarrhea, a viral disease that economically affects the pig industry in many countries. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying viral replication remain incompletely understood. Here, we provide evidence of a previously undescribed role of M protein in viral replication during early stages. We also identified HSC70 as a new host factor affecting TGEV infection. We demonstrate that the interaction between M and HSC70 directs TGEV internalization in a manner dependent on CME, thus revealing a novel mechanism for TGEV replication. We believe that this study may change our understanding of the first steps of infection of cells with coronavirus. This study should facilitate the development of anti-TGEV therapeutic agents by targeting the host factors and may provide a new strategy for the control of porcine diarrhea.
Asunto(s)
Clatrina , Proteínas M de Coronavirus , Endocitosis , Proteínas del Choque Térmico HSC70 , Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible , Internalización del Virus , Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible/fisiología , Clatrina/metabolismo , Proteínas M de Coronavirus/metabolismo , Línea Celular , Humanos , Animales , Replicación ViralRESUMEN
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), a coronavirus, is one of the main causative agents of diarrhea in piglets and significantly impacts the global swine industry. Pyroptosis is involved in the pathogenesis of coronavirus, but its role in TGEV-induced intestinal injury has yet to be fully elucidated. Eugenol, an essential plant oil, plays a vital role in antiviral innate immune responses. We demonstrate the preventive effect of eugenol on TGEV infection. Eugenol alleviates TGEV-induced intestinal epithelial cell pyroptosis and reduces intestinal injury in TGEV-infected piglets. Mechanistically, eugenol reduces the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, thereby inhibiting TGEV-induced intestinal epithelial cell pyroptosis. In addition, eugenol scavenges TGEV-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase, which in turn prevents TGEV-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis. Overall, eugenol protects the intestine by reducing TGEV-induced pyroptosis through inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which may be mediated through intracellular ROS levels. These findings propose that eugenol may be an effective strategy to prevent TGEV infection.
Asunto(s)
Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible , Animales , Eugenol/farmacología , Inflamasomas/genética , Intestinos , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR/genética , Piroptosis , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno , Porcinos , Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible/fisiología , Proteínas de Unión a Fosfato/metabolismo , Gasderminas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Type III interferons (IFN-λ) are shown to be preferentially produced by epithelial cells, which provide front-line protection at barrier surfaces. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), belonging to the genus Alphacoronavirus of the family Coronaviridae, can cause severe intestinal injuries in porcine, resulting in enormous economic losses for the swine industry, worldwide. Here, we demonstrated that although IFN-λ1 had a higher basal expression, TGEV infection induced more intense IFN-λ3 production in vitro and in vivo than did IFN-λ1. We explored the underlying mechanism of IFN-λ induction by TGEV and found a distinct regulation mechanism of IFN-λ1 and IFN-λ3. The classical RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) pathway is involved in IFN-λ3 but not IFN-λ1 production. Except for the signaling pathways mediated by RIG-I and MDA5, TGEV nsp1 induces IFN-λ1 and IFN-λ3 by activating NF-κB via the unfolded protein responses (UPR) PERK-eIF2α pathway. Furthermore, functional domain analysis indicated that the induction of IFN-λ by the TGEV nsp1 protein was located at amino acids 85 to 102 and was dependent on the phosphorylation of eIF2α and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Moreover, the recombinant TGEV with the altered amino acid motif of nsp1 85-102 was constructed, and the nsp1 (85-102sg) mutant virus significantly reduced the production of IFN-λ, compared with the wild strain. Compared to the antiviral activities of IFN-λ1, the administration of IFN-λ3 showed greater antiviral activity against TGEV infections in IPEC-J2 cells. In summary, our data point to the significant role of IFN-λ in the host innate antiviral responses to coronavirus infections within mucosal organs and in the distinct mechanisms of IFN-λ1 and IFN-λ3 regulation. IMPORTANCE Coronaviruses cause infectious diseases in various mammals and birds and exhibit an epithelial cell tropism in enteric and respiratory tracts. It is critical to explore how coronavirus infections modulate IFN-λ, a key innate cytokine against mucosal viral infection. Our results uncovered the different processes of IFN-λ1 and IFN-λ3 production that are involved in the classical RLR pathway and determined that TGEV nsp1 induces IFN-λ1 and IFN-λ3 production by activating NF-κB via the PERK-eIF2α pathway in UPR. These studies highlight the unique regulation of antiviral defense in the intestine during TGEV infection. We also demonstrated that IFN-λ3 induced greater antiviral activity against TGEV replication than did IFN-λ1 in IPEC-J2 cells, which is helpful in finding a novel strategy for the treatment of coronavirus infections.
Asunto(s)
Gastroenteritis Porcina Transmisible , Interferón lambda , Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible , Animales , Antivirales , Interferón lambda/inmunología , Interferón lambda/farmacología , FN-kappa B/inmunología , Porcinos , Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible/fisiología , Gastroenteritis Porcina Transmisible/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is member of the family Coronaviridae and mainly causes acute diarrhea. TGEV infection is characterized by vomiting, watery diarrhea, and severe dehydration, resulting in high mortality rates in neonatal piglets. TGEV infection symptoms are related to an imbalance of sodium absorption in small intestinal epithelial cells; however, the etiology of sodium imbalance diarrhea caused by TGEV remains unclear. In this study, we performed transcriptomic analysis of intestinal tissues from infected and healthy piglets and observed that the expression of NHE3, encoding Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3), the main exchanger of electroneutral sodium in intestinal epithelial cells, was significantly reduced upon TGEV infection. We also showed that specific inhibition of intestinal NHE3 activity could lead to the development of diarrhea in piglets. Furthermore, we revealed an interaction between TGEV N protein and NHE3 near the nucleus. The binding of TGEV N to NHE3 directly affected the expression and activity of NHE3 on the cell surface and affected cellular electrolyte absorption, leading to diarrhea. Molecular docking and computer-aided screening techniques were used to screen for the blocker of the interaction between TGEV N and NHE3, which identified irinotecan. We then demonstrated that irinotecan was effective in relieving TGEV-induced diarrhea in piglets. These findings provide new insights into the mechanism of TGEV-induced sodium imbalance diarrhea and could lead to the design of novel antiviral strategies against TGEV. IMPORTANCE A variety of coronaviruses have been found to cause severe diarrhea in hosts, including TGEV; however, the pathogenic mechanism is not clear. Therefore, prompt determination of the mechanism and identification of efficient therapeutic agents are required, both for public health reasons and for economic development. In this study, we demonstrated that NHE3 is the major expressed protein of NHEs in the intestine, and its expression decreased by nearly 70% after TGEV infection. Also, specific inhibition of intestinal NHE3 resulted in severe diarrhea in piglets. This demonstrated that NHE3 plays an important role in TGEV-induced diarrhea. In addition, we found that TGEV N directly regulates NHE3 expression and activity through protein-protein interaction, which is essential to promote diarrhea. Molecular docking and other techniques demonstrated that irinotecan could block the interaction and diarrhea caused by TGEV. Thus, our results provide a basis for the development of novel therapeutic agents against TGEV and guidance for the development of drugs for other diarrhea-causing coronaviruses.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Coronavirus , Coronavirus , Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible , Animales , Porcinos , Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible/fisiología , Intercambiador 3 de Sodio-Hidrógeno/genética , Intercambiador 3 de Sodio-Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Nucleocápside/metabolismo , Irinotecán , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Diarrea/veterinaria , Intercambiadores de Sodio-Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Coronavirus/metabolismo , Sodio/metabolismoRESUMEN
Increasing evidence supports the ability of eugenol to maintain intestinal barrier integrity and anti-inflammatory in vitro and in vivo; however, whether eugenol alleviates virus-mediated intestinal barrier damage and inflammation remains a mystery. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), a coronavirus, is one of the main causative agents of diarrhea in piglets and significantly impacts the global swine industry. Here, we found that eugenol could alleviate TGEV-induced intestinal functional impairment and inflammatory responses in piglets. Our results indicated that eugenol improved feed efficiency in TGEV-infected piglets. Eugenol not only increased serum immunoglobulin concentration (IgG) but also significantly decreased serum inflammatory cytokine concentration (TNF-α) in TGEV-infected piglets. In addition, eugenol also significantly decreased the expression of NF-κB mRNA and the phosphorylation level of NF-κB P65 protein in the jejunum mucosa of TGEV-infected piglets. Eugenol increased villus height and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the jejunum and ileum, and decreased serum D-lactic acid levels. Importantly, eugenol increased tight junction protein (ZO-1) and mRNA expression levels of nutrient transporter-related genes (GluT-2 and CaT-1) in the jejunum mucosa of TGEV-infected piglets. Meanwhile, compared with TGEV-infected IPEC-J2 cells, treatment with eugenol reduced the cell cytopathic effect, attenuated the inflammatory response. Interestingly, eugenol did not increase the expression of ZO-1 and Occludin in IPEC-J2 cells. However, western blot and immunofluorescence results showed that eugenol restored TGEV-induced down-regulation of ZO-1 and Occludin, while BAY11-7082 (The NF-κB specific inhibitor) enhanced the regulatory ability of eugenol. Our findings demonstrated that eugenol attenuated TGEV-induced intestinal injury by increasing the expression of ZO-1 and Occludin, which may be related to the inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway. Eugenol may offer some therapeutic opportunities for coronavirus-related diseases.
Asunto(s)
Coronavirus , Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible , Animales , Línea Celular , Coronavirus/metabolismo , Eugenol/farmacología , Eugenol/uso terapéutico , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Ocludina , ARN Mensajero , Transducción de Señal , Porcinos , Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), a member of the coronavirus family, is the pathogen responsible for transmissible gastroenteritis, which results in mitochondrial dysfunction in host cells. Previously, we identified 123 differentially expressed circular RNAs (cRNA)from the TGEV-infected porcine intestinal epithelial cell line jejunum 2 (IPEC-J2). Previous bioinformatics analysis suggested that, of these, circBIRC6 had the potential to regulate mitochondrial function. Furthermore, mitochondrial permeability transition, a key step in the process of mitochondrial dysfunction, is known to be caused by abnormal opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores (mPTPs) regulated by the voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 (VDAC)-Cyclophilin D (CypD) complex. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effects of circBIRC6-2 on mitochondrial dysfunction and opening of mPTPs. We found that TGEV infection reduced circBIRC6-2 levels, which in turn reduced mitochondrial calcium (Ca2+) levels, the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential, and opening of mPTPs. In addition, we also identified ORFs and internal ribosomal entrance sites within the circBIRC6-2 RNA. We demonstrate circBIRC6-2 encodes a novel protein, BIRC6-236aa, which we show inhibits TGEV-induced opening of mPTPs during TGEV infection. Mechanistically, we identified an interaction between BIRC6-236aa and VDAC1, suggesting that BIRC6-236aa destabilizes the VDAC1-CypD complex. Taken together, the results suggest that the novel protein BIRC6-236aa encoded by cRNA circBIRC6-2 inhibits mPTP opening and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction by interacting with VDAC1.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Inhibidoras de la Apoptosis , Mitocondrias , Poro de Transición de la Permeabilidad Mitocondrial , ARN Circular , Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible , Animales , Calcio/metabolismo , Línea Celular , Peptidil-Prolil Isomerasa F/metabolismo , Proteínas Inhibidoras de la Apoptosis/genética , Proteínas Inhibidoras de la Apoptosis/metabolismo , Mitocondrias/virología , Poro de Transición de la Permeabilidad Mitocondrial/metabolismo , ARN Circular/genética , ARN Circular/metabolismo , Porcinos , Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible/genética , Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible/fisiología , Canal Aniónico 1 Dependiente del Voltaje/metabolismoRESUMEN
Emerging coronaviruses (CoVs) pose a severe threat to human and animal health worldwide. To identify host factors required for CoV infection, we used α-CoV transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) as a model for genome-scale CRISPR knockout (KO) screening. Transmembrane protein 41B (TMEM41B) was found to be a bona fide host factor involved in infection by CoV and three additional virus families. We found that TMEM41B is critical for the internalization and early-stage replication of TGEV. Notably, our results also showed that cells lacking TMEM41B are unable to form the double-membrane vesicles necessary for TGEV replication, indicating that TMEM41B contributes to the formation of CoV replication organelles. Lastly, our data from a mouse infection model showed that the KO of this factor can strongly inhibit viral infection and delay the progression of a CoV disease. Our study revealed that targeting TMEM41B is a highly promising approach for the development of broad-spectrum anti-viral therapeutics.
Asunto(s)
Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Gastroenteritis Porcina Transmisible/virología , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Proteínas de la Membrana/fisiología , Orgánulos/virología , Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible/fisiología , Replicación Viral , Animales , Gastroenteritis Porcina Transmisible/genética , Gastroenteritis Porcina Transmisible/transmisión , Proteínas de la Membrana/antagonistas & inhibidores , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , PorcinosRESUMEN
L-leucine (Leu), as one of the effective amino acids to activate the mTOR signaling pathway, can alleviate transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) infection. However, the underlying mechanism by which Leu alleviates the virus infection has not been fully characterized. In particular, how Leu impacts TGEV replication through mTOR signaling has yet to be elucidated. In the present study, we found that TGEV proliferated efficiently in intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2 cells) as evidenced by the increase in viral contents by flow cytometry, the inhibition of cell proliferation by CCK-8 assay as well as the reduction of PCNA level by western blot. Besides, western blot analysis showed that STAT1 expression was markedly reduced in TGEV-infected cells. The results of ELISA revealed the inhibition of ISGs (ISG56, MxA, and PKR) expressions by TGEV infection. TGEV-induced mTOR and its downstream p70 S6K and 4E-BP1, STAT1 and ISGs downregulation were blocked by an mTOR activator-MHY1485 but not by an mTOR inhibitor-RAPA. Concurrently, mTOR activation by MHY1485 reduced the contents of TGEV and vice versa. Furthermore, Leu reversed the inhibition of STAT1 and ISGs by activating mTOR and its downstream p70 S6K and 4E-BP1 in TEGV-infected cells. Our findings demonstrated that Leu promoted the expressions of STAT1 and ISGs via activating mTOR signaling in IPEC-J2 cells, aiming to prevent TGEV infection.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Leucina/farmacología , Factor de Transcripción STAT1/genética , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/metabolismo , Animales , Línea Celular , Células Cultivadas , Gastroenteritis Porcina Transmisible , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/genética , Interferón Tipo I/metabolismo , Modelos Biológicos , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Factor de Transcripción STAT1/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Porcinos , Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible/fisiología , Replicación ViralAsunto(s)
Productos Biológicos/síntesis química , Materiales Manufacturados/virología , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/síntesis química , Plasma/química , Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible/fisiología , Inactivación de Virus , Animales , Betacoronavirus/fisiología , Productos Biológicos/aislamiento & purificación , Contaminación de Medicamentos/prevención & control , Humanos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Inmunoglobulinas Intravenosas/biosíntesis , Inmunoglobulinas Intravenosas/aislamiento & purificación , Pasteurización/métodos , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/aislamiento & purificación , Plasma/virología , SARS-CoV-2 , Administración de la Seguridad/métodos , Administración de la Seguridad/normas , Porcinos/virología , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Infection with transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) has been associated with villous atrophy within 48 h, which seriously disrupts intestinal homeostasis. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we found that TGEV infection severely disrupted intestinal homeostasis via inhibition of self-renewal and differentiation in Lgr5 intestinal stem cells (ISCs). Profoundly, TGEV-encoded NSP10/NSP16 protein complex-mediated the inactivation of Notch signaling provided a mechanistic explanation for this phenomenon. Initial invasions by TGEV-targeted Paneth cells through aminopeptidase N (APN) receptor, then inducing mitochondrial damage and ROS generation in them, ultimately causing Paneth cell decrease and loss of Notch factors (DII4 and Hes5), which are essential for Lgr5 ISCs self-renewal and differentiation. Interestingly, loss of Notch signaling induced goblet cells differentiation at the cost of absorptive enterocytes and promoted mucins secretion, which accelerated TGEV replication. Therefore, the more differentiation of goblet cells, the greater TGEV infection in jejunum. These results provide a detailed mechanistic pathway by which villous atrophy sharply occurs in TGEV-infected jejunum within 48 h. Thus, the pathogenesis of TGEV can be described as a "bottom up scenario", which is contrary to the traditional "top down" hypothesis. Together, our findings provide a potential link between diarrheal virus infection and crypt cells response that regulates Paneth cells function and Lgr5 ISCs fate and could be exploited for therapeutic application.
Asunto(s)
Diferenciación Celular , Autorrenovación de las Células , Células de Paneth/virología , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Receptores Notch/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Células Madre/patología , Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible/fisiología , Animales , Antígenos CD13/metabolismo , Antígeno CD24/metabolismo , Línea Celular , Linaje de la Célula , Proliferación Celular , Gastroenteritis Porcina Transmisible/patología , Gastroenteritis Porcina Transmisible/virología , Homeostasis , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/genética , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/metabolismo , Masculino , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Modelos Biológicos , Células de Paneth/metabolismo , Células de Paneth/patología , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Células Madre/metabolismo , Porcinos , Proteínas Virales/metabolismoRESUMEN
Interferon (IFN)-λ plays an essential role in mucosal cells which exhibit strong antiviral activity. Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) has substantial application potential in the food and medical industries because of its probiotic properties. Alphacoronaviruses, especially porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), cause high morbidity and mortality in piglets resulting in economic loss. Co-infection by these two viruses is becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, it is particularly important to develop a new drug to prevent diarrhea infected with mixed viruses in piglets. In this study, we first constructed an anchored expression vector with CWA (C-terminal cell wall anchor) on L. plantarum. Second, we constructed two recombinant L. plantarum strains that anchored IFN-λ3 via pgsA (N-terminal transmembrane anchor) and CWA. Third, we demonstrated that both recombinant strains possess strong antiviral effects against coronavirus infection in the intestinal porcine epithelial cell line J2 (IPEC-J2). However, recombinant L. plantarum with the CWA anchor exhibited a more powerful antiviral effect than recombinant L. plantarum with pgsA. Consistent with this finding, Lb.plantarum-pSIP-409-IFN-λ3-CWA enhanced the expression levels of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) (ISG15, OASL, and Mx1) in IPEC-J2 cells more than did recombinant Lb.plantarum-pSIP-409-pgsA'-IFN-λ3. Our study verifies that recombinant L. plantarum inhibits PEDV and TGEV infection in IPEC-J2 cells, which may offer great potential for use as a novel oral antiviral agent in therapeutic applications for combating porcine epidemic diarrhea and transmissible gastroenteritis. This study is the first to show that recombinant L. plantarum suppresses PEDV and TGEV infection of IPEC-J2 cells.
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Infecciones por Coronavirus/veterinaria , Gastroenteritis Porcina Transmisible/prevención & control , Interferones/administración & dosificación , Lactobacillus plantarum/genética , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/prevención & control , Animales , Infecciones por Coronavirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/prevención & control , Infecciones por Coronavirus/virología , Células Epiteliales/inmunología , Células Epiteliales/virología , Femenino , Gastroenteritis Porcina Transmisible/genética , Gastroenteritis Porcina Transmisible/inmunología , Gastroenteritis Porcina Transmisible/virología , Expresión Génica , Interferones/genética , Interferones/inmunología , Lactobacillus plantarum/metabolismo , Masculino , Virus de la Diarrea Epidémica Porcina/fisiología , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/genética , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/virología , Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) infection can cause acute inflammation. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in a number of biological process including inflammation response. However, whether lncRNAs participate in TGEV-induced inflammation in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPECs) is largely unknown. RESULTS: In this study, the next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology was used to analyze the profiles of lncRNAs in Mock and TGEV-infected porcine intestinal epithelial cell-jejunum 2 (IPEC-J2) cell line. A total of 106 lncRNAs were differentially expressed. Many differentially expressed lncRNAs act as elements to competitively attach microRNAs (miRNAs) which target to messenger RNA (mRNAs) to mediate expression of genes that related to toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) pathways. Functional analysis of the binding proteins and the up/down-stream genes of the differentially expressed lncRNAs revealed that lncRNAs were principally related to inflammatory response. Meanwhile, we found that the differentially expressed lncRNA TCONS_00058367 might lead to a reduction of phosphorylation of transcription factor p65 (p-p65) in TGEV-infected IPEC-J2 cells by negatively regulating its antisense gene promyelocytic leukemia (PML). CONCLUSIONS: The data showed that differentially expressed lncRNAs might be involved in inflammatory response induced by TGEV through acting as miRNA sponges, regulating their up/down-stream genes, or directly binding proteins.
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Gastroenteritis Porcina Transmisible/genética , ARN Largo no Codificante/genética , Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible/fisiología , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Línea Celular , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Inflamación/genética , MicroARNs/genética , PorcinosRESUMEN
RNA viruses carry out selective packaging of their genomes in a variety of ways, many involving a genomic packaging signal. The first coronavirus packaging signal was discovered nearly thirty years ago, but how it functions remains incompletely understood. This review addresses the current state of knowledge of coronavirus genome packaging, which has mainly been studied in two prototype species, mouse hepatitis virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Despite the progress that has been made in the mapping and characterization of some packaging signals, there is conflicting evidence as to whether the viral nucleocapsid protein or the membrane protein plays the primary role in packaging signal recognition. The different models for the mechanism of genomic RNA packaging that have been prompted by these competing views are described. Also discussed is the recent exciting discovery that selective coronavirus genome packaging is critical for in vivo evasion of the host innate immune response.
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Virus de la Hepatitis Murina/fisiología , ARN Viral/metabolismo , Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible/fisiología , Ensamble de Virus , Modelos Biológicos , Proteínas de la Nucleocápside/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Matriz Viral/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), a member of the family Coronaviridae, causes lethal watery diarrhea in piglets. Previous studies have revealed that the coronaviruses develop various strategies to evade the host innate immunity through the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. However, the ability of TGEV to inhibit the host innate immune response by modulating the NF-κB signaling pathway is not clear. METHODS: In this study, a dual luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm the inhibition of NF-κB by TGEV infection and to identify the major viral proteins involved in the inhibition of NF-κB signaling. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to quantify the mRNA expression of inflammatory factors. The deubiquitination of Nsp3 domains and its effect on IκBα and p65 were analyzed by western blotting. The ubiquitination level of IκBα was analyzed by immunoprecipitation. RESULTS: In ST and IPEC-J2 cells, TGEV exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of NF-κB activity. Individual TGEV protein screening revealed the high potential of non-structural protein 3 (Nsp3) to inhibit NF-κB signaling, and leading to the downregulation of the NF-κB-induced cytokine production. We demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of Nsp3 was mainly mediated through the suppression of IκBα degradation as well as the inhibition of p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Furthermore, the amino acid residues at positions 590-1,215 in Nsp3 were demonstrated to inhibit the degradation of IκBα by inhibiting the IκBα ubiquitination. CONCLUSION: TGEV infection can inhibit the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, which is mainly mediated by Nsp3 through the canonical pathway. The amino acid residues at positions 590-1,215 in Nsp3 compose the critical domain that mediates NF-κB inhibition. We speculate that this inhibitory effect is likely to be related to the structure of PLP2 with deubiquitinating enzyme activity of the amino acid residues at positions 590-1,215 in Nsp3. Our study provides a better understanding of the TGEV-mediated innate immune modulation and lays the basis for studies on the pathogenesis of coronavirus.
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Gastroenteritis Porcina Transmisible/inmunología , Evasión Inmune , Inmunidad Innata , FN-kappa B/antagonistas & inhibidores , Transducción de Señal , Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible/inmunología , Proteínas no Estructurales Virales/genética , Animales , Línea Celular , Regulación hacia Abajo , Interacciones Microbiota-Huesped , FN-kappa B/genética , Porcinos , Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible/fisiología , Proteínas no Estructurales Virales/inmunología , Replicación ViralRESUMEN
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is the etiologic agent of transmissible gastroenteritis in pigs, and the N-terminal domain of TGEV spike protein is generally recognized as both the virulence determinant and enteric tropism determinant. Here, we assembled a full-length infectious cDNA clone of TGEV in a bacterial artificial chromosome. Using a novel approach, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) systems efficiently and rapidly rescued another recombinant virus with a 224-amino-acid deletion in the N-terminal domain of the TGEV Spike gene (S_NTD224), which is analogous to the N-terminal domain of porcine respiratory coronavirus. S_NTD224 notably affected the TGEV growth kinetics in PK-15 cells but was not essential for recombinant virus survival. In animal experiments with 13 two-day-old piglets, the TGEV recombinant viruses with/without S_NTD224 deletion induced obvious clinical signs and mortality. Together, our results directly demonstrated that S_NTD224 of TGEV mildly influenced TGEV virulence but was not the enteric tropism determinant and provide new insights for the development of a new attenuated vaccine against TGEV. Importantly, the optimized reverse genetics platform used in this study will simplify the construction of mutant infectious clones and help accelerate progress in coronavirus research.
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Gastroenteritis Porcina Transmisible/virología , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/metabolismo , Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible/fisiología , Tropismo Viral , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Línea Celular , Células Epiteliales/virología , Gastroenteritis Porcina Transmisible/patología , Edición Génica , Viabilidad Microbiana , Dominios Proteicos , Genética Inversa , Eliminación de Secuencia , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/genética , Análisis de Supervivencia , Porcinos , Virus de la Gastroenteritis Transmisible/genética , Factores de Virulencia/genética , Factores de Virulencia/metabolismoRESUMEN
Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) is an enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes diarrhea in pigs and is associated with high morbidity and mortality in sucking piglets. S1 is one of two protein domains in the spike (S) glycoprotein and is responsible for enteric tropism, sialic acid recognition, and host receptor binding. Although there has been extensive research on the S1 protein of TGEV, little is known about the intracellular role of TGEV-S1. In the present study, we used yeast two-hybrid screening of a cDNA library from porcine intestinal cells to identify proteins that interact with TGEV-S1. Among 120 positive clones from the library, 12 intracellular proteins were identified after sequencing and a BLAST search. These intracellular proteins are involved in protein synthesis and degradation, biological signal transduction, and negative control of signaling pathways. Using a glutathione-S-transferase (GST) pulldown assay and Co-IP, we found that UBXN1 interacts with the S1 protein. Here, we observed that TGEV infection led to increased UBXN1 expression levels during the late phase of infection in IPEC-J2 cells. Inhibition of UBXN1 in IPEC-J2 cells via siRNA interference significantly decreased the viral titer and downregulated the expression of S1. UBXN1 overexpression significantly increased the viral copy number. Additionally, we provided data suggesting that UBXN1 negatively regulates IFN-ß expression after TGEV infection. Finally, our research indicated that UBXN1 plays a vital role in the process of TGEV infection, making it a candidate target for the development of a novel antiviral method.