Gastrointestinal Illness Associated with Rancid Tortilla Chips at a Correctional Facility - Wyoming, 2015.

On October 12, 2015, a county health department notified the Wyoming Department of Health of an outbreak of gastrointestinal illness among residents and staff members at a local correctional facility. The majority of ill persons reported onset of symptoms within 1-3 hours after eating lunch served at the facility cafeteria at noon on October 11. Residents and staff members reported that tortilla chips served at the lunch tasted and smelled like chemicals. The Wyoming Department of Health and county health department personnel conducted case-control studies to identify the outbreak source. Consuming lunch at the facility on October 11 was highly associated with illness; multivariate logistic regression analysis found that tortilla chips were the only food item associated with illness. Hexanal and peroxide, markers for rancidity, were detected in tortilla chips and composite food samples from the lunch. No infectious agent was detected in human stool specimens or food samples. Extensive testing of lunch items did not identify any unusual chemical. Epidemiologic and laboratory evidence implicated rancid tortilla chips as the most likely source of illness. This outbreak serves as a reminder to consider alternative food testing methods during outbreaks of unusual gastrointestinal illness when typical foodborne pathogens are not identified. For interpretation of alternative food testing results, samples of each type of food not suspected to be contaminated are needed to serve as controls.

Possible health impacts of naturally occurring uptake of aristolochic acids by maize and cucumber roots: links to the etiology of endemic (Balkan) nephropathy.

Aristolochic acids (AAs) are nephrotoxic and carcinogenic derivatives found in several Aristolochia species. To date, the toxicity of AAs has been inferred only from the effects observed in patients suffering from a kidney disease called "aristolochic acid nephropathy" (AAN, formerly known as "Chinese herbs nephropathy"). More recently, the chronic poisoning with Aristolochia seeds has been considered to be the main cause of Balkan endemic nephropathy, another form of chronic renal failure resembling AAN. So far, it was assumed that AAs can enter the human food chain only through ethnobotanical use (intentional or accidental) of herbs containing self-produced AAs. We hypothesized that the roots of some crops growing in fields where Aristolochia species grew over several seasons may take up certain amounts of AAs from the soil, and thus become a secondary source of food poisoning. To verify this possibility, maize plant (Zea mays) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus) were used as a model to substantiate the possible significance of naturally occurring AAs' root uptake in food chain contamination. This study showed that the roots of maize plant and cucumber are capable of absorbing AAs from nutrient solution, consequently producing strong peaks on ultraviolet HPLC chromatograms of plant extracts. This uptake resulted in even higher concentrations of AAs in the roots compared to the nutrient solutions. To further validate the measurement of AA content in the root material, we also measured their concentrations in nutrient solutions before and after the plant treatment. Decreased concentrations of both AAI and AAII were found in nutrient solutions after plant growth. During this short-term experiment, there were much lower concentrations of AAs in the leaves than in the roots. The question is whether these plants are capable of transferring significant amounts of AAs from the roots into edible parts of the plant during prolonged experiments.

Severe hepatopathy in geese and broilers associated with ochratoxin in their feed.

The feeding of a shipment of imported corn was associated with a severe reduction in growth and increased mortality in geese, and increased mortality in broilers. Pathological examinations revealed hepatopathy, visceral gout and mild nephropathy in geese, and in broilers an hepatopathy, which was often severe, and ascites. Samples of feed from affected geese farms were examined for up to 24 mycotoxins, and ochratoxin was found in 6 of 15 samples at levels up to 930 ng/g. The syndrome was experimentally reproduced by feeding geese and broilers suspect feeds with the natural ochratoxin contamination. It is believed that another, unidentified, mycotoxin was the major cause of the hepatotoxicity, and that ochratoxin served in this case as an indicator of a multi-mycotoxin involvement.

Handling and aflatoxin contamination of white maize in Costa Rica.

Projects funded by International Development Research Centre (IDRC) of Canada and the European Commission have enabled the examination of more than 3000 samples of maize collected from all regions of Costa Rica at different stages, from the growing crop through storage to final sale, and at different water contents. Contamination with Aspergillus flavus was frequent and about 80% of samples contained more than 20 ng aflatoxins g(-1) grain. Average contamination with aflatoxins in the Brunca Region was > 274 ng g(-1) while that in other regions was < 70 ng g(-1). Except in Brunca region, where it averaged 376 ng g(-1), contamination of grain from commercial sources was slightly less than of that from farms (< or = 15 ng g(-1)). It appeared that samples kept on the cob after harvest contained almost no aflatoxin while shelled samples were frequently highly contaminated. Experiments were therefore done in Brunca and Huetar Atlantic Regions, utilising 34 experimental maize crops to study in detail the development of A. flavus and aflatoxin from before harvest, through postharvest treatment before drying and through storage for six months. A. flavus was isolated more frequently from maize shelled immediately after harvest than from that kept on the cob until it could be dried, and from more samples from the Brunca Region than from the Huetar Atlantic Region. Samples harvested with > or = 18% water content often contains > 70% of grains infected with A. flavus but sometimes there were few grains infected. As found in the initial survey, more aflatoxin contamination developed in shelled maize than in that handled on the cob during the period from harvesting to drying, especially if the delay was more than 5 days, and more in Brunca than in Huetar. Shelled grain contained 400-800 ng aflatoxin g(-1) in Brunca but < 100 ng g(-1) in Huetar while grain kept on the cob contained < 30 ng g(-1), even with > 18% water content. Incidence of Fusarium spp. exceeded 50% except where A. flavus colonized more than 80% of grains.

A foodborne disease outbreak due to the consumption of moldy sorghum and maize containing fumonisin mycotoxins.

BACKGROUND: Unseasonal rains beginning in 1995 damaged the maize and sorghum crops harvested in a few villages of the Deccan plateau in India. Human consumption of those grains resulted in a foodborne disease outbreak characterized by abdominal pain, borborygmi and diarrhea. METHODS: A rapid epidemiological survey was conducted in the affected villages and a detailed house to house survey in selected villages. RESULTS: People in 27 out of 50 villages surveyed were affected and disease was seen only in households and subjects consuming the rain damaged moldy sorghum or maize. The disease was self limiting. Diarrhea was reproduced in day old cockerels fed contaminated grains from affected households. All 20 sorghum and 12 maize samples collected from affected households had Fusarium sp. as the dominant mycoflora and contained fumonisin B1 in the range of 0.14-7.8 mg/kg and 0.25-64.7 mg/kg, respectively. In contrast, samples collected from unaffected households had fumonisin B1 in low levels ranging from 0.07-0.36 mg/kg and 0.05-0.24 mg/kg, respectively. CONCLUSION: The higher water activity in the grains left in the field following harvest led to the production of high levels of fumonisin B1 and consumption of such grains by humans resulted in the disease.

[The aflatoxins and liver cancer in Guangxi, China].

The AFB1 intake and the AFM1 excretion of 81 households in 10 villages, Guanxi were investigated using the ELISA method. The results showed that there was positive correlation between PLC mortality and AFB1 intake from corn and peanut oil, but not from rice. The results of stepwise regression showed that main factors were AFB1 intake of males, AFM1 excretion of females and consumption of corn. The results showed that aflatoxins were correlated with mortality rates of liver cancer. Further investigation needs to be carried out in case-control and cohort studies.

A field outbreak of chronic aflatoxicosis in dairy calves in the western Cape Province.

An outbreak of mortality in Friesland dairy calves in which 7 out of 25 calves died in the western Cape Province, Republic of South Africa is described. Clinical signs included a loss in body mass, staring hair coat, diarrhoea and rectal prolapse. Histopathological changes in the liver were characterised by severe portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation and mild portal round cell infiltration. The calves were fed a ration containing locally-produced maize. The implicated maize was infested with Aspergillus flavus and contained aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 with total aflatoxin levels as high as 11,790 ng g-1. This is the first report of a field outbreak of bovine aflatoxicosis in South Africa.

Leukoencephalomalacia in a white-tailed deer from North Carolina.

Leukoencephalomalacia similar to equine leukoencephalomalacia occurred in a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from North Carolina. The deer was recumbent and stuporous when presented for examination. It was believed that the disease resulted from ingestion of moldy field corn, infected with Fusarium moniliforme.

Fermented corn flour poisoning in rural areas of China. III. Isolation and identification of main toxin produced by causal microorganisms.

Flavotoxin A was isolated from Pseudomonas cocovenenans subsp. farinofermentans culture in semisolid potato-dextrose-agar medium, which was isolated from fermented corn meal that had caused food poisoning outbreaks in China. The isolation, purification, and chemical structure of this toxin were studied. The NMR spectra, the uv spectra, and molar extinction coefficients, and the mass spectra of Flavotoxin A are in good agreement with those reported for bongkrekic acid. Therefore, Flavotoxin A and bongkrekic acid are the same organic chemical compound; the molecular formula is C28H38O7. The oral LD50 of the purified Flavotoxin A in mice was 3.16 mg/kg (1.53-6.15 mg/kg). The existence of bongkrekic acid in toxic fermented corn samples collected during food poisoning outbreaks was also confirmed. It is concluded that bongkrekic acid has played an important role in the outbreaks of fermented corn poisoning.

Determinaçäo de cádmio e chumbo em milho (Zea mays L.) de três regiöes do estado de Minas Gerais / Determination of cadmium and lead in corn (Zea mays L.) from three regions of the state of Minas Gerais

Este trabalho tem por finalidade adaptar um método para determinar a contaminaçäo de cádmio e chumbo em alimentos. Este método foi aplicado a 29 amostras de milho (Zea mays L.), de três regiöes do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. As amostras foram digeridas em ácido nítrico e clorídrico. Os metais liberados foram extraídos em solvente orgânico, colocados em soluçäo aquosa contendo ácido nítrico e peróxido de hidrogênio e analisados por espectrofotometria de absorçäo atômica. A contaminaçäo foi detectada apenas nas amostras fumigadas da regiäo I (Metalúrgica). Os valores encontrados näo excederam 0,16 mg de Cd/g, 0,60 mg de Pb/g e, portanto, estavam abaixo dos limites máximos permissíveis para contaminaçäo em alimentos.

Studies on fermented corn flour poisoning in rural areas of China. I. Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Pathology.

An outbreak of a new type of fatal food poisoning has been reported in different parts of the People's Republic of China. Liver, kidney, heart, and brain were the main target organs, and the overall fatality of intoxicated individuals was 38.2%. Evidence obtained from epidemiological studies and animal tests indicates that the food poisoning was caused by the consumption of homemade fermented corn flour products.

Studies on fermented corn flour food poisoning in rural areas of China. II. Isolation and identification of causal microorganisms.

Using potato dextrose agar medium, 40 strains of microorganisms were isolated from leftover fermented corn flour samples involved in outbreaks of food poisoning. All strains produced powerful toxins which caused the same intoxication to mice, dogs, and monkeys as the leftover food samples. On the basis of results obtained from the morphology of this bacteria and its colony, from biochemical tests, and from the G-C mole percentage in DNA, the bacteria was identified as Flavobacterium farinofermentans nov. sp. (Meng, Z. and Wang, D.).

Epidemic of toxic hepatitis in India of possible mycotoxic origin.

An epidemic of liver disease, characterized by onset with high fever, rapidly progressive jaundice, and ascites occurred in a rural area of India. Several hundred people were affected and mortality was high. The epidemic was heralded by the appearance of similar features in the village dogs. Liver biopsy specimens from eight cases and autopsy material from one human case and two dogs were studied. Characteristic features were centrizonal scarring, hepatic venous occlusion, ductular proliferation and cholestasis, focal syncytial giant-cell tr-nsformation of hepatocytes, and pericellular fibrosis. Toxic quantities of aflatoxin B1 were found in samples of corn, the staple food grain of the people, that was obtained from the domestic food stores. The etiology of the disease could not be unequivocally established, but aflatoxins, perhaps in combination with other factors, may have been the cause.