Prevalence of multiple long-term chronic conditions and associated disabilities among community-dwelling adults in Riyadh.

Background/objectives: Saudi Arabia is experiencing a rapid increase in chronic diseases and disabilities. However, there is a dearth of research on these topics in the Arab world. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of multiple long-term chronic conditions (MLTCs) and disabilities and their relationship. Methods: The survey was conducted in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in 2023. Convenient sampling was used to select 324 participants aged 50 years and older, using data on disabilities status. The survey collected information on age, sex, body mass index (BMI), MLTCs or multi-morbidity, and activities of daily living (ADL). Disabilities was measured using Arabic versions of basic ADL and the Barthel index. Results: The prevalence of MLTCs among participants was 49.4%. The prevalence of disabilities measured using the ADL and Barthel index was 33.6 and 49.7%, respectively, and these rates increased by 42.5 and 58.1% among participants with MLTCs (n = 160). MLTCs were associated with an increased risk of disabilities using ADL [odds ratio (OR) 1.99, p = 0.037] and the Barthel index (OR 2.27, p = 0.007). Conclusion: Approximately half of the participants with disabilities data had MLTCs, and approximately a third to half had a disabilities. MLTCs were significantly associated with various types of disabilities among community-dwelling Saudi adults. Hence, strategies to reduce chronic diseases may result in a reduction in disabilities, and vice versa.

Barriers and Facilitators of Using Standardized Outcome Measures in Stroke Rehabilitation in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study of Practice Among Neurophysiotherapists.

Background: Clinical guidelines emphasize the use of standardized outcome measures (SOMs) in post-stroke rehabilitation. However, the extent of SOM utilization among physiotherapists in this context in Saudi Arabia remains unclear. Aim: 1) assess the current use of SOMs by physiotherapists involved in stroke rehabilitation in Saudi Arabia and 2) identify facilitators and barriers influencing the use of SOMs. Methods: An online survey was administered using a three-section questionnaire designed for this study. The first section collected demographic data, the second evaluated the use of SOMs recommended by the American Physical Therapy Association, and the third explored factors facilitating or hindering SOM use in clinical practice. Only highly recommended outcome measures capturing the three levels of the International Classification of Functioning, and Disability (ICF) model were considered: body structure and function, activities, and participation. Poisson regression analysis was used to investigate the association between SOMs utilization and educational level, work experience, type of work facility, and the number of patients treated per week. Results: A total of 138 physiotherapists responded. Most participants (98.5%) used at least one outcome measure in clinical practice. Regression analysis showed that number of strokes treated per week and facility type were associated with the likelihood of using higher number of SOMs. Physiotherapists managing more than 10 stroke patients per week and working in private sector had significantly higher odds of using a greater number of SOMs. The most pronounced barriers were time restrictions and limited resources. Conclusion: Physiotherapists working with stroke patients in Saudi Arabia demonstrate a high awareness and positive attitude toward SOM utilization. Addressing barriers such as time management and resource allocation is crucial to enhancing SOM integration in clinical practice. Clinical Rehabilitation Impact: Organizational support in terms of adequate time and resources is needed to enhance the use of SOMs among physiotherapists.

Functional Mobility and Balance Confidence Measures Are Associated with Disability among Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

Background and Objectives: Our objectives were to examine the association between balance confidence, functional mobility measures, and the presence of disability in older adults in Saudi Arabia and to identify the optimal cutoff scores for these measures that predict disability. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 324 community-dwelling older adults (65 ± 7 years, 59% women). Disability was assessed using the Arabic version of the basic activities of daily living (ADLs) scale. Balance confidence was evaluated using the Arabic version of the Activities -Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale, and functional mobility was assessed using the 30-Second Chair Stand Test (30s-CST). Results: The prevalence of disability was 33.6% among the participants. Logistic regression revealed a 6% increase in disability odds for each one-unit decrease in the 30s-CST (OR: 0.94) and a 3% increase per one-point decrease in the ABC score (OR: 0.97). The optimal cutoff scores were ≤5 repetitions for the 30s-CST (sensitivity: 74.4%; specificity: 51.4%; AUC: 0.64) and ≤40 for the ABC scale (sensitivity: 80.8%; specificity: 61.4%; AUC: 0.75). Conclusions: Impaired balance and functional mobility are significantly associated with disability among older adults. The 30s-CST and the ABC scale can be used as effective screening tools, but the cross-sectional design of the current study limits its generalizability. Longitudinal research is needed to validate these findings.

A Longitudinal Decline in Walking Speed Is Linked with Coexisting Hypertension and Arthritis in Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

Objective: The aim was to investigate the association between baseline coexistence of hypertension (HTN) and arthritis, HTN alone, or arthritis alone, and their impact on longitudinal physical function measures among community-dwelling older adults over 5 years of follow-up. Methods: Ours was a longitudinal prospective cohort study from the second wave (2010-2011) and third wave (2015-2016) of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP). Data for older adults were used. Participants were categorized based on self-reported diagnoses into four groups: coexisting HTN and arthritis, HTN only, arthritis only, or neither. Physical performance measures included walking speed using the 3-Meter Walk Test and the Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (FTSST). Multiple generalized estimating equations with linear regression analyses were conducted, adjusting for age, sex, race, body mass index (BMI) educational level, pain severity, and baseline use of pain and hypertension medications. Results: Data for 1769 participants were analyzed. Slower walking speed was only associated with coexisting HTN and arthritis (B = -0.43, p < 0.001) after accounting for covariates. The coexisting HTN and arthritis group showed no significant association with FTSST (B = 0.80, p = 0.072) after accounting for covariates. Conclusions: The coexistence of baseline HTN and arthritis in older adults is associated with a gradual decline in only walking speed as a physical performance measure in older adults.

Comorbidities, medications, depression, and physical performance measures associated with severe cognitive impairments in community-dwelling adults.

Cognitive impairment negatively impacts health, psychological, social, and economic domains. Cognitive impairment commonly affects physical functions in older adults, whereas these are deteriorated. However, the prevalence and associated factors of cognitive impairment among community-dwelling adults in Saudi Arabia have not been investigated yet. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of severe cognitive impairment and its associated factors in community-dwelling older adults in Saudi Arabia. This cross-sectional study involved adults aged ≥50 years. Demographic data and clinical data, including number of medications and body mass index (BMI), were collected. Cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms were measured using Arabic versions of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), respectively. The participants were divided into severe cognitive impairment and mild cognitive impairment or normal cognitive function groups based on a score of <20 or ≥20, respectively, using the MoCA. Physical measures included dynamic gait index (DGI) scores, timed up-and-go (TUG), 5 times sit-to-stand (5XSST), functional reach test, and 6-minute walk test. A total of 206 participants (female: n = 96) were included. The prevalence of severe cognitive impairment in the community-dwelling older adults was 12.6%. The number of chronic conditions (odds ratio [OR]: 2.31, p<0.001), number of medications (OR: 1.36, p = 0.003), and depressive symptoms using PHQ-9 (OR: 1.11, p = 0.009) were significantly associated with severe cognitive impairment after adjustment for other covariates, including age, sex, and BMI. Based on the physical function measures, only the scores for DGI (OR: 0.86, p = 0.003), TUG (OR: 1.16, p = 0.035) and 5XSST (OR: 1.25, p <0.001) were significantly associated with severe cognitive impairment. This study revealed a high prevalence of severe cognitive impairment among community-dwelling adults in Saudi Arabia. Its major risk factors include depressive symptoms, number of chronic conditions and medications, and physical measures, including DGI, TUG, and 5XSST.

Multisite Musculoskeletal Pain Is Associated with Long-Term Declined Physical Quality of Life and Knee-Related Quality of Life in Older Adults with or at Risk of Knee Osteoarthritis.

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to examine the longitudinal impact of multisite musculoskeletal pain on physical and mental health-related quality of life among individuals with or at risk of knee osteoarthritis. Materials and Methods: This study is a prospective longitudinal design over 8 years of follow-up. Data from 4796 participants aged between 45 and 79 years were acquired from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Based on self-reported physician-diagnosed osteoarthritis and grade ≥2 in either knee using Kellgren and Lawrence grade at baseline, individuals at risk were classified as those who did not have knee osteoarthritis at baseline but could develop osteoarthritis throughout the study. Physical and mental components of health-related quality were assessed over an 8-year follow-up period using both knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome scores and the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey. Multisite pain was examined using a self-reported questionnaire for 20 sites. Two separate generalized estimating equations modeled with a linear regression analysis were utilized. Results: The results showed that participants with one painful site (Beta [B] = -0.92, p = 0.01), two painful sites (B = -1.94, p < 0.001), and multisite pain (≥3 painful sites) (B = -4.68, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with declined physical health-related quality of life over time when compared to those with no painful site at baseline after adjustments for covariates. However, there was no significant association with declined mental health-related quality of life over time. Conclusions: This study revealed that baseline multisite musculoskeletal pain was linked to declining physical and knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score quality of life among individuals with or at risk of knee osteoarthritis. Moreover, having baseline multisite pain and two painful sites were associated with a decline in physical and knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score quality of life, while mental health-related quality of life did not show a significant association with multisite pain. Therefore, it is imperative for primary healthcare settings to prioritize the assessment of multisite musculoskeletal pain and develop interventions aimed at preserving and enhancing physical health-related quality of life in people with or at risk of osteoarthritis.

Multiple Long-Term Conditions and Disability are Independently Associated with Higher Risk of Fall Among Community Adults: a Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Previous studies have suggested an association between falls and the presence of Multiple Long-Term Conditions (MLTC) or disabilities. However, there is limited understanding of how these factors independently or collectively contribute to the risk of falls and fear of falling among community-dwelling adults. Objective: This study examined the independent association between MLTC and the presence of disability with the risk of falls among community adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study included 324 adults (age ≥ 50). Demographic and clinical data included age, sex, body mass index (BMI), MLTC (≥ two chronic diseases) risk of fall (ie, history of fall in the previous 12-months, number of falls, and recurrent falls). The Barthel Index and Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) were used to assess disability and fear of fall, respectively. Results: MLTC (Odds Ratio (OR) 2.50, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) [1.26, 4.95], p=0.009), and disability (OR 1.71, 95% CI [1.04, 2.79], p = 0.034) were independently associated with history of falls. MLTC (Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) 2.87, 95% CI [1.93, 4.29], p < 0.001) and disability (IRR 1.86 95% CI [1.46, 2.36], p < 0.001) were independently associated with an increased number of falls. MLTC (OR 4.50, 95% CI [1.78, 11.36], p = 0.001) and disability (OR 2.82, 95% CI [1.58, 5.05], p < 0.001) were independently associated with recurrent falls. MLTC (B = 6.45, p < 0.001) and disability (B = 3.05, p = 0.025) were independently associated with increased fear of falling. Conclusion: This study indicated that both MLTC and disability are independently associated with falls, number of falls and fear of falling in this population.

The impact of social isolation and loneliness on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and bibliometric investigation.

Data on the association between social isolation, loneliness, and risk of incident coronary heart disease (CVD) are conflicting. The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between social isolation and loneliness, and the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) in middle age and elderly using meta-analysis. The purpose of the bibliometric analysis is to systematically evaluate the existing literature on the relationship between social isolation, loneliness, and the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) in middle-aged and elderly individuals. A comprehensive search through four electronic databases (MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science) was conducted for published articles that determined the association between social isolation and/or loneliness and the risk of developing coronary heart disease from June 2015 to May 2023. Two independent reviewers reviewed the titles and abstracts of the records. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline to conduct the systematic review and meta-analysis. Data for the bibliometric analysis was obtained from the Scopus database and analyzed using VOSviewer and Bibliometrix applications. Six studies involving 104,511 patients were included in the final qualitative review and meta-analysis after screening the records. The prevalence of loneliness ranged from 5 to 65.3%, and social isolation ranged from 2 to 56.5%. A total of 5073 cardiovascular events were recorded after follow-up, ranging between 4 and 13 years. Poor social relationships were associated with a 16% increase in the risk of incident CVD (Hazard Ratio of new CVD when comparing high versus low loneliness or social isolation was 1.16 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.10-1.22). The bibliometric analysis shows a rapidly growing field (9.77% annual growth) with common collaboration (6.37 co-authors/document, 26.53% international). The US leads research output, followed by the UK and Australia. Top institutions include University College London, Inserm, and the University of Glasgow. Research focuses on "elderly," "cardiovascular disease," and "psychosocial stress," with recent trends in "mental health," "social determinants," and "COVID-19". Social isolation and loneliness increase the risk of and worsen outcomes in incident cardiovascular diseases. However, the observed effect estimate is small, and this may be attributable to residual confounding from incomplete measurement of potentially confounding or mediating factors. The results of the bibliometric analysis highlight the multidimensional nature of CVD research, covering factors such as social, psychological, and environmental determinants, as well as their interplay with various demographic and health-related variables.

Validation of the Arabic Version of the Attitude Toward Education and Advice for Low Back Pain Questionnaire.

Purpose: This cross-sectional study aimed to validate the Arabic version of the Attitude toward Education and Advice for Low Back Pain (AxEL) Questionnaire. Patients and Methods: This study was conducted in two phases. First, the AxEL questionnaire was translated into Arabic and cross-culturally adapted. Second, the psychometric properties (such as validity) of the translated AxEL were evaluated. Results: The results showed that back translators and language specialists had no trouble translating the AxEL. The translators' agreement was very high (88.2%), and the questionnaire items were logically and clearly translated from English into Arabic. Conclusion: The Arabic version of AxEL is a valid tool that can assess individuals' beliefs and attitudes towards low back pain (LBP). It fills a significant void in cross-cultural research and can help healthcare providers understand the attitudes and beliefs influencing individuals' management of LBP within the Arabic context.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for neurological disability among subacute stroke survivors to improve multiple domains in health-related quality of life: Randomized controlled trial protocol.

OBJECTIVES: The primary goal of the current proposal is to fill the gaps in the literature by studying the effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on lifestyle parameters, and physical, behavioral, and cognitive functions among stroke survivors, and understanding the factors that mediate the effects of various domains related to Health-related Quality of life (HRQoL) improvements. METHODS: Anticipated 64 volunteer subacute stroke survivors (>7 days to 3 months post stroke) aged 40-75 years with National Institutes of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) score of >10 and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score between 18 and 23 will be randomly assigned at a ratio of 1:1 to receive either: (1) 20 sessions of anodal tDCS or (2) sham tDCS in addition to conventional rehabilitation. Battery driven tDCS will be applied at 2 mA intensity to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and primary motor cortex for 20 minutes. The primary endpoints of study will be 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36) post intervention at 4 weeks. The secondary outcomes will include Stroke Specific Quality of Life Scale (SS_QOL), Montreal cognitive assessment (MCA), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), 10 m walk test and Modified Barthel Activities of daily living (ADL) Index. At 0.05 level of significance, data normality, within group and between group actual differences will be analyzed with a moderate scope software. DISCUSSION: Our knowledge of this technique and its use is expanding daily as tDCS motor recovery studies-mostly single-center studies-in either single session or many sessions have been completed and shown positive results. The field is prepared for a multi-center, carefully planned, sham-controlled, double-blinded tDCS study to comprehensively examine its feasibility and effectiveness in enhancing outcomes in stroke population. CONCLUSION: The function of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in aiding stroke recuperation will be ascertained.

Diabetes is associated with longitudinal declined physical performance measures in persons with or at risk of knee osteoarthritis: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative.

BACKGROUND: The primary aim of this study was to longitudinally examine the impact of diabetes mellitus (DM) on physical performance measures including Gait Speed and Chair Stand tests over 8 years of follow-up in people with or at risk of knee osteoarthritis (OA). DESIGN: A prospective longitudinal study. SETTING: Multisite community based. POPULATION: This study included participants with or at risk of knee OA aged from 45 to 79 years from the Osteoarthritis Initiative from baseline to 96 months follow-up. METHODS: The participants performed physical performance measures using a 20 m Walk Test for Gait Speed and 5 Times Sit To Stand for repeated chair stand test time at baseline and during follow-up visits. Participants were asked about the presence of diabetes mellitus (DM) at baseline and categorized into with or without DM. Generalized estimating equations were utilized with 2 models, one for DM and Gait Speed and the other for DM and Repeated Chair Stand Test after controlling for covariates including age, sex, education, Body Mass Index (BMI), depressive symptoms, physical activity level, baseline number of comorbidities, and baseline Kellgren and Lawrence grades for OA grading for each knee. RESULTS: A total of 4796 participants were included and categorized into those with DM (N.=362) and without DM (N.=4311) at baseline. Participants with DM at baseline showed significantly declined gait speed (B=-0.048, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI]: [-0.07, -0.02], P<0.001) and significantly an increased time for repeated chair stand test (B=0.49, 95% CI: [0.08, 0.89], P=0.018) over time when compared to those without DM at baseline, after controlling for covariates. CONCLUSIONS: DM was associated with negative impact on Gait Speed and Repeated Chair Stand Test time in individuals with or at risk of knee OA. Individuals with knee OA and diabetes who exhibit declining physical performance measures are at risk of functional dependence, reduced quality of life, and complex rehabilitation requirements.

The key determinants of low back pain among lifestyle behaviors in adolescents: A cross-sectional study from Saudi Arabia.

Establishing preventive measures and treatment strategies for adolescents with low back pain (LBP) may be greatly enhanced by fully grasping the complex interaction between LBP and lifestyle behaviors. The key objective of this study was to explore the possible associations between lifestyle behaviors and LBP among adolescents in Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among high school students from 5 major regions in Saudi Arabia. Participants were enlisted for the research project between May and November 2021. To evaluate the presence/severity of LBP, physical activity, sedentary duration, sleep quality, nutrition, health responsibility, interpersonal relationships, spiritual growth, and stress management, a well-established web-based survey was employed. A total of 2000 students participated, with 57.9% reporting LBP. Students with LBP had lower scores on overall health-promoting lifestyle behaviors and all subscales, including physical activity, compared to those without LBP. Linear regression analysis revealed significant associations between sedentary duration and global sleep quality with pain severity among students with LBP. This study highlights the association between lifestyle behaviors and LBP among adolescents in Saudi Arabia. Promoting physical activity, reducing sedentary behavior, and improving sleep quality may be crucial in preventing and managing LBP in this population. Comprehensive strategies targeting lifestyle behaviors should be implemented to improve the well-being of adolescents and reduce the burden of LBP. Further research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms and develop effective preventive and treatment strategies for LBP among adolescents.

Association Between Musculoskeletal Pain and Frailty Over Time in Older Adults.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There is a high frequency of frailty in patients with musculoskeletal pain. Pain from osteoarthritis and lower back pain may be associated with frailty. However, the future risk of frailty among older adults with pain remains unclear. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to examine the association between musculoskeletal pain and the risk of becoming prefrail and frail in older adults. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: A secondary analysis was performed using data from baseline and 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 6-, and 8-year follow-ups of the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI). The OAI recruited participants from 4 clinical sites in the United States, between February 2004 and May 2006. A self-reported questionnaire was used to determine the baseline musculoskeletal pain status in older adults (n = 1780) 65 years and older, including pain in the lower back, hip, knee, and at 2 or more sites. Using the Fried phenotypic criteria, participants were classified as nonfrail, prefrail, and frail at each period over 8 years. RESULTS: After adjusting for age, sex, race, education, marital status, annual income, smoking status, comorbidities, and body mass index, binary logistic regression modeling using generalized estimating equations revealed that in older adults musculoskeletal pain in the lower back and at multiple sites was associated with a slightly but significantly decreased risk of prefrailty over time (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.95-0.99, P = .019; AOR = 0.96, CI = 0.92-0.99, P = .032). The association between musculoskeletal pain and frailty among older adults was not statistically significant (all P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Musculoskeletal pain did not independently significantly increase the risk of prefrailty or frailty over time. It remains possible that when musculoskeletal is combined with other factors, the risk of prefrailty and frailty may be heightened. Further research into the combination of characteristics that best predict prefrailty and frailty, including but not limited to musculoskeletal pain, is warranted.

A national perspective on cardiovascular diseases in Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are common chronic conditions that lead to morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, there are no recent national or regional reports about CVDs in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the national and regional prevalence rates of CVDs among the Saudi population. METHODS: This study used data from an ongoing household health survey conducted by the General Authority for Statistics in 2017. The survey sample comprised 24,012 homes that were determined to be a representative sample of the population and dispersed throughout the 13 administrative areas. A self-reported diagnosis of CVD was collected by asking subjects if they had been diagnosed by a physician. RESULTS: The prevalence of CVDs among the Saudi population aged 15 years and older was 1.6% (n = 236,815). The prevalence is higher in males at 1.9% compared to females at 1.4%. Age is a significant factor, with a gradual increase in CVD prevalence until the age of 50, followed by a sharp rise. The prevalence among the age group (≥ 65 years) was the highest, recording 11% (n = 93,971), followed by the age group (60-64 years) which reached 6.5% (n = 31156.71), and the lowest prevalence was found in the age group (< 40 years) as 1.2% (n = 108,226). When considering regional differences, Makkah has the highest prevalence at 1.9% (n = 85,814), followed by Riyadh at 1.7% (n = 79,191). Conversely, Najran has the lowest prevalence at 0.76% (n = 332), with the Northern Border Region having the second lowest rate at 1,46% ( n = 4218) These findings underscore the importance of considering both demographic and regional factors in addressing and managing cardiovascular health in Saudi Arabia. CONCLUSION: This study provides the most recent estimates of the national and regional prevalence rates of CVDs in Saudi Arabia. The findings suggest that CVDs are more common among older adults, males, and residents of the Makkah region. This information can be used to inform public health policies and interventions to reduce the burden of CVDs in Saudi Arabia.

Multisite Pain and Intensity were Associated with History Fall among Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Purpose: This study examined the independent associations among multisite pain, pain intensity, and the risk of falls, including a history of falls in the previous 12 months and frequent falls (≥ two falls vs one or two falls) among community-dwelling older adults. Methods: A cross-sectional design from Wave 2 of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project was used. Data on pain intensity and location (45 sites) over the past 4 weeks were collected. Multisite pain was categorized into four groups: none, one, two, and three or more sites. The main outcomes of falls were a history of falls and frequent falls. The covariates included age, sex, race, body mass index, education, medications, and comorbidities. Results: Among 3,196 participants in Wave 2, 2,697 were included because of missing key variables related to pain and fall history. The prevalence of falls and frequent falls were 30.3% (n = 817) and 12.6% (n = 339), respectively. Multisite pain at ≥ three sites (odds ratio (OR) 2.04, confidence interval (CI) [1.62, 2.57]; p < 0.001) and two sites (OR 1.72, 95% CI [1.30, 2.27]; p < 0.001) was significantly associated with an increased risk of falls. An increase in pain intensity was significantly associated with an increased risk of fall (OR 1.28, 95% CI [1.15, 1.44], p < 0.001), independent of multisite pain. Multisite pain at ≥3 sites (OR 2.19, 95% CI [1.56, 3.07], p < 0.001) and 2 sites (OR 1.54, 95% CI [1.01, 2.34], p = 0.045) was associated with an increased risk of frequent falls. An increase in pain intensity was associated with risk of frequent falls (OR 1.64, 95% CI [1.40, 1.91], p < 0.001), independent of multisite pain. Conclusion: Multisite pain and pain intensity were associated with a history of falls and frequent falls among older adults, emphasizing the need for routine pain evaluation to develop fall prevention strategies in this population.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of children with limb loss in Saudi Arabia: A retrospective study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of children with limb loss in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: This is a retrospective study on children attending a limb loss clinic in a tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, between July 2012 and June 2020. Descriptive statistics were computed to describe the sample characteristics. A Chi-Squared test was conducted to explore the relationship between a child's sex with the type of limb loss (congenital or acquired) and extent of limb loss (major and minor) and the association between child's age and the mechanism of injury in traumatic limb loss. RESULTS: A total of 122 children aged 2-16 years were included of whom 52% were boys. Congenital limb loss represented 57% of the sample with upper extremity loss accounting for 63.7% of all limb loss in this type. Trauma-related limb loss represented the most frequent etiology (88.2%) in the acquired limb loss group. Road traffic accidents accounted for 51.7% of the mechanism of injuries in trauma-related limb loss. Child's sex was not associated with the type of limb loss nor the extent of limb loss ( p > 0.05). In addition, child's age was not associated with the mechanism of injury in traumatic limb loss ( p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Child's sex was not a determinant of type nor the extent of limb loss. Most of the acquired limb loss was trauma-related with road traffic accidents as the most common mechanism of injury. The findings of this study illuminate the importance of ongoing prosthetic care for children with a limb loss because young children may require multiple prostheses as they grow in age and size.

Effects of trunk exercises using virtual reality technology on trunk performance and impairment post stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically explore the effects of trunk exercises using virtual reality technology compared to conventional exercises for trunk impairment in patients with subacute and chronic strokes. METHODS: A comprehensive search of literature published from inception until December 2022 was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, IEEE, and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro). The inclusion criteria encompassed all randomized controlled trials (RCT) published in the English language involving adults who had had strokes and the evaluation of the effectiveness of virtual reality -based trunk exercises in reducing trunk impairment post stroke as measured by the trunk control test (TCT) and/or the trunk impairment scale (TIS) compared to conventional trunk exercises. RESULT: A total of 397 studies were retrieved, and six studies were included in the current analysis. A random-effects meta-analysis of six studies indicated that video games had a very large, significant effect (SMD = 1.11; 95%, P < 0.0001) on the delivery of trunk exercises to reduce trunk impairment post stroke at both the subacute and chronic stages. CONCLUSION: The study findings indicate that trunk exercises using virtual reality have a highly significant effect on reducing trunk impairment in patients with subacute and chronic stroke. Large RCTs are needed to study the effects of virtual reality trunk exercises on the acute, subacute, and chronic stages of stroke.

Prevalence and risk factors for falls among community-dwelling adults in Riyadh area.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess fall prevalence, identify related risk factors, and establish cut-off scores for fall risk measures among community-dwelling adults in Riyadh region of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in community, Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. A sample of 276 Saudi citizens aged ≥40 years who were able to read and write in Arabic. Fall history and number of falls in the past 12 months were determined via self-reports. Variables assessed included demographic information, self-reported chronic diseases, depressive symptoms, and back pain severity. Results: Participants were classified as either fallers (n = 28, 10.14%) or non-fallers. Fallers were more likely to have arthritis (odds ratio [OR]: 7.60, p = 0.001), back pain (OR: 5.22, p = 0.002), and higher depressive symptom scores (OR: 1.09, p = 0.013) than non-fallers. The number of reported falls was significantly associated with an elevated body mass index (incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 1.09, p = 0.045), arthritis (IRR: 8.74, p < 0.001), back pain (IRR: 4.08, p = 0.005), neurological diseases (IRR: 13.75, p < 0.007), and depressive symptoms (IRR: 1.08, p = 0.005). Cut-off scores predictive of falls associated with back pain and depressive symptoms were 1.5 (sensitivity: 0.61; specificity: 0.79; area under the curve [AUC]: 0.70) and 11.5 score (sensitivity: 0.57; specificity: 0.76; AUC: 0.66), respectively. Conclusions: The prevalence of falls was relatively low among the individuals considered in this study. Chronic conditions, back pain severity, and depressive symptoms were determined to be associated with falls among community-dwelling individuals in Saudi Arabia.

Effects of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Spasticity and Walking Performance among Individuals with Chronic Stroke: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Stroke and its associated complications are a major cause of long-term disability worldwide, with spasticity being a common and severe issue. Physical therapy, involving stretching exercises and electrical stimulation, is crucial for managing spasticity. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) combined with a conventional rehabilitation program (CRP) on plantarflexor muscle spasticity and walking performance among individuals with chronic stroke. METHODS: A pilot randomized clinical trial (RCT) with two groups (active NMES and placebo) was conducted at the physical therapy departments of King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Buraydah, and Sultan Bin Abdulaziz Humanitarian City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (November 2020). The assessor and participants were blinded for the group assignment. The active NMES group received exercise and stimulation at the dorsiflexor muscles on the paretic leg for 30 min for 12 sessions. The placebo group received exercise and sham stimulation at the same position and duration as the active group. Of interest were the outcomes for plantarflexor muscle spasticity measured by the modified Ashworth scale (MAS), gait speed measured by 10 m walk test (10-MWT), and functional mobility measured by functional ambulatory category (FAC). RESULTS: Nineteen participants were randomized into active NMES (n = 10) and sham NMES (n = 9) groups, with no significant baseline differences. Within the active NMES group, significant improvements were observed in MAS (p = 0.008), 10-MWT (p = 0.028), and FAC (p = 0.046), while only 10-MWT time improved significantly in the sham NMES group (p = 0.011). Between-group analysis showed that only MAS was significantly lower in the active NMES group (p = 0.006). Percent change analysis indicated a significantly higher increase in percent change for MAS in the active NMES group compared to the sham NMES group (p = 0.035), with no significant differences in other outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that NMES in the active group led to significant improvements in spasticity, walking performance, and functional ambulation. Further research is needed to determine the ideal parameters, protocols, and patient selection criteria for NMES interventions in stroke rehabilitation.

Cognitive Frailty among Older Adults in Rural Areas: Prevalence and Risk Factors.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive frailty (CF), which is a combination of physical frailty and cognitive impairment, has been associated with functional deterioration in the elderly. However, information about the prevalence of CF and associated factors among Saudi older adults is lacking. OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of CF and its associated factors in Saudi community-dwelling older adults. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Community-based. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thise study included community-dwelling elderly adults aged 60 years and over living in the Riyadh region. This study took place from August 2019 to June 2020. CF was defined as the co-existence of physical frailty and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) without dementia. The association between sociodemographic and clinical factors and CF was estimated using the relative risk ratio and confidence intervals (RRR; CIs 95%) using a multivariable binary logistic regression. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Fried's frailty phenotype index; and the Mini-Mental State Examination. SAMPLE SIZE: A total of 421 community-dwelling older adults (63% male; mean [SD] age 70 [7.1] years). RESULTS: The overall prevalence of CF was 6.1%. The following factors were associated with CF: age (RRR 16.3; 95% CI 4.91-54.4), being single (RRR = 3.76 95% CI 1.70-8.31), and number of chronic conditions (RRR 3.1; 95% CI 1.74-5.49). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated the high prevalence of CF among Saudi community-dwelling older individuals compared to other populations. Screening for early diagnosis should be incorporated during examination for older adults. LIMITATIONS: The cross-sectional design limits the causality inference with associated risk factors.