Human Papillomavirus Infection (HPV) Prevalence in the Black Sea Region of Turkey: Primary HPV Screening for Cervical Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Planning vaccination and treatment options requires knowledge about the regional incidence of human papillomavirus infection (HPV) and its genotypes. The aim of our study was to determine the regional prevalence of HPV with genotypic subclassification and to evaluate the efficacy of HPV testing in cervical screening.  Material and Method: This retrospective cohort study analyzed records of 10,152 women aged 30-65 from the On Dokuz Mayis University Medical Faculty's Gynecology Clinic, excluding those with a history of cervical disease, hysterectomy, or current pregnancy. Pre- and postmenopausal and total HPV prevalence were calculated. There was a total of 544 patients who underwent a colposcopic biopsy after cervical screening. The research focused on comparing the efficacy of Pap smears, HPV tests, and co-tests in detecting LSIL or more severe conditions, utilizing the BD Viper LT System for HPV screening and liquid-based cytology for smear tests. RESULTS: The prevalence of HPV in our region was determined to be 10.9%. When considering menopausal status, HPV prevalence was found to be 9.8% in premenopausal individuals and 12.4% in postmenopausal individuals. Evaluation of the pap smear results revealed a sensitivity of 74.8% for premenopausal and 81% for postmenopausal patients, with a specificity of 51% observed in both menopausal categories. In contrast, HPV testing demonstrated a sensitivity of 90.8% in premenopausal and 92.4% in postmenopausal individuals, with a specificity of 58% for both groups. The co-test results indicated an even higher sensitivity, with 97.9% in premenopausal and 100% in postmenopausal individuals, albeit with a reduced specificity of 28% in both cases. When identifying LSIL (low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions) and more severe conditions, the sensitivity and specificity of the primary HPV test surpassed those of the pap smear. While the primary HPV test's sensitivity is markedly lower compared to the co-test, it boasts a significantly higher specificity. CONCLUSION: Regional HPV prevalence studies are valuable for the implementation of screening policies. The primary HPV DNA test is a reliable method for detecting preinvasive and invasive lesions in patients over 30 years of age.

Safety of Laparoscopic Entry Points in Patients With a History of Abdominal Surgery: A Research Article.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to assess the safety of laparoscopic entry sites in patients with previous abdominal surgery who subsequently required re-operation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a prospective study wherein the data of 118 patients who had undergone previous abdominal surgery and were subsequently re-operated at our center (Bakirköy Doctor Sadi Konuk Research and Study Hospital) were collected from October 2015 to October 2016. Careful attention was paid to gathering information regarding patients' age, parity, body mass index (BMI), type of previous surgery, type of incision made during previous surgery, and medical history. For this study, the abdomen was topographically divided into nine parts. During the operation, all quadrants were examined and evaluated for adhesion and the content of adhesion. RESULTS: Adhesions were found in 44% (55 out of 118) of the patients, while 56% (66 patients) had no adhesions in the abdomen. The majority of cases (74%) had a history of cesarean section, and 87% had a Pfannenstiel incision. Adhesions were reported in 37.5% (33 out of 88) of the patients with a previous history of cesarean section. A significant proportion of subjects with adhesion (83%) had anterior abdominal wall adhesions, including only the omentum, whereas 11.5% (six subjects) had umbilical adhesions. Subjects with a history of umbilical hernia repair had more adhesions. DISCUSSION: The present study sought to assess the safety of laparoscopic entry points in individuals with prior abdominal surgery. The rise in laparoscopic surgeries, favored for reduced wound infections and quicker recovery times, brings forth concerns about potential complications in those with previous abdominal operations. Historically, postoperative adhesions have been observed in a significant number of patients after gynecological procedures. Our research, however, found a lower adhesion rate, which could be due to the smaller size of our sample and fewer gynecological cases. Existing adhesions can complicate subsequent surgeries, increasing operational times and posing injury risks. Adhesions also elevate healthcare costs and patient morbidity and mortality. Moreover, complications like Trocar-related injuries, including damage to major organs, are pivotal. While certain trocar insertion techniques may have fewer complications, our results align with previous findings suggesting higher adhesion rates after non-gynecological surgeries. Therefore, alternative entry points or methods, such as the palmer site or direct trocar entry, are recommended for those with an abdominal surgery history. Notably, our study's limited sample size may affect its generalizability, urging future studies for broader insights. Comprehensive pre-surgery assessments are crucial to anticipate complications. Our research supports that laparoscopic surgeries are safe for many with prior abdominal surgery, but for certain patients, non-umbilical entry sites are advised to further mitigate risks. CONCLUSION: The umbilicus is one of the safest entry sites for primary trocar insertion in patients with a history of Pfannenstiel incision. However, the probability of umbilical adhesions is high in patients who have undergone umbilical mesh repair, median incision, or major abdominal surgery. In these patients, surgeons should prefer other laparoscopic entry sites, especially Palmer's point, rather than the umbilicus.

Sonographically Positive Fetal Heartbeat in Unilateral Tubal Twin Pregnancy as a Rare Case With Literature Review.

Ectopic pregnancies occur when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube. Twin ectopic pregnancies are rare and pose significant diagnostic and management challenges. This case report presents the clinical details and management of a unilateral twin ectopic pregnancy in a 31-year-old female patient. The purpose of this report is to highlight the complexities associated with the diagnosis and management of this uncommon condition. In this case, we performed the left salpingectomy. We confirmed pathologically and histologically in pregnancy in the same tube.

Comparison of Recurrence and Quality of Life Between Myoma Embolization and Myomectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Uterine myomas represent the most frequently diagnosed tumors among women of childbearing age. Symptoms often include profuse menstrual bleeding, diminished quality of life, and in some cases, infertility. The size and position of the fibroids typically influence the condition's manifestations. Moreover, symptomatology often varies depending on the fibroids' location. This investigation aimed to discern if there exists a significant correlation between life quality, reoccurrence rate, quality of life, and recurrence levels among patients who have undergone myomectomy and uterine fibroid embolization, respectively. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted to compare the rates of recurrence and impacts on life quality between uterine fibroid embolization and myomectomy in women diagnosed with uterine myomas. Data were collected from 152 women who sought treatment at the Obstetrics and Gynecology clinic and also the Interventional Radiology clinic between January 2009 and January 2021. Thirteen participants were excluded due to the inability to maintain contact. The trial encompassed 76 patients who underwent myomectomy and 63 who had uterine fibroid embolization. In both groups, the life quality of 50 patients, five years postsurgery, was assessed using the UFS-QOL measure. Eligible participants were females between 20 and 40 years, with symptomatic Type 3-5 fibroids as per the FIGO classification, and with no comorbidities. Individuals under 20 or over 40 years, or those with fibroids classified as FIGO types 1,2,6,7,8, were not included. Other exclusion criteria included pregnancy status, abnormal endometrial biopsy results, abnormal smear tests, polyps, cancer, adenomyosis and coagulation disorders. RESULTS: The recurrence of fibroids was identified through symptomatology and diagnostic radiological methods. The recurrence rate was found to be 31.6% (n=24) for myomectomy patients and 14.3% (n=9) for those who underwent uterine fibroid embolization, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p > 0.05). The group subjected to myomectomy exhibited fewer symptoms, lower anxiety, and better physical mood scores. The myomectomy group displayed higher average anxiety scores (p<0.01). There were no significant disparities in control, consciousness, sexual function, or overall scores between the two groups. Symptoms and anxiety saw a marked reduction in the first postoperative year compared to the preoperative period (p<0.01). Compared to presurgery, energy, mood, awareness, and sexual function exhibited significant improvements in the first and fifth postoperative years (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest a nonsignificant recurrence rate in the myomectomy group compared to the uterine artery embolization group. Notably, the decrease in symptom occurrence and anxiety following myomectomy was significantly favorable in terms of quality of life. While embolization was offered as a therapeutic option, myomectomy yielded more favorable results concerning quality of life.

A Giant Fibroepithelial Polyp of the Vulva.

Although vulvar lesions are mostly malignant, polyps represent one of the most frequent benign tumors of the vulva, typically measuring less than 5 cm in size. Larger lesions are uncommon and are likely the result of mesenchymal cell growth in the hormonally responsive subepithelial stromal layer of the lower genital tract. Typically, vulvar polyps are asymptomatic in their initial stages, and patients often delay seeking medical attention due to sociocultural factors. In this report, we present a case of a giant vulvar polyp and examine the underlying etiology and symptoms of this condition, highlighting the life stages of women that are most frequently affected. Additionally, we emphasize the rare but potential occurrence of malignant forms.

The Impact of Female Genital Mutilation on Sexual Function: A Study Conducted in Rural Sudan.

BACKROUND:  There are few studies comparing sexual function in women with female genital mutilation (FGM) in the literature, and most of these were evaluated with the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire. Only one used the Female Genital Self-Image Scale (FGSIS) questionnaire. AIM: This study aims to evaluate the effects of FGM on sexual function in Sudanese women who did or did not undergo FGM, using the FSFI and FGSIS questionnaires. METHODS:  This descriptive study was conducted on Sudanese women from July 2020 to March 2021. Patients who attended to our hospital's gynecology outpatient clinic for health screening were included in this study. A total of 211 patients 113 with FGM and 98 without FGM were included in the study. The group with FGM was categorized according to the classification of the World Health Organization. The validated Arabic FSFI and FGSIS questionnaires were administered to groups with and without female genital mutilation and cutting (FGM/C). RESULTS: When the FGM types of the cases participating in the study were examined, patients with FGM were classified according to the FGM/C classification defined by the World Health Organization. They were classified as 20.4% (n=23) Type 1, 49.6% (n=56) Type 2, and 30.1% (n=34) Type 3. FSFI and FGSIS scores were significantly lower in the FGM/C group, especially in Type 3 with the highest tissue loss. The survey results statistically support the possibility of sexual dysfunction in FGM group. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Female genital circumcision negatively affects sexual function. Therefore, clinicians should consider and sexual dysfunction in women with FGM attending primary care. Strengths and limitations: The strengths of this study are its originality, as it is the first study in the literature to use validated FGSIS and FSFI questionnaires together to assess sexual function in groups with and without FGM and to evaluate correlation of questionnaire results. We undertook the study it using validated and reliable scales, trained clinical staff, local staff gynecologist, and multivariate analysis. Limitation of the study is the chosen age range. The reason for limiting the age to under 35 is that we wanted to evaluate the more sexually active age group in our study. We cannot comment on the correlation of FSFI and FGSIS in circumcised patients over 35 years of age. CONCLUSION:  Sexual function and sexual self-image of women with FGM/C were found to be significantly lower compared to women without FGM when compared with the validated FSFI and FGSIS questionnaires.