Interval-valued picture fuzzy decision-making framework with partitioned maclaurin symmetric mean aggregation operators.

Interval-valued picture fuzzy (IVPF) set is an extension of the picture fuzzy set theory used to represent uncertainty and vagueness in the processes of decision-making. This study focuses on exploring the interrelationships among multiple IVPFSs and criteria partitions. We investigate the IVPF partitioned Maclaurin symmetric mean operator and the weighted IVPF partitioned Maclaurin symmetric mean operator and discuss their respective properties. Subsequently, we identify certain special cases of these operators based on IVPF sets. Furthermore, we deploy a multi-criteria decision-making procedure utilizing the suggested IVPF partition operators. Through a numerical example, we demonstrate the practicality and validity of the presented approach. Finally, a thorough comparison with existing approaches is conducted to elucidate the superiority of the proposed method.

Multifaceted neuroprotective approach of Trolox in Alzheimer's disease mouse model: targeting Aß pathology, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and synaptic dysfunction.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder pathologically characterized by the deposition of amyloid beta (Aß) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain. The accumulation of these aggregated proteins causes memory and synaptic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. This research study is significant as it aims to assess the neuroprotective properties of vitamin E (VE) analog Trolox in an Aß1 - 42-induced AD mouse model. Aß1 - 42 5µL/5min/mouse was injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) into wild-type adult mice brain to induce AD-like neurotoxicity. For biochemical analysis, Western blotting and confocal microscopy were performed. Remarkably, intraperitoneal (i.p.) treatment of Trolox (30 mg/kg/mouse for 2 weeks) reduced the AD pathology by reducing the expression of Aß, phosphorylated tau (p-tau), and ß-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme1 (BACE1) in both cortex and hippocampus regions of mice brain. Furthermore, Trolox-treatment decreased neuroinflammation by inhibiting Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB (pNF-κB) and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), and other inflammatory biomarkers of glial cells [ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)]. Moreover, Trolox reduced oxidative stress by enhancing the expression of nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 (NRF2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO1). Similarly, Trolox-induced synaptic markers, including synaptosomal associated protein 23 (SNAP23), synaptophysin (SYN), and post-synaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95), and memory functions in AD mice. Our findings could provide a useful and novel strategy for investigating new medications to treat AD-associated neurodegenerative diseases.

Evaluation of the influence of trastuzumab therapy on serum levels of HER-2 protein and breast cancer cell lines.

Introduction: Breast cancer is a complex disease characterised by abnormal cell growth in breast tissue. Trastuzumab is a targeted therapy that inhibits the HER-2 receptor and suppresses tumour growth. We aimed to determine if the clinical course of the disease could be predicted by early changes in serum levels of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2/neu) following trastuzumab-based therapy. Material and methods: The study enrolled 120 women, divided into an experimental group (60 breast cancer patients receiving trastuzumab) and a control group (60 healthy women). Serum samples were collected before each weekly trastuzumab treatment. In addition, human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and AMJ13 were cultured in vitro and treated with trastuzumab. The study assessed cell viability using a cytotoxicity assay (methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium) and measured HER-2 protein levels. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was determined to evaluate the effect of trastuzumab on breast cancer. Results: The results showed that breast cancer patients had significantly lower serum levels of HER-2 compared to the control group. The cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that increasing trastuzumab concentration enhanced growth inhibition and cytotoxicity in the cell lines. There was a significant difference in IC50 between the MCF-7 and AMJ13 cell lines. Conclusions: The study provides valuable insights into the effects of trastuzumab on serum HER-2 levels and breast cancer cell lines. These findings have implications for resource allocation and treatment decisions in breast cancer management. By understanding the impact of trastuzumab on HER-2 levels and tumour cells, healthcare professionals can make more informed decisions regarding therapy options for patients.

Ameliorative effect of poly-γ-glutamic acid biopreparation on coastal saline soil.

To investigate the effect of poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) biopreparation on ameliorating coastal saline soil, three treatments were established: soil salt washed treatment (CK), soil salt washed with added γ-PGA (PGA), soil salt washed with added γ-PGA biopreparation (PGAB). This study determined the effects of γ-PGA on coastal saline soil by analyzing soil aggregate, soil evaporation, soil vertical water and salt distribution, and soil cation content, soil pH, soil nutrient content and soil microorganism quantity. Results showed that γ-PGA had an ameliorative effect on saline soil, with the PGAB treatment exhibiting the most pronounced ameliorative effect compared to CK. Adding PGAB reduced soil evaporation by 30.45 %, soil salt content by 27.91 %, meanwhile increasing plant height by 33.86 %, plant fresh weight by 98.54 %, soil aggregate diameter by 6.68 times, soil water content by 26.47 % (P < 0.05). Additionally, soil total nitrogen was increased by 50.0 % in PGAB treatment, and available nitrogen and phosphorus contents were increased by 1.68 times and 85.83 % (P < 0.05), respectively. Populations of soil-culturable bacteria and fungi of PGAB treatment increased by 65.96 % and 1.23 times, respectively (P < 0.05). After salt-washing process, adding PGAB improved soil physicochemical properties, which altered the ecological environment of rhizosphere soil and promoted plant growth. The results can provide a practical approach for ameliorating coastal saline soils.

Culture and amplification-free nanopore sequencing for rapid detection of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes from urine.

PURPOSE: Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are among the most prevalent infections globally. Every year, approximately 150 million people are diagnosed with UTIs worldwide. The current state-of-the-art diagnostic methods are culture-based and have a turnaround time of 2-4 days for pathogen identification and susceptibility testing. METHODS: This study first establishes an optical density culture-based method for spiking healthy urine samples with the six most prevalent uropathogens. Urine samples were spiked at clinically significant concentrations of 103-105 CFU/ml. Three DNA extraction kits (BioStic, PowerFood, and Blood and Tissue) were investigated based on the DNA yield, average processing time, elution volume, and the average cost incurred per extraction. After DNA extraction, the samples were sequenced using MinION and Flongle flow cells. RESULTS: The Blood and Tissue kit outperformed the other kits based on the investigated parameters. Using nanopore sequencing, all the pathogens and corresponding genes were only identified at a spike concentration of 105 CFU/ml, achieved after 10 min and 3 hours of sequencing, respectively. However, some pathogens and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARG) could be identified from spikes at 103 colony formation units (CFU/mL). The overall turnaround time was five hours, from sample preparation to sequencing-based identification of pathogen ID and antimicrobial resistance genes. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates excellent promise in reducing the time required for informed antibiotic administration from 48 to 72 h to five hours, thereby reducing the number of empirical doses and increasing the chance of saving lives.

A Case of Haemorrhagic Emphysematous Gastritis.

Emphysematous gastritis is a rare condition with a high mortality rate. We present a rare case of haemorrhagic emphysematous gastritis in a 70-year-old woman with a background of relapsed endometrioid ovarian cancer previously treated with chemotherapy and recent prednisolone use. A CT scan showed a grossly distended stomach with gas in the stomach wall and gas in the gastric and portal veins in the liver. The duodenum and small bowel were not dilated, suggesting gastric outlet obstruction potentially secondary to serosal deposits. Endoscopic evaluation showed an ischaemic oesophagus and posterior wall of the stomach, with necrosis of the greater curve. Histology showed complete loss of the gastric epithelium along with transmural necrosis along with intense acute and chronic inflammation. She was treated conservatively, as she was not fit for surgery due to her co-morbidities. She symptomatically improved and was discharged under the palliative care team. There are no current clear guidelines on treatment approaches. After a patient is haemodynamically stabilised, treatment options currently include surgical intervention (gastrectomy) or conservative options (fluid resuscitation, nasogastric decompression, broad-spectrum antibiotics/antifungals and supportive management). Historically, emphysematous gastritis was conventionally managed surgically. There has been a shift towards conservative management in recent literature, reporting good patient outcomes in patients successfully managed without surgical intervention.

Single-Layer Metasurface-Based Reflectarray Antenna with H-Shaped Slotted Patch for X-Band Communication.

In this study, a metasurface-based reflectarray is designed for X-band applications. The unit cells are equipped with an H-shaped slotted patch for additional resonance and phase range. Linear phase variation by altering the length of the patch is realized with a range exceeding 480∘. The reflectarray is designed and fabricated on a thin and high-quality Rogers 5880 substrate. The Finite Element Boundary Integral (FEBI) method is used to simulate a 23×23 element reflectarray and then fabricated to achieve the measured results using an anechoic chamber. The peak gain of the proposed reflectarray is 25.5 dBi recorded with an aperture efficiency of 63.7% at a center frequency of 10 GHz. The cross-polarization and side-lobe levels in the entire band are less than -33 dB and -21 dB, respectively. Moreover, the proposed reflectarray antenna achieves a 20% 1-dB gain bandwidth.

Integrative approach to mitigate chromium toxicity in soil and enhance antioxidant activities in rice (Oryza sativa L.) using magnesium-iron nanocomposite and Staphylococcus aureus strains.

Pollutants in soil, particularly chromium (Cr), pose high environmental and health risks due to their persistence, bioavailability, and potential for causing toxicity. Cr impairment in plants act as a deleterious environmental pollutant that enters the food chain and eventually disturbs human health. Current study demonstrated the potential of integrative foliar application of magnesium-iron (Mg + Fe) nanocomposite with Staphylococcus aureus strains to alleviate Cr toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa) crops by improving yield and defense system. Growth and yield traits such as shoot length (15%), root length (17%), shoot fresh weight (14%), shoot dry weight (9%), root fresh weight (23%), root dry weight (7%), number of tillers (33%), number of grains (10%) and spike length (13%) improved by combined application of Mg + Fe (20 mg L-1) nanocomposite and S. aureus strains with Cr (110 mg kg-1), compared to when applied alone. Mutual Mg + Fe and S. aureus strains application augmented the SPAD value (9%), total chlorophyll (11%), a (12%), b (17%), and carotenoids (32%), with Cr (110 mg kg-1), compared to alone. Malondialdehyde (13%), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (11%), and electrolyte leakage (7%) were significantly regulated in shoots with combined Mg + Fe and S. aureus strains application with Cr (110 mg kg-1) contrasted to alone. Peroxidase (20%), superoxide dismutase (17%), ascorbate peroxidase (18%), and catalase (20%) were increased in shoots with combined Mg + Fe and S. aureus strains application with Cr (110 mg kg-1) in comparison to alone. The combined application of Mg + Fe (20 mgL-1) nanocomposite and S. aureus strains with Cr (110 mg kg-1) enhanced the macro-micronutrients in shoots compared to alone. Cr accumulation in roots (21%), shoots (25%), and grains (47%) were significantly reduced under Cr (110 mg kg-1) with combined Mg + Fe and S. aureus strains application, compared to alone. Subsequently, applying combined Mg + Fe and S. aureus strains is a sustainable solution to boost crop production under Cr toxicity.

The Interplay of Protein Aggregation, Genetics, and Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer's Disease: Role for Natural Antioxidants and Immunotherapeutics.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that comprises amyloid-beta protein (Aß) as a main component of neuritic plaques. Its deposition is considered a trigger for AD pathogenesis, progression, and the clinical symptoms of cognitive impairment. Some distinct pathological features of AD include phosphorylation of tau protein, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. These pathological consequences tend to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in the dysregulation of various signaling pathways of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The relationship between the Aß cascade and oxidative stress in AD pathogenesis is like a "chicken and egg" story, with the etiology of the disease regarding these two factors remaining a question of "which comes first." However, in this review, we have tried our best to clarify the interconnection between these two mechanisms and to show the precise cause-and-effect relationship. Based on the above hallmarks of AD, several therapeutic strategies using natural antioxidants, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines are employed as anti-Aß therapy to decrease ROS, Aß burden, chronic neuroinflammation, and synaptic failure. These natural antioxidants and immunotherapeutics have demonstrated significant neuroprotective effects and symptomatic relief in various in vitro and in vivo models, as well as in clinical trials for AD. However, none of them have received final approval to enter the drug market for mitigating AD. In this review, we extensively elaborate on the pitfalls, assurances, and important crosstalk between oxidative stress and Aß concerning current anti-Aß therapy. Additionally, we discuss future strategies for the development of more Aß-targeted approaches and the optimization of AD treatment and mitigation.

Advances in Parkinson's disease research - A computational network pharmacological approach.

Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, is projected to see a significant rise in incidence over the next three decades. The precise treatment of PD remains a formidable challenge, prompting ongoing research into early diagnostic methodologies. Network pharmacology, a burgeoning field grounded in systems biology, examines the intricate networks of biological systems to identify critical signal nodes, facilitating the development of multi-target therapeutic molecules. This approach systematically maps the components of Parkinson's disease, thereby reducing its complexity. In this review, we explore the application of network pharmacology workflows in PD, discuss the techniques employed in this field, and evaluate the current advancements and status of network pharmacology in the context of Parkinson's disease. The comprehensive insights will pave newer paths to explore early disease biomarkers and to develop diagnosis with a holistic in silico, in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies.

An integrated group decision-making method under q-rung orthopair fuzzy 2-tuple linguistic context with partial weight information.

Considering the advantages of q-rung orthopair fuzzy 2-tuple linguistic set (q-RFLS), which includes both linguistic and numeric data to describe evaluations, this article aims to design a new decision-making methodology by integrating Vlsekriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) and qualitative flexible (QUALIFLEX) methods based on the revised aggregation operators to solve multiple criteria group decision making (MCGDM). To accomplish this, we first revise the extant operational laws of q-RFLSs to make up for their shortcomings. Based on novel operational laws, we develop q-rung orthopair fuzzy 2-tuple linguistic (q-RFL) weighted averaging and geometric operators and provide the corresponding results. Next, we develop a maximization deviation model to determine the criterion weights in the decision-making procedure, which accounts for partial weight unknown information. Then, the VIKOR and QUALIFLEX methodologies are combined, which can assess the concordance index of each ranking combination using group utility and individual maximum regret value of alternative and acquire the ranking result based on each permutation's general concordance index values. Consequently, a case study is conducted to select the best bike-sharing recycling supplier utilizing the suggested VIKOR-QUALIFLEX MCGDM method, demonstrating the method's applicability and availability. Finally, through sensitivity and comparative analysis, the validity and superiority of the proposed method are demonstrated.

Group decision-making algorithm with sine trigonometric r,s,t-spherical fuzzy aggregation operators and their application.

r, s, t-spherical fuzzy (r, s, t-SPF) sets provide a robust framework for managing uncertainties in decision-making, surpassing other fuzzy sets in their ability to accommodate diverse uncertainties through the incorporation of flexible parameters r, s, and t. Considering these characteristics, this article explores sine trigonometric laws to enhance the applicability and theoretical foundation for r, s, t-SPF setting. Following these laws, several aggregation operators (AOs) are designed for aggregation of the r, s, t-SPF data. Meanwhile, the desired characteristics and relationships of these operators are studied under sine trigonometric functions. Furthermore, we build a group decision-making algorithm for addressing multiple attribute group decision-making (MAGDM) problems using the developed AOs. To exemplify the applicability of the proposed algorithm, we address a practical example regarding laptop selection. Finally, parameter analysis and a comprehensive comparison with existing operators are conducted to uncover the superiority and validity of the presented AOs.

q-Rung orthopair fuzzy 2-tuple linguistic WASPAS algorithm for patients' prioritization based on prioritized Maclaurin symmetric mean aggregation operators.

Due to the fuzziness of the medical field, q-rung orthopair fuzzy 2-tuple linguistic (q-RF2L) set is the privileged way to aid medical professionals in conveying their assessments in the patient prioritization problem. The theme of the present study is to put forward a novel approach centered around the merging of prioritized averaging (PA) and the Maclaurin symmetric mean (MSM) operator within q-RF2L context. According to the prioritization of the professionals and the correlation among the defined criteria, we apply both PA and MSM to assess priority degrees and relationships, respectively. Keeping the pluses of the PA and MSM operators in mind, we introduce two aggregation operators (AOs), namely q-RF2L prioritized Maclaurin symmetric mean and q-RF2L prioritized dual Maclaurin symmetric mean operators. Meanwhile, some essential features and remarks of the proposed AOs are discussed at length. Based on the formulated AOs, we extend the weighted aggregated sum product assessment methodology to cope with q-RF2L decision-making problems. Ultimately, to illustrate the practicality and effectiveness of the stated methodology, a real-world example of patients' prioritization problem is addressed, and an in-depth analysis with prevailing methods is performed.

Spatial variation in iodine content with relation to soil physicochemical properties in lower Himalayan region.

Topography of a place has a significant impact on soil characteristics that ultimately influence soil iodine levels. Lower Himalayan region (LHR) in Pakistan has a wide range of climatic and geological variations. Hence, an investigation was conducted to analyze the iodine concentration and other physicochemical properties of soils in two LHR districts, Haripur and Mansehra. Spatial analysis indicated a decrease in iodine levels in the mountainous regions in comparison to the flat portions of LHR. Soil samples obtained from different locations across Haripur had a stronger affinity for iodine due to variations in solubility and adsorption of iodine to soil clay components, which can be attributed to lower pH, higher organic matter, and a higher cation exchange capacity (CEC). In contrast to the plains of Haripur, elevated locations in the Mansehra district had decreased levels of iodine, along with a higher soil pH and reduced soil organic matter. The soil erosion and depletion of soil micronutrients in the hilly region of Mansehra may be attributed to the unfavorable soil conditions and excessive precipitation. Presence of clay, iron (Fe), and aluminum (Al) in the soil led to a rise in iodine levels. Iodine concentrations exhibited an inverse relationship with soil acidity. Study revealed a direct correlation between soil iodine levels and their cation exchange capacity (CEC) and clay content. This study aims to gather fundamental data for the chosen regions of LHR to address illnesses caused by iodine deficiency.

A novel probabilistic q-rung orthopair linguistic neutrosophic information-based method for rating nanoparticles in various sectors.

The idea of probabilistic q-rung orthopair linguistic neutrosophic (P-QROLN) is one of the very few reliable tools in computational intelligence. This paper explores a significant breakthrough in nanotechnology, highlighting the introduction of nanoparticles with unique properties and applications that have transformed various industries. However, the complex nature of nanomaterials makes it challenging to select the most suitable nanoparticles for specific industrial needs. In this context, this research facilitate the evaluation of different nanoparticles in industrial applications. The proposed framework harnesses the power of neutrosophic logic to handle uncertainties and imprecise information inherent in nanoparticle selection. By integrating P-QROLN with AO, a comprehensive and flexible methodology is developed for assessing and ranking nanoparticles according to their suitability for specific industrial purposes. This research contributes to the advancement of nanoparticle selection techniques, offering industries a valuable tool for enhancing their product development processes and optimizing performance while minimizing risks. The effectiveness of the proposed framework are demonstrated through a real-world case study, highlighting its potential to revolutionize nanoparticle selection in HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) industry. Finally, this study is crucial to enhance nanoparticle selection in industries, offering a sophisticated framework probabilistic q-rung orthopair linguistic neutrosophic quantification with an aggregation operator to meet the increasing demand for precise and informed decision-making.

Short turnaround time of seven to nine hours from sample collection until informed decision for sepsis treatment using nanopore sequencing.

Bloodstream infections (BSIs) and sepsis are major health problems, annually claiming millions of lives. Traditional blood culture techniques, employed to identify sepsis-causing pathogens and assess antibiotic susceptibility, usually take 2-4 days. Early and accurate antibiotic prescription is vital in sepsis to mitigate mortality and antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to reduce the wait time for sepsis diagnosis by employing shorter blood culture incubation times for BD BACTEC™ bottles using standard laboratory incubators, followed by real-time nanopore sequencing and data analysis. The method was tested on nine blood samples spiked with clinical isolates from the six most prevalent sepsis-causing pathogens. The results showed that pathogen identification was possible at as low as 102-104 CFU/mL, achieved after just 2 h of incubation and within 40 min of nanopore sequencing. Moreover, all the antimicrobial resistance genes were identified at 103-107 CFU/mL, achieved after incubation for 5 h and only 10 min to 3 h of sequencing. Therefore, the total turnaround time from sample collection to the information required for an informed decision on the right antibiotic treatment was between 7 and 9 h. These results hold significant promise for better clinical management of sepsis compared with current culture-based methods.

Benzimidazole Derivative (N-{4-[2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1H-Benzimidazole-1-Sulfonyl] Phenyl} Acetamide) Ameliorates Methotrexate-Induced Intestinal Mucositis by Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Markers in Mice.

Methotrexate (MTX)-induced intestinal mucositis (IM) is a common side effect in cancer treatment that impairs the immune system and gut microbes, resulting in loss of mucosal integrity and gut barrier dysfunction. The quality of life and outcomes of treatment are compromised by IM. The present study was designed to investigate the mucoprotective potential of the benzimidazole derivative N-{4-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-benzimidazole-1-sulfonyl] phenyl} acetamide (B8) on MTX-induced IM in mice. IM was induced by a single dose of MTX in mice and assessed by physical manifestations as well as biochemical, oxidative, histological, and inflammatory parameters. B8 (1, 3, 9 mg/kg) significantly reduced diarrhea score, mitigated weight loss, increased feed intake and, survival rate in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, B8 exhibited a mucoprotective effect evident through the mitigation of villus atrophy, crypt hypoplasia, diminished crypt mitotic figures, mucin depletion, and oxidative stress markers (GSH, SOD, MDA, and catalase concentration). Gene expression analysis revealed that B8 downregulated the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1ß, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and concurrently upregulated IL-10 expression in contrast to the MTX group. Further, B8 significantly improved the luminal microflora profile by augmenting the growth of Lactobacillus spp. and reducing the number of pathogenic bacteria (E. coli). Additionally, the enzyme-linked immunoassay showed that B8 decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our findings suggest that B8 had mucoprotective effects against MTX-induced IM and could be used as an adjunct in chemotherapy to deter this side effect.

Defining digital surgery: a SAGES white paper.

BACKGROUND: Digital surgery is a new paradigm within the surgical innovation space that is rapidly advancing and encompasses multiple areas. METHODS: This white paper from the SAGES Digital Surgery Working Group outlines the scope of digital surgery, defines key terms, and analyzes the challenges and opportunities surrounding this disruptive technology. RESULTS: In its simplest form, digital surgery inserts a computer interface between surgeon and patient. We divide the digital surgery space into the following elements: advanced visualization, enhanced instrumentation, data capture, data analytics with artificial intelligence/machine learning, connectivity via telepresence, and robotic surgical platforms. We will define each area, describe specific terminology, review current advances as well as discuss limitations and opportunities for future growth. CONCLUSION: Digital Surgery will continue to evolve and has great potential to bring value to all levels of the healthcare system. The surgical community has an essential role in understanding, developing, and guiding this emerging field.

Neuroprotective Effects of N-methyl-(2S, 4R)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline (NMP) against Amyloid-ß-Induced Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that involves the deposition of ß-amyloid plaques and the clinical symptoms of confusion, memory loss, and cognitive dysfunction. Despite enormous progress in the field, no curative treatment is available. Therefore, the current study was designed to determine the neuroprotective effects of N-methyl-(2S, 4R)-Trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline (NMP) obtained from Sideroxylon obtusifolium, a Brazilian folk medicine with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. Here, for the first time, we explored the neuroprotective role of NMP in the Aß1-42-injected mouse model of AD. After acclimatization, a single intracerebroventricular injection of Aß1-42 (5 µL/5 min/mouse) in C57BL/6N mice induced significant amyloidogenesis, reactive gliosis, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and synaptic and memory deficits. However, an intraperitoneal injection of NMP at a dose of (50 mg/kg/day) for three consecutive weeks remarkably decreased beta secretase1 (BACE-1) and Aß, activated the astrocyte and microglia expression level as well as downstream inflammatory mediators such as pNF-ĸB, TNF-α, and IL-1ß. NPM also strongly attenuated oxidative stress, as evaluated by the expression level of NRF2/HO-1, and synaptic failure, by improving the level of both the presynaptic (SNAP-25 and SYN) and postsynaptic (PSD-95 and SNAP-23) regions of the synapses in the cortexes and hippocampi of the Aß1-42-injected mice, contributing to cognitive improvement in AD and improving the behavioral deficits displayed in the Morris water maze and Y-maze. Overall, our data suggest that NMP provides potent multifactorial effects, including the inhibition of amyloid plaques, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and cognitive deficits.

A robust algorithmic framework for the evaluation of international cricket batters in ODI format based on q-rung linguistic neutrosophic quantification.

This article presents a novel approach for decision-making problems in which the criteria and alternatives are evaluated under a q-rung linguistic neutrosophic set (QRLNS) environment. QRLN sets are an extension of the traditional linguistic variables, which allow more flexibility and accuracy in modeling complex decision-making situations. We introduce several QRLN weighted aggregation operators, including QRLN weighted averaging operator, QRLN weighted geometric operator, and QRLN weighted hybrid operator, which can be used to aggregate the QRLN information provided by decision-makers. The properties and characteristics of these operators are analyzed, and their performance is compared with other existing aggregation operators. Finally, this system is able to handle the uncertainty and imprecision in the data and provide a more reliable assessment of the performance of cricket players. Our study demonstrates the potential of QRLN-based approaches for ranking assessment in other fields and provides insights for future research in this area.