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Special attention is given to the pharmacological treatment of combined medication of Carvedilol and hydrochlorothiazide which is the most effective and the most beneficial therapy for hypertensive patients with diabetes and various metabolic comorbidities. This work represents spectrophotometric platform scenarios based on factorized spectrum (FS) using interpoint data difference resolution scenarios (IDDRS) coupled with spectrum subtraction method (SS) for the concurrent quantification of carvedilol (CAR) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) when present together in a combination without the need for any initial physical separation steps. This IDD resolution scenario based on manipulating the zero-order spectra (D0) of both drugs in the mixture with various spectral features at different wavelength regions (200-400 nm), region I (220-250 nm), region II (240-300 nm) and region III (270-320 nm) via absorbance resolution (AR) and induced absorbance resolution (IAR) methods coupled with corresponding spectrum subtraction (SS). The calibration curves were established across the linearity ranges of 2.0-12.0 µg/mL at 242.50 nm and 4.0-40.0 µg/mL at 285.5 nm for CAR and 1.0-11.0 µg/mL at 226.10 nm and 2.0-20.0 µg/mL at 270.5 nm for HCT. Moreover, methods' validation was confirmed via ICH guidelines. A Multicenter comparison between sensitivity, specificity in respect resolution sequence were applied using different wavelength regions with various concentration ranges was applied and finally spectral resolution recommendation is issued and cumulative validation score (CVS) is calculated as an indicator in the risk analysis. In quality control laboratories, the studied approaches are applicable for conducting analysis on the mentioned drugs. In addition, the selection of spectrophotometry aligns with the principles of green analytical chemistry, an approach that resonates with the overarching theme of minimizing environmental impact. Via four metric tools named: analytical greenness (AGREE), green analytical procedure index (GAPI), analytical eco-scale, and national environmental method index (NEMI), methods' greenness profile was guaranteed.
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Carvedilol , Hidroclorotiazida , Espectrofotometria , Carvedilol/análise , Hidroclorotiazida/análise , Espectrofotometria/métodos , Medição de Risco , Humanos , Anti-Hipertensivos/análiseRESUMO
AIMS: Niacin (NIA) supplementation showed effectiveness against Parkinson's disease (PD) in clinical trials. The depletion of NAD and endoplasmic reticulum stress response (ERSR) are implicated in the pathogenesis of PD, but the potential role for NAD precursors on ERSR is not yet established. This study was undertaken to decipher NIA molecular mechanisms against PD-accompanied ERSR, especially in relation to PKC. METHODS: Alternate-day-low-dose-21 day-subcutaneous exposure to rotenone (ROT) in rats induced PD. Following the 5th ROT injection, rats received daily doses of either NIA alone or preceded by the PKC inhibitor tamoxifen (TAM). Extent of disease progression was assessed by behavioral, striatal biochemical and striatal/nigral histopathological/immunohistochemical analysis. KEY FINDINGS: Via activating PKC/LKB1/AMPK stream, NIA post-treatment attenuated the ERSR reflected by the decline in ATF4, ATF6 and XBP1s to downregulate the apoptotic markers, CHOP/GADD153, p-JNK and active caspase-3. Such amendments congregated in motor activity/coordination improvements in open field and rotarod tasks, enhanced grid test latency and reduced overall PD scores, while boosting nigral/striatal tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity and increasing intact neurons (Nissl stain) in both SNpc and striatum that showed less neurodegeneration (H&E stain). To different extents, TAM reverted all the NIA-related actions to prove PKC as a fulcrum in conveying the drug neurotherapeutic potential. SIGNIFICANCE: PKC activation is a pioneer mechanism in the drug ERSR inhibitory anti-apoptotic modality to clarify NIA promising clinical and potent preclinical anti-PD efficacy. This kinase can be tagged as a druggable target for future add-on treatments that can assist dopaminergic neuronal aptitude against this devastating neurodegenerative disease.
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Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático , Niacina , Animais , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Niacina/farmacologia , Masculino , Proteína Quinase C/metabolismo , Doença de Parkinson/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Parkinson/metabolismo , Doença de Parkinson/patologia , Rotenona/farmacologia , Camundongos , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos Wistar , Modelos Animais de DoençasRESUMO
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an irreversible disease which considered the most fatal pulmonary fibrosis. Pulmonary toxicity including IPF is the most severe adverse effect of bleomycin, the chemotherapeutic agent. Based on the fact that, exogenous surfactants could induce alveolar stabilization in many lung diseases, the aim of this study was to explore the effects of low cost biosurfactants, surfactin (SUR) and sophorolipids (SLs), against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice due to their antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Surfactin and sophorolipids were produced by microbial conversion of frying oil and potato peel wastes using Bacillus halotolerans and Candida parapsilosis respectively. These biosurfactants were identified by FTIR, 1H NMR, and LC-MS/MS spectra. C57BL/6 mice were administered the produced biosurfactants daily at oral dose of 200 mg kg-1 one day after the first bleomycin dose (35 U/kg). We evaluated four study groups: Control, Bleomycin, Bleomycin+SUR, Bleomycin+SLs. After 30 days, lungs from each mouse were sampled for oxidative stress, ELISA, Western blot, histopathological, immunohistochemical analyses. Our results showed that the produced SUR and SLs reduced pulmonary oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the lungs of bleomycin induced mice as they suppressed SOD, CAT, and GST activities also reduced NF-κß, TNF-α, and CD68 levels. Furthermore, biosurfactants suppressed the expression of TGF-ß1, Smad-3, and p-JNK fibrotic signaling pathway in pulmonary tissues. Histologically, SUR and SLs protected against lung ECM deposition caused by bleomycin administration. Biosurfactants produced from microbial sources can inhibit the induced inflammatory and fibrotic responses in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
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Anti-Inflamatórios , Antioxidantes , Bleomicina , Candida parapsilosis , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , MicroRNAs , Fibrose Pulmonar , Proteína Smad3 , Tensoativos , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1 , Animais , Fibrose Pulmonar/induzido quimicamente , Fibrose Pulmonar/prevenção & controle , Fibrose Pulmonar/patologia , Fibrose Pulmonar/metabolismo , Bleomicina/toxicidade , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/metabolismo , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Proteína Smad3/metabolismo , Camundongos , Candida parapsilosis/efeitos dos fármacos , Tensoativos/farmacologia , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Masculino , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Bacillus , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/patologia , Pulmão/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácidos OleicosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Doxorubicin (DOX) is a well-known chemotherapeutic agent which causes serious adverse effects due to multiple organ damage, including cardiotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity. The mechanism of DOX-induced organ toxicity might be attributed to oxidative stress (OS) and, consequently, activation of inflammatory signaling pathways, apoptosis, and blockage of autophagy. Sophorolipids (SLs) as a glycolipid type of biosurfactants, are natural products that have unique properties and a wide range of applications attributed to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. AIMS: Production of low-cost SLs from Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown on banana peels and investigating their possible protective effects against DOX-induced hepatotoxicity. MAIN METHODS: The yeast was locally isolated and molecularly identified, then the yielded SLs were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR and LC-MS/MS spectra. Posteriorly, thirty-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups; control (oral saline), SLs (200 mg/kg, p.o), DOX (10 mg/kg; i.p.), and SL + DOX (200 mg/kg p.o.,10 mg/kg; i.p., respectively). Liver function tests (LFTs), oxidative stress, inflammatory, apoptosis as well as autophagy markers were investigated. KEY FINDINGS: SLs were produced with a yield of 49.04% and treatment with SLs improved LFTs, enhanced Nrf2 and suppressed NF-κB, IL-6, IL-1ß, p38, caspase 3 and Bax/Bcl2 ratio in addition to promotion of autophagy when compared to DOX group. SIGNIFICANCE: Our results revealed a novel promising protective effect of SLs against DOX-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.
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Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas , Musa , Ratos , Masculino , Animais , NF-kappa B/genética , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Cromatografia Líquida , Ratos Wistar , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Doxorrubicina/toxicidade , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Estresse Oxidativo , Apoptose , Cardiotoxicidade/metabolismo , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/prevenção & controle , AutofagiaRESUMO
Methotrexate (MTX)-induced hepatotoxicity is a serious adverse effect that may limit its use. Therefore, eligible drugs to ameliorate MTX-induced hepatotoxicity are required. l-Carnitine (LC) is a natural molecule with beneficial metabolic effects and infliximab (INF) is an anti-inflammatory monoclonal antibody against tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Recently, Notch1/Hes-1 signaling was found to play a key role in the pathogenesis of liver injury. However, its role in MTX-induced hepatotoxicity is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the modulatory effects of LC or INF on MTX-induced hepatotoxicity and to explore the underlying mechanism with emphasis on the Notch1/Hes-1 signaling pathway. Sixty rats were randomized into six groups (n = 10): (1) control (saline); (2) MTX (20 mg/kg MTX, intraperitoneal [ip], once); (3) LC group (500 mg/kg ip, 5 days); (4) INF (7 mg/kg INF ip, once); (5) MTX+LC (20 mg/kg ip, once, 500 mg/kg ip, 5 days, respectively); (6) MTX+INF (20 mg/kg ip, once, 7 mg/kg INF ip, once, respectively). Oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, and Notch1/Hes-1 were investigated. MTX induced the expression of Notch1 and Hes-1 proteins and increased the levels of TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1ß in the liver. Cotreatment with LC or INF showed apparent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Interestingly, the downregulation of Notch1 and Hes-1 expression was more prominent in LC cotreatment as compared with INF. In conclusion, LC or INF attenuates MTX-induced hepatotoxicity through modulation of Notch1/Hes-1 signaling. The LC ameliorative effect against MTX-induced hepatotoxicity is significantly better than that of INF. Therefore, LC cotreatment may present a safe and therapeutically effective therapy in alleviating MTX-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas , Metotrexato , Ratos , Animais , Metotrexato/efeitos adversos , Metotrexato/metabolismo , Infliximab/farmacologia , Infliximab/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Carnitina/farmacologia , Carnitina/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Estresse Oxidativo , Fígado , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/metabolismo , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/etiologia , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/prevenção & controle , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Receptor Notch1/metabolismoRESUMO
Mathematical filtration is an efficient tool to resolve the overlapping spectra of binary mixtures in zero or first order form. Herein, a comparative study was conducted between six economic, accurate and precise spectrophotometric methods for determination of Triclabendazole (TCB) and Levamisole HCl (LVM). Each component was resolved with minimum mathematical steps in its zero-order absorption spectrum by ratio subtraction, constant multiplication, and the recent factorized response method; coupled with spectrum subtraction. In addition, the mixture was resolved in its first derivative form by derivative subtraction, D1 constant multiplication, and the recent D1 factorized response method; coupled with spectrum subtraction. Results obtained were also compared to those obtained from constant value, concentration value, and derivative ratio methods. The linearity range was found to be either 1.0-10.0 µg/mL or 2.0-20.0 µg/mL for TCB, and 2.0-14.0 µg/mL for LVM with LOD of 0.08 µg/mL and 0.19 µg/mL, respectively. Validation of the proposed methods was performed according to VICH guidelines. Results obtained from the statistical data showed no significant difference regarding accuracy and precision compared to the reported methods. The developed spectrophotometric methods followed the principles of green analytical chemistry, in which the green assessment was done through four tools, called, National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI), Analytical Eco-Scale (AES), Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and Analytical greenness metric (AGREE). Also, a white assessment was performed using RGB model. The proposed methods could offer an economic alternative for the routine analysis of bulk materials and combined veterinary dosage form.
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Introduction: Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is FDA-approved for use in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis, and it processes neuroprotection in several experimental settings; however, its impact on combating Huntington's disease (HD) remains elusive. This study aimed to explore the role of DMF post-treatment on HD mediated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response in a selective striatal degeneration HD model. Methods: Rats, exposed to 3-nitropropionic acid, were either left untreated or post-treated with DMF for 14 days. Results and Discussion: DMF reduced locomotion deficits in both the open field and beam walk paradigms, boosted the striatal dopamine (DA) content, improved its architecture at the microscopic level, and hindered astrogliosis. Mechanistically, DMF limited the activation of two of the ER stress arms in the striatum by reducing p-IRE1α, p-JNK, and p-PERK protein expressions besides the CHOP/GADD153 content. Downstream from both ER stress arms' suppression, DMF inhibited the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, as shown by the decrease in Bax and active caspase-3 while raising Bcl-2. DMF also decreased oxidative stress markers indicated by a decline in both reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde while boosting glutathione. Meanwhile, it enhanced p-AKT to activate /phosphorylate mTOR and stimulate the CREB/BDNF/TrkB trajectory, which, in a positive feedforward loop, activates AKT again. DMF also downregulated the expression of miRNA-634, which negatively regulates AKT, to foster survival kinase activation. Conclusion: This study features a focal novel point on the DMF therapeutic ability to reduce HD motor manifestations via its ability to enhance DA and suppress the IRE1α/JNK and PERK/CHOP/GADD153 hubs to inhibit the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway through activating the AKT/mTOR and BDNF/TrkB/AKT/CREB signaling pathways and abating miRNA-634 and oxidative stress.
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Spectrophotometric resolution of severely overlapped binary mixtures with minor component is challenging. Herein, coupling of mathematical manipulation steps with sample enrichment was conducted on the binary mixture spectrum of Phenylbutazone (PBZ) and Dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DEX) to resolve, for the first time each component separately. Simultaneous determination of both components in a mixture ratio of 1:0.002 was achieved in their zero or first order spectra by the recent factorized response method along with ratio subtraction and constant multiplication methods; all coupled with spectrum subtraction. In addition, a novel second derivative concentration value and second derivative constant value methods were developed for PBZ determination. The concentration of the minor component DEX was obtained, without preliminary separation steps by derivative ratio after sample enrichment by either spectrum addition or standard addition. Spectrum addition approach showed superior characteristics compared to standard addition technique. All proposed methods were placed through a comparative study. Linear correlation was found to be 1.5-18.0 µg/mL for PBZ, and 4.0-45.0 µg/mL for DEX. The proposed methods were validated in accordance with ICH guidelines. The greenness assessment of the proposed spectrophotometric methods was evaluated by AGREE software. Results obtained from the statistical data were evaluated by comparing to one another as well as the official USP methods. These methods offer a cost and time effective platform to analyze bulk materials and combined veterinary formulation.
Assuntos
Dexametasona , Fenilbutazona , Espectrofotometria/métodosRESUMO
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) refers to hepatic ailments induced by excessive alcohol intake. The pathogenesis of ALD comprises a complex interplay between various mechanistic pathways, among which inflammation and oxidative stress are key players. Boswellic acids (BAs), found in Boswellia serrata, have shown hepatoprotective effects owing to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, nevertheless, their therapeutic potential against ALD has not been previously investigated. Hence, this study was performed to depict the possible protective effect of BAs and detect their underlying mechanism of action in an experimentally-induced ALD mouse model. Male BALB/c mice were equally categorized into six groups: control, BAs-treated, ALD, and ALD that received BAs at three-dose levels (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) by oral gavage for 14 days. Results showed that the high dose of BAs had the most protective impact against ALD according to histopathology examination, blood alcohol concentration (BAC), and liver function enzymes. Mechanistic investigations revealed that BAs (500 mg/kg) caused a significant decrease in cytochrome P450 2E1(CYP2E1), nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) 1/2/4, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) levels, and the expression of miR-155, yet increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) levels. This led to an improvement in lipid profile and reduced hepatic inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis indices. In summary, our study concludes that BAs can protect against ethanol-induced hepatic injury, via modulating NOX/p38 MAPK/PPARα pathways and miR-155 expression.
Assuntos
Hepatopatias Alcoólicas , MicroRNAs , Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Concentração Alcoólica no Sangue , Inflamação/metabolismo , Fígado , Hepatopatias Alcoólicas/tratamento farmacológico , Hepatopatias Alcoólicas/prevenção & controle , Hepatopatias Alcoólicas/etiologia , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , PPAR alfa/metabolismo , PPAR alfa/farmacologia , PPAR alfa/uso terapêutico , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) are considered to be fast-growing innovative biopharmaceuticals. The science used for conjugating potent cytotoxic payload to the targeted monoclonal antibody through a chemical linker has played a great value in the area of oncology treatment. In this study; Polatuzumab vedotin (POLA) and Brentuximab vedotin (SGN-35) were subjected to various stress conditions enclosing different pH, thermal stress, agitation, and successive cycles of freeze and thaw in order to produce potential degradation by-products and guarantee the appropriateness of the applied testing protocol. Different analytical techniques were established and validated to be used in the quantitation of the degraded products from different perspectives. The formation of ADC aggregates and fragments was monitored using SE-HPLC as well as dynamic light scattering (DLS). The drug antibody ratio (DAR) and ADC conjugation profile were determined using hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC-HPLC). In addition to performing a statistical interpretation of HIC-HPLC results by principal component analysis (PCA) to explicate the obtained data. Also, the quantity of the unconjugated toxic drug was quantified using RP-HPLC. Testing the binding activity of ADC to their target receptor ADC was conducted using ELISA. Results presented that used assay protocol had worked as a complementary design for characterization and stability assessment of the used ADC. Variances in the stability profile of both products were observed which could be attributed to the usage of different formulation buffers. This highlighted the importance of using multiple techniques for the assessment of the quality attributes of such sophisticated products. The analytical assay protocol should be used for the evaluation of the quality and stability of several ADC.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Imunoconjugados , Brentuximab Vedotin , Imunoconjugados/química , Anticorpos MonoclonaisRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) activation plays a major role in triggering oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation implicated in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). Due to sophorolipids (SLs) antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, they are interestingly becoming more valued for their potential effectiveness in treating a variety of diseases. This study was designed to explore the effect of SLs produced by microbial conversion of Moringa oleifera oil cake using isolated yeast Yarrowia lipolytica against UC induced by acetic acid (AA) in rats. METHODS: The produced SLs were identified by FTIR, 1H NMR and LC-MS/MS spectra, and administered orally for 7 days (200 mg/kg/day) before AA (2 ml, 4% v/v) to induce UC intrarectally on day eight. Biochemically, the levels of TLR-4, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), nuclear factor kappa B-p65 (NFκB-p65), interleukin-1beta (IL-1ß), malondialdehyd, glutathione, Bax/Bcl2 ratio and the immunohistochemical evaluation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and caspase-3 were assayed. KEY FINDINGS: SLs significantly reduced OS, inflammatory and apoptotic markers in AA-treated rats, almost like the reference sulfasalazine. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided a novel impact for SLs produced by microbial conversion of M. oleifera oil cake against AA-induced UC in rats through hampering the TLR-4/p-JNK/NFκB-p65 signalling pathway.
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Colite Ulcerativa , Colite , Moringa oleifera , Yarrowia , Ratos , Animais , Ácido Acético/farmacologia , Yarrowia/metabolismo , Cromatografia Líquida , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Ratos Wistar , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Colite/patologia , Colite Ulcerativa/induzido quimicamente , Colite Ulcerativa/tratamento farmacológico , Colite Ulcerativa/prevenção & controle , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , ColoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a widely used chemotherapeutic drug. However, the associated nephrotoxicity restricts its clinical use. AIM: The present research was designed to study the impact of LCZ696 (LCZ); which is a combination of Sacubitril/Valsartan compared to valsartan (VAL) on CP-induced nephrotoxicity. MAIN METHODS: Sixty adult male Wistar rats were randomly and equally assigned into 6 groups as follows: Control, LCZ (30 mg/kg, p.o.), VAL (15 mg/kg, p.o.), CP (200 mg/kg, single dose, i.p.), CP/LCZ, and CP/VAL groups. LCZ and VAL were given once daily for 6 days prior to CP (groups 5 & 6). At the end of the experiment, kidney functions, oxidants/antioxidants, inflammatory and fibrotic biomarkers in renal tissues were assessed. Further, immunohistochemical, and histomorphometric analyses were carried out. KEY FINDINGS: In comparison with CP-treated rats, LCZ resulted in a significant reduction in serum urea (26.6 %) and creatinine (63 %), moreover it decreased renal content of reactive oxygen species (ROS), zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox (ZEB)-1, SMAD2/3, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, fibronectin, histone deacetylase (HDAC)-4, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and miR-192 expression by ~40-60 % as well as the immunohistological expressions of transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) and anti-phospho Histone (H2AX) by ~75 % reduction. Whereas the renal total antioxidant capacity (TAC), apelin-13, miR-200 expression, and the immunoreactivity of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) were enhanced by ~3-4-folds. Noteworthy, the prophylactic effect of LCZ was superior to VAL on the histomorphometric and immunohistological levels. SIGNIFICANCE: Prophylactic administration of LCZ protected against CP-induced nephrotoxicity via up-regulating apelin-13/ACE2, miR-200, and down-regulating TGF-ß/SMAD 2/3 and miR-192.
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Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , MicroRNAs , Aminobutiratos , Animais , Compostos de Bifenilo , Ciclofosfamida/toxicidade , Regulação para Baixo , Combinação de Medicamentos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular , Rim/metabolismo , Masculino , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Proteína Smad2 , Proteína Smad3 , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Regulação para Cima , Valsartana/farmacologiaRESUMO
Impurity profiling has a rising importance nowadays due to the increased health problems associated with impurities and degradation products found in several drug substances and formulations. Three advanced, accurate and precise chemometric methods were developed as impurity profiling methods for a mixture of bisoprolol fumarate (BIS) and perindopril arginine (PER) with their degradation products which represent drug impurity or a precursor to such impurity. The methods applied were Partial Least Squares (PLS-1), Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Genetic Algorithm (GA) was used as a variable selection tool to select the most significant wavelengths for the three chemometric models. For proper analysis, a 5-factor 5-level experimental design was used to establish a calibration set of 25 mixtures containing different ratios of the drugs and their degradation products (impurities). The validity of the proposed methods was assessed using an independent validation set. The designed models were able to predict the concentrations of the drugs and the degradation products/impurities in the validation set and pharmaceutical formulation. The proposed methods presented a powerful alternative to traditional and expensive chromatographic methods as impurity profiling tools.
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Perindopril , Preparações Farmacêuticas , Bisoprolol , Quimiometria , Análise dos Mínimos QuadradosRESUMO
Biosimilar products present a growing opportunity to improve the global healthcare systems. The amount of accepted variability during the comparative assessments of biosimilar products introduces a significant challenge for both the biosimilar developers and the regulatory authorities. The aim of this study was to explore unsupervised machine learning tools as a mathematical aid for the interpretation and visualization of such comparability under control and stress conditions using data extracted from high throughput analytical techniques. For this purpose, a head-to-head analysis of the physicochemical characteristics of three Trastuzumab (TTZ) approved biosimilars and the originator product (Herceptin®) was performed. The studied quality attributes included the primary structure and identity by peptide mapping (PM) with reversed-phase chromatography-UV detection, size and charge profiles by stability-indicating size exclusion and cation exchange chromatography. Stress conditions involved pH and thermal stress. Principal component analysis (PCA) and two of the widely used cluster analysis tools, namely, K-means and Density-based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN), were explored for clustering and feature representation of varied analytical datasets. It has been shown that the clustering patterns delineated by the used algorithms changed based on the included chromatographic profiles. The applied data analysis tools were found effective in revealing patterns of similarity and variability between i) intact and stressed as well as ii) originator and biosimilar samples.
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Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Aprendizado de Máquina , Trastuzumab/análise , Trastuzumab/química , Análise por Conglomerados , Mapeamento de Peptídeos , Análise de Componente Principal , Estabilidade ProteicaRESUMO
Surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy offers an alternative to conventional IR spectroscopy and utilizes the signal enhancement exerted by the plasmon resonance of nanostructured metal thin films. Citrate-capped silver nanoparticles were prepared in a single-step method, and their morphology was identified using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometry, and Zetasizer. The nanoparticles generated were deposited on the surface of cheap aluminum slides for different durations aiming for the selection of the best time producing a thin film, suitable to act as a lab-on-a-chip SEIRA substrate. These substrates were coupled to partial least squares regression tools for simultaneous resolving of the quinary mixture in commercial dosage forms of bisoprolol, perindopril, bisoprolol acid degradation product, bisoprolol alkali degradation product, and perindoprilat in concentration ranges of 15-75, 60-300, 15-55, 12-60, and 20-80 µg/mL with limits of detection values of 0.69, 3.43, 0.97, 1.25, and 1.09 µg/mL, respectively. Overall, we could demostrate that the localized surface plasmon resonance sensor coupled to chemometrics provides cheap, simple, selective, multiplex, rapid, and molecular specific procedures for impurity detection, which would be beneficial in many applications for quality control and quality accuracy of active pharmaceutical ingredients.
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Alumínio/química , Bisoprolol/análise , Indóis/análise , Perindopril/análise , Bisoprolol/análogos & derivados , Ácido Cítrico/química , Contaminação de Medicamentos/prevenção & controle , Limite de Detecção , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Prata/química , Espectrofotometria Infravermelho , Ressonância de Plasmônio de Superfície , Comprimidos/análiseRESUMO
Two accurate and sensitive chromatographic methods have been introduced and validated for the simultaneous determination of thioctic acid, benfotiamine and cyanocobalamin in bulk powders and in their pharmaceutical formulation. Method A is reversed-phase ultra performance liquid chromatographic method with an isocratic elution, where a rapid separation was accomplished on a Zorbax C8 column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile:0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 6 adjusted by o-phosphoric acid) (23:77, v/v). The retention times (tR) were 0.578, 0.852 and 1.376 for cyanocobalamin, benfotiamine and thioctic acid, respectively. The separated peaks were revealed at 210.0 nm. Method B is a thin-layer densitometric method where the separation of the studied drugs was carried out on silica gel plates using methanol-chloroform-heptane-1-sulphonic acid sodium salt (0.4%) (7:3:0.1, by volume) as a mobile phase, and scanning of the separated bands was done at 240.0 nm. The retardation factor (Rf) values were 0.17, 0.48 and 0.75 for cyanocobalamin, benfotiamine and thioctic acid, respectively. Validation of the methods was achieved following ICH guidelines and the applied methods succeeded to determine the cited drugs in their pure forms and capsules. Results were statistically compared to the manufacturer's method where no significant difference was observed.
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Tiamina/análise , Ácido Tióctico , Vitamina B 12/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Cromatografia em Camada Fina , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Tiamina/análogos & derivados , Ácido Tióctico/análiseRESUMO
Prednisolone acetate (PNO) and fluorometholone (FRT) are corticosteroids, co-formulated with moxifloxacin HCl (MFX) and cromolyn sodium (CML), respectively. PNO has a negligible quantum yield and its hydrolytic degradation products have enhanced fluorescence, which is 250-fold greater. FRT is a nonfluorescent drug, but its hydrolytic degradation products show reasonable fluorescence; MFX and CML have native fluorescence. Two methods were proposed based on the determination of PNO and FRT via their hydrolytic degradation products in the presence of other degradation products. Method (A) was developed for simultaneous determination of PNO and MFX in the presence of PNO degradation products by measuring peak amplitudes of the first derivative (1 D) of its enhanced fluorescence; PNO and MFX were measured at 345 and 473 nm, respectively. Method (B) is a synchronous fluorescence spectroscopic method for simultaneous determination of FRT and its co-formulated drug CML in the presence of its degradation products. Fluorescence intensities were measured at λem 283 and 347 nm for FRT and CML, respectively, using Δλ = 99.20 nm. Validation of the proposed methods was conducted as per International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines. The proposed methods were successfully applied for the determination of the proposed drugs in bulk powder, ophthalmic solution, and rabbit's aqueous humour.
Assuntos
Corticosteroides , Humor Aquoso , Soluções Oftálmicas , Espectrometria de FluorescênciaRESUMO
Rosuvastatin calcium and fenofibrate are recently co-formulated for treatment of hyperlipidemia. Two selective spectrophotometric approaches were developed, the first is univariate manipulation of spectrophotometric data, where isoabsorptive point and dual wavelength method were applied. The total concentration of rosuvastatin calcium and fenofibrate could be determined at λ = 253.2 nm while rosuvastatin calcium was determined with dual wavelength (λ = 243.5 and 307.9 nm) where linearity was achieved in the range of 2.00-22.00 µg/mL and mean accuracy 100.29 ± 0.568 then, by difference, Fenofibrate was determined in the range of 2.00-22.00 µg/mL and mean accuracy 100.23 ± 0.578. The second approach is a stability indicating multivariate modeling namely principal component regression and partial least squares, where the two drugs were determined in the presence of their degradation products. 17 samples were prepared according to five levels four factors calibration design. The developed models were described by 4 latent variables, and good prediction was evidenced by low root mean square error of prediction. The proposed methods were found to be rapid and simple and required no preliminary separation. Rosuvastatin calcium and fenofibrate were analyzed with mean recoveries 99.54 ± 0.903, 99.88 ± 0.548 and 99.50 ± 0.712, 99.30 ± 0.802, respectively. The two drugs were successfully determined in tablets by the developed methods and the results were compared to HPLC methods, where they were found to be statistically non-significant.
Assuntos
Fenofibrato , Calibragem , Análise dos Mínimos Quadrados , Pós , Rosuvastatina Cálcica , Espectrofotometria , ComprimidosRESUMO
Two fast, accurate and selective stability-indicating methods were developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of bisoprolol, perindopril and three of their possible degradation products. The first proposed method was a gradient reversed phase-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, whereas the second was a capillary electrophoresis method. The structures of the obtained degradation products were elucidated using infrared and mass spectrometry. They were also confirmed to be either a drug impurity in the British Pharmacopoeia or a precursor to such impurity. The linearity for bisoprolol and perindopril was achieved in the range of 1-20 µg mL-1 and 5-30 µg mL-1 for HPLC and capillary electrophoresis methods, respectively. The proposed methods were validated according to the International Conference on Harmonisation guidelines. The HPLC method proved to be more sensitive and succeeded in the quantitative determination of the obtained degradation products. Also, it was able to quantify perindopril impurity up to three times lower than the desired limit set by the British Pharmacopoeia. They were successfully employed in the determination of bisoprolol and perindopril in their combined pharmaceutical formulation.
Assuntos
Bisoprolol , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Cromatografia de Fase Reversa/métodos , Eletroforese Capilar/métodos , Perindopril , Bisoprolol/análise , Bisoprolol/química , Contaminação de Medicamentos , Estabilidade de Medicamentos , Limite de Detecção , Modelos Lineares , Perindopril/análise , Perindopril/química , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , ComprimidosRESUMO
Sinus and congestion mixture of three drugs and an impurity was studied for their spectral resolution using four multivariate algorithms. The studied drugs present in extremes of low and high concentrations. Low concentration levels of phenylephrine HCl and doxylamine succinate with high concentration of paracetamol along with its official impurity was a challenging mixture for pharmaceutical analysis. The developed algorithms are principal component regression, partial least squares, concentration residuals augmented classical least squares and artificial neural networks. Models were compared for their calibration errors in general and individual calibration as well as their prediction of external validation samples. Concentration levels in the designed mixture were carefully considered to recede the challenging dosage form ratio. The value of root mean square error of prediction and percentage recoveries were used to describe the analytical performance of the proposed models. Artificial neural networks provided the lower most error with good recoveries for all samples without outlier. Correlation coefficients between the predicted spectra by concentration residuals augmented classical least squares and the pure ones revealed the ability for qualitative analysis. The proposed chemometrics have been successfully used for pharmaceutical application and compared favorably with the official methods.