Symmetric dimethylarginine correlates with the urea, creatinine, potassium, and clinical scores in feline urethral obstructions.

BACKGROUND: A urethral obstruction (UO) is an emergency commonly observed in male cats, which can result in significant clinical and laboratory alterations, leading to complications and death. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to correlate symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) with the urea, creatinine, potassium, and bicarbonate levels in cats with UO. In addition, the correlation between clinical score and time of obstruction was evaluated. METHODS: Thirty male cats were selected and allocated into a control group (CG, n = 13) and an obstruction group (OG, n = 17). The laboratory analyses were conducted before treatment (M0) and at different times after treatment (12 h [M12], 24 h [M24], and 48 h [M48]). Correlations were established between SDMA and creatinine, urea, bicarbonate, potassium, time of obstruction, and the clinical score. RESULTS: A strong correlation (r > 0.6) was observed between SDMA and creatinine, urea, and potassium in the OG. Furthermore, there was substantial agreement (kappa value) between SDMA and creatinine at M24. A higher clinical score was associated with a longer time of obstruction. In the OG, at M48, the SDMA and creatinine levels were 50% and 41.2% higher, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A correlation was observed between SDMA and creatinine in obstructed cats, and significant agreement between these values was observed 24 h after the unblocking treatment. A correlation among SDMA, urea, and potassium was observed. Approximately 9% more cats continued to have elevated SDMA levels after 48 h of treatment compared to creatinine. This suggests a slightly lower sensitivity of the latter biomarker but does not exclude the possibility of congruent and normalized values after a longer evaluation period.

Research Note: The effects of a Lactobacillus helveticus ATCC 15009-derived postbiotic mitigating Salmonella Gallinarum colonization in commercial layer chicks.

This study aimed to assess the effects of a Lactobacillus helveticus ATCC 15009-derived postbiotic in mitigating experimental Salmonella Gallinarum infection. For this purpose, a sample of Lactobacillus sp. was inoculated in 2 different media, each containing different postbiotics (sensitized and nonsensitized). Both inocula had their antagonistic effect over S. Gallinarum tested through the spot-on-the-lawn method. It revealed that the sensitized postbiotic had a higher action potential over Lactobacillus sp. than the nonsensitized one (P < 0.05). Then, 48 day of hatch chicks were divided into 4 groups: A = Lactobacillus sp. (109 CFU/mL) inoculum on the 18th day; B = Lactobacillus sp. (109 CFU/mL) inoculum on the 18th day and postbiotic inoculum on the 19th day; C = postbiotic inoculum on the 19th day; and D = sterile saline inoculum on 18th and 19th days. On the 21st day, all chicks were infected with S. Gallinarum (109 CFU/mL). On the 23rd day, the animals were euthanized by cervical dislocation, and the ceca and liver were aseptically removed. Bacterial count of S. Gallinarum with serial decimal dilution was performed with these organs. It revealed that the prophylactic treatment with the postbiotic that modulates the intestinal microbiota was as efficient as the probiotic administration in reducing S. Gallinarum in the cecum and liver of chicks (P < 0.05). These data point to a new range of alternatives for preventing S. Gallinarum, which might help the poultry industry produce safer food for human consumption.

Bacterial communication between Lactobacillus spp. isolated from poultry in the inhibition of Salmonella Heidelberg-proof of concept.

Bacterial communication has become an increasingly studied topic aiming at the discovery of new products to aid the treatment of diseases for which conventional options do not work. The production of safe foods, free of pathogens, has been receiving increasing attention due to market demands for food products of high quality and free of residues. This study assessed the communication between Lactobacillus spp. during the in vitro inhibition of Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) and the impact an autoinducer produced by a strain of Lactobacillus plantarum has on communication in the normal microbiota and inhibiting SH in newborn chicks. For this purpose, the isolates of Lactobacillus spp. were isolated cloacal swabs of broilers and identified through biochemical and molecular assays and were obtained from broiler farms. They later had their inhibitory potential against SH stimulated after contact with the autoinducer. For assessing bacterial communication (quorum sensing) during the inhibition of SH by Lactobacillus spp., a spot on the lawn assay was conducted. For the in vivo, 75 one-day-old chicks were divided in 5 experimental groups: control with no treatment; treatment with a Lactobacillus spp. pool on the first day; treatment with autoinducer on the second day; treatment with Lactobacillus spp. on the first day; and autoinducer on the second day and treatment without autoinducer. The autoinducer was assessed through an SH count in the ceca of the birds. The autoinducer produced by the strain of L. plantarum proved to be efficient for communicating with the other Lactobacillus spp. isolates as previous contact with SH induced the production of an autoinducer capable of increasing inhibition of SH both in vitro (in average 132.73%) and in vivo, acting similarly to the Lactobacillus spp. pool (probiotic) by decreasing the SH count in the ceca (64%-24 h, 42%-96 h, and 46%-168 h).

Massive attack of honeybee on macaws (Ara ararauna and Ara chloropterus) in Brazil - A case report.

Three adult birds of the species Ara chloropterus and five of the species Ara ararauna from a conservation breeding facility suffered a massive attack by honeybees. The A. chloropterus birds presented swollen puncture lesions with stingers (mainly in the facial regions without feathers), swelling of the eyelids and subcutaneous tissue, and respiratory distress, and they were treated with intramuscular injections of 1.67 mg/kg of promethazine and 10 mg/kg of hydrocortisone followed by removal of the stingers. Complete remission of the clinical signs occurred 48 hours after start of treatment. The five A. ararauna birds died before they arrived at the veterinary hospital, and the necropsies found stingers in the areas of the face without feathers and the subcutaneous tissue, which were associated with erythema, bruising, and swelling. Food content from the crop was found in the oral cavity and the tracheal lumen, and marked congestion was observed in the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, brain, and cerebellum. Among the histopathological findings, significant swelling of the myocytes in the endocardium and vascular dilation with erythroid repletion were observed, and there were multifocal areas of centrilobular necrosis associated with severe congestion and hemorrhaging in the hepatic tissue. Severe acute tubular necrosis and hydropic-vacuolar degeneration were observed in the kidneys. The clinical signs and pathological findings suggest envenomation due to a massive bee attack, the first such report for Psittacidae.

Bacteriophage use to control Salmonella biofilm on surfaces present in chicken slaughterhouses.

Foodborne diseases represent a major risk to public health worldwide. Pathogenic bacteria can live in the form of biofilm within the food industry, providing a permanent source of contamination. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the types of adhesion surfaces on Salmonella biofilm formation at eight different times, and analyze the action time of a bacteriophage pool on established biofilms. Most of the samples used were classified as weak biofilm producers, with serovars Enteritidis and Heidelberg showing the highest frequency of biofilm formation. Glass and stainless steel surfaces significantly favored biofilm formation at 60 and 36 h of incubation respectively, but the polyvinyl chloride surface did not favor biofilm production, suggesting that the type of material may interfere with production. The bacteriophage pool action period focused on 3 h, but treatment of 9 h on glass surface biofilms was superior to other treatments because it affected the largest number of samples. These results suggests that some surface types and Salmonella serotypes may promote biofilm formation and indicate bacteriophages as an alternative to control biofilms. But further studies are required to prove the effectiveness and safety of bacteriophage therapy as an alternative in the antimicrobial control in the processing plants.

First record of Paratanaisia bragai (Digenea: Eucotylidae) in blue and gold macaw (Ara ararauna).

The aim of this study was to provide the first report on a new host for the digenean Paratanaisia bragai in the caninde macaw Ara ararauna along with the pathological aspects of the infection in the new host. The microscopic findings revealed the presence of granulomatous interstitial nephritis. This study contributes towards knowledge of parasitism by P. bragai in A. ararauna, and emphasizes the need to use best practices in wildlife conservation parks.

First record of Paratanaisia bragai (Digenea: Eucotylidae) in blue and gold macaw (Ara ararauna) / Primeiro registro de Paratanaisia bragai (Digenea: Eucotylidae) em arara Canindé (Ara ararauna)

Abstract The aim of this study was to provide the first report on a new host for the digenean Paratanaisia bragai in the caninde macaw Ara ararauna along with the pathological aspects of the infection in the new host. The microscopic findings revealed the presence of granulomatous interstitial nephritis. This study contributes towards knowledge of parasitism by P. bragai in A. ararauna, and emphasizes the need to use best practices in wildlife conservation parks.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar, pela primeira vez, a arara canindéAra ararauna como um novo hospedeiro para o digenéticoParatanaisia bragai, bem como relatar aspectos patológicos relacionados à infecção no novo hospedeiro. Os achados microscópicos revelaram nefrite intersticial granulomatosa. Este estudo contribui para o conhecimento do parasitismo por P. bragai em A. ararauna e ainda faz um alerta para a adoção de boas práticas de criação em criatórios conservacionistas da fauna silvestre.

Immunomodulatory activity and control of Salmonella Enteritidis colonization in the intestinal tract of chickens by Lactobacillus based probiotic.

Lactobacillus-based probiotics (LBP) are used as competitive exclusion to control pathogenic enterobacterial infections and improve the weight gain in broiler chickens. This study assessed the inhibition of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) infection in one-week-old broiler chicks, using an experimental LBP containing four Lactobacillus strains isolated from chickens (L. acidophilus, L. fermentum, L. reuteri, L. salivarius). The immunomodulatory effects of this treatment were evaluated, through the analysis of cytokines and influx of macrophages, γδ, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the gut. The intestinal colonization by SE was reduced by 1.8 CFU/g (log10) in chicks treated with LBP (p<0.05). The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß, LITAF) were significantly reduced in treated chicks (p<0.05), whilst untreated chicks showed elevated inflammatory stimulus and an increased population of CD8(+) T cells in the intestinal mucosa after challenge (p<0.05). Additionally, the LBP stimulated TLR2 expression in caecal tonsils. The adjuvant property of the Lactobacillus cell wall (LCW) was evaluated, demonstrating good capability to stimulate T helper 2 (Th2) cell proliferation. Pretreatment of chicks with LBP decreased the intestinal colonization by SE, minimizing the tissue lesions and inflammation after challenge and showed a potential use as adjuvant with injectable killed vaccines.

Identification and adhesion profile of Lactobacillus spp. strains isolated from poultry.

In the aviculture industry, the use of Lactobacillus spp. as a probiotic has been shown to be frequent and satisfactory, both in improving bird production indexes and in protecting intestine against colonization by pathogenic bacteria. Adhesion is an important characteristic in selecting Lactobacillus probiotic strains since it impedes its immediate elimination to enable its beneficial action in the host. This study aimed to isolate, identify and characterize the in vitro and in vivo adhesion of Lactobacillus strains isolated from birds. The Lactobacillus spp. was identified by PCR and sequencing and the strains and its adhesion evaluated in vitro via BMM cell matrix and in vivo by inoculation in one-day-old birds. Duodenum, jejunum, ileum and cecum were collected one, four, 12 and 24 h after inoculation. The findings demonstrate greater adhesion of strains in the cecum and an important correlation between in vitro and in vivo results. It was concluded that BMM utilization represents an important technique for triage of Lactobacillus for subsequent in vivo evaluation, which was shown to be efficient in identifying bacterial adhesion to the enteric tract.

Identification and adhesion profile of Lactobacillus spp. strains isolated from poultry

In the aviculture industry, the use of Lactobacillus spp. as a probiotic has been shown to be frequent and satisfactory, both in improving bird production indexes and in protecting intestine against colonization by pathogenic bacteria. Adhesion is an important characteristic in selecting Lactobacillus probiotic strains since it impedes its immediate elimination to enable its beneficial action in the host. This study aimed to isolate, identify and characterize the in vitro and in vivo adhesion of Lactobacillus strains isolated from birds. The Lactobacillus spp. was identified by PCR and sequencing and the strains and its adhesion evaluated in vitro via BMM cell matrix and in vivo by inoculation in one-day-old birds. Duodenum, jejunum, ileum and cecum were collected one, four, 12 and 24 h after inoculation. The findings demonstrate greater adhesion of strains in the cecum and an important correlation between in vitro and in vivo results. It was concluded that BMM utilization represents an important technique for triage of Lactobacillus for subsequent in vivo evaluation, which was shown to be efficient in identifying bacterial adhesion to the enteric tract.

New record of Pelecitus sp. (Nematoda, Onchocercidae) as a parasite of Athene cunicularia (Strigiformes, Strigidae) in southeastern Brazil.

The aim of this study was to report the burrowing owl Athene cunicularia as a new host for the filarid nematode Pelecitus sp. in southeastern Brazil for the first time, as well as reporting the occurrence of this nematode species in the body cavity, near the cervical air sac and lung region. This study contributes towards knowledge of parasitism in Brazilian wild birds and an anatomical region of the host as an infection site for Pelecitus sp.

Associação de megabacteriose, aspergilose e candidíase em periquitos australianos (Melopsittacus undulatus) em cativeiro, Marília, SP - Relato de caso / Association megabacteriosis, aspergillosis and candidiasis in australianparakeet (Melopsittacus undulatus) in captivity, Marilia, SP: case report

Infecções fúngicas causadas por Macrorhabdus ornithogaster, Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans tem sido descritas em várias espécies aviárias sendo responsáveis por promover alterações gastrointestinais, respiratórias, neurológicas e dermatológicas entre outras. O presente artigo descreve aspectos clínicos, anatomopatológicos, procedimentos diagnósticos, medidas preventivas e terapêuticas de um caso crônico de três infecções fúngicas concomitantes em periquitos australianos (Melopsittacus undulatus) provenientes de um criatório comercial encaminhado ao laboratório de Ornitopatologia do Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Estadual Paulista (FMVZ UNESP), campus Botucatu São Paulo, Brasil.

Fungal infections caused by Macrorhabdus ornithogaster, Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans has been described as responsiblefor promoting gastrointestinal, respiratory, neurological and dermatological disorders in several avian species. The present paperdescribes the clinical signs, histopathological exams, treatment and preventions and of a chronic case of three fungal infectionsconcomitant in australian parakeet (Melopsittacus undulatus). The animals came from a commercial breeding facility and sent toOrnitopathology Laboratory of the Veterinary Hospital, Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Faculty, Paulista State University(FMVZ - UNESP), Botucatu campus - São Paulo, Brazil.

New record of Pelecitus sp. (Nematoda, Onchocercidae) as a parasite of Athene cunicularia (Strigiformes, Strigidae) in southeastern Brazil / Novo registro de Pelecitus sp. (Nematoda, Onchocercidae) como parasita de Athene cunicularia (Strigiformes, Strigidae) no Sudeste do Brasil

The aim of this study was to report the burrowing owl Athene cunicularia as a new host for the filarid nematode Pelecitus sp. in southeastern Brazil for the first time, as well as reporting the occurrence of this nematode species in the body cavity, near the cervical air sac and lung region. This study contributes towards knowledge of parasitism in Brazilian wild birds and an anatomical region of the host as an infection site for Pelecitus sp.

O objetivo do estudo foi relatar, pela primeira vez, a coruja buraqueira Athene cunicularia como um novo hospedeiro para o nematóide filarídeo Pelecitus sp. do Sudeste do Brasil, bem como a ocorrência desta espécie de nematóides na cavidade corporal, próximos à região dos sacos aéreos cervicais e pulmões. Este estudo contribui para o conhecimento do parasitismo em aves silvestres brasileiras e uma região anatômica do hospedeiro como sítio de infecção para Pelecitus sp.

Bacteriophage-induced reduction in Salmonella Enteritidis counts in the crop of broiler chickens undergoing preslaughter feed withdrawal.

Salmonella food poisoning is a public health problem. Feed withdrawal from broiler chickens before slaughter can favor the multiplication of Salmonella in the cecum and crop of contaminated animals and subsequently lead to contamination of carcasses in the processing plant. In the present study, a cocktail of lytic bacteriophages isolated from sewage water was orally administered to 45-d-old broiler chickens 1 h after they received an oral dose of 10(7) cfu/mL Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Enteritidis. Immediately after phage administration and 30 min, 1, 3, 6, and 12 h thereafter, groups of chicken were killed. Ceca and crops were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella. At 3 h posttreatment, there were 10(3) cfu/g and 10(1) cfu/g of cecal and crop suspension, respectively. At 6 h after treatment, the number of Salmonella was 10(3) cfu/g in the cecal suspension, but below the detection limit in the crops. Our results suggest that bacteriophage therapy may be able to reduce the contamination of chicken carcasses by reducing the preslaughter load of Salmonella in the birds.

A simple method for enema administration in one-day-old broiler chicks.

The present study aimed to describe a simple technique for enema administration in one-day-old broiler chicks. For this purpose we used 455 unsexed health birds divided into four groups submitted to three different experimental protocols: in the first one, we measured the total length of the large intestine in order to establish a secure distance for probe introduction; in the second, we evaluated maximum compliance of large intestine and diffusion range; finally, based on results obtained we tested the hypothesis in 400 birds in order to standardize the method. Enema solutions applied in an intrarectal manner with a stainless steel gavage BD-10 probe into one-day-old broiler chicks at 0.2 mL at a distance of 1.5 cm proved to be a reliable method.

Estudo da eficácia de espuma para a depopulação de avespara situações de emergência sanitária / Experimental evaluation of foam-based poultry depopulation for emergencies

São inúmeras as dificuldades observadas na depopulação de elevado número de aves e é importante proceder-se àdepopulação no interior do próprio aviário por questões de biossegurança do homem em casos de emergência sanitáriacausada por doenças de aves de elevada transmissibilidade, como a influenza aviária e a doença de Newcastle. Construiuseo equipamento gerador de espuma para provocar a anóxia física em aves. Verificou-se a eficácia da espuma geradaatravés do uso de líquido detergente de alta expansão sobre o sacrifício de galinhas, avaliando-se os sinais sensoriais,tempo de morte, letalidade e lesões macro e microscópicas. Duzentas galinhas de postura com 78 semanas de idadeforam divididas em dez grupos experimentais e submetidas a diferentes períodos de exposição à espuma, variando de5min30s a 8min15s . A partir de seis minutos de exposição à espuma 100% das aves foram mortas. A presença de bolhasde espuma na cavidade oral e traqueia foram constatadas em todos os períodos de exposição à espuma, indicando aocorrência de asfixia física. Congestão nas mucosas da cavidade oral e traqueia foram também observadas em todos osperíodos de exposição. No exame histopatológico dos pulmões de todas as aves, observou-se a presença de congestãoe hemorragia difusa de moderada intensidade. Nenhuma alteração foi observada na traqueia das aves. A eficácia daespuma como método de depopulação de aves foi constatada neste trabalho, podendo ser recomendada diante danecessidade de atendimento a emergências sanitárias.

There are several difficulties in the control of quick spreading and highly contagious poultry diseases such as avianinfluenza and Newcastle disease, which require large numbers of poultry to be rapidly killed inside the poultry housesin order to minimize human exposure and disease spreading. We have built and tested an equipment that uses a waterbasedfoam from high expansion fire detergent that induces poultry anoxia measured by sensorial signs, time to death,lethality and macro and microscopically lesions. Two hundred 78-weeks old hens were divided into ten groups andexposed to different times of death according to exposure to water-foam varying from 5min30s to 8min15s. All poultrydied after six minutes of water-foam cover. Foam bubbles were observed in oral cavity and trachea of all poultry ateach time of exposure to foam, revealing physical asphyxia. Macroscopically, congestion in oral cavity and in tracheamucosa was observed. Histopathology revealed diffuse and moderate hemorrhage in lungs and no lesion in trachea.The efficacy of water-foam procedure for poultry depopulation was demonstrated validating its recommendation incase of emergency.

Detecção de Escherichia coli e Salmonella spp. em microbiota intestinal de Psittaciformes em fase de reabilitação para soltura / Detection of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in the intestinal microbiot of Psittacifomes in rehabilitation process for wildlife reintroduction

A Escherichia coli é uma bactéria pertencente à família Enterobacteriacea que faz parte da microbiota entérica de mamíferos e de muitas espécies de aves. A Salmonella spp. também pertence à mesma família, sendo responsável por surtos de infecção alimentar em humanos e frequentemente isoladas de aves domésticas e aves silvestres. O presente estudo analisou a frequência de ambas as bactérias em Psittaciformes em processo de reabilitação para a vida livre. De 89 aves analisadas 19% estavam infectadas com E. coli e 1,12% com Salmonella spp. Realizou-se uma análise do perfil de resistência a antibióticos onde se observou a eficiência de estreptomicina, tetraciclina, trimetoprim e gentamicina sobre as amostras. As amostras de E. coli foram submetidas ao teste de Vermelho-Congo e ao teste Atividade Hemolítica, onde se observaram 70,6% de amostras positivas para o primeiro e 53% para o segundo teste.

Escherichia coli is a bacteria of the Enterobacteriacea family and it is part of the enterical microflora of mammals and of many species of birds. Salmonella spp. also belongs to the family Enterobacteriacea, it is responsible for human feed toxinfection outbreaks and usually isolated from domestic and wild birds. The present study analyzed the frequency of both agents in Psittaciformes in rehabilitation process for wildlife reintroduction. In 89 birds analyzed, 19% were infected with E. coli and 1,12% with Salmonella spp. It was carried out an analysis of the profile of antibiotic resistance in which was observed the efficiency of estreptomicin, tetraciclin, trimetoprim and gentamicin over the samples. The samples of E. coli were submitted to the Congo Red Binding test and to the Hemolisis test and 70,6% of positive samples for the first test and 53% for the second one were observed.

Isolation of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva).

Avian salmonellosis is a disease caused by bacteria of the genus Salmonella that can cause three distinct diseases in birds: pullorum diseases, fowl typhoid, and paratyphoid infection. Various wildlife species are susceptible to infections by Salmonella, regardless of whether they live in captivity or freely in the wild. The present study verified the presence of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in three captive specimens of Amazona aestiva. The study involved a total of 103 birds undergoing rehabilitation to prepare for living in the wild, after having been captured from animal traffickers and delivered to the Centrofauna Project of the Floravida Institute in Sao Paulo, Brazil. This is the first report of Salmonella Enteritidis isolation in A. aestiva that originated from capture associated with animal trafficking; Salmonella was detected during the study by the serologic method of rapid serum agglutination on a plate with bacterial isolate. The antimicrobial profile exam of the isolated samples demonstrated sensitivity to ampicillin, cefaclor, ciprofloxacin, and cloranfenicol. The three samples also presented resistance to more than four antibiotics. The presence of the genes invA and spvC was verified by PCR technique and was associated with virulence and absence of class 1 integron, a gene related to antimicrobial resistance. The commercial antigen for pullorum disease was shown to be a useful tool for rapid detection in the screening of Salmonella of serogroup D1 in Psittaciformes. New studies on Salmonella carriage in birds involved in trafficking must be performed to better understand their participation in the epidemiologic cycle of salmonellosis in humans and other animals.

Avaliação da presença de Salmonella spp em carcaça de frangos de corte, alimentados com rações com probióticos e prebióticos / Evaluation of the presence of Salmonella spp in carcass of chickens, fed with rations with probióticos and prebióticos

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de probióticos e prebióticos na criação de aves experimentalmente infectadas por Salmonella Enteritidis, através da avaliação da presença de Salmonella spp nas carcaças. Foram realizados dois experimentos com 100 aves cada. No primeiro experimento as aves chegaram contaminadas com Salmonella spp, e no segundo experimento, sem essa contaminação. Em cada experimento, as 100 aves foram divididas em 4 grupos de tratamentos: grupo-DCP – 25 aves desafiadas com 106 UFC de Salmonella Enteritidis e suplementadas na fase inicial (0-21 dias) com probióticos e prebióticos; grupo – DSP – 25 aves desafiadas e sem essa suplementação; grupo-NDCP – 25 aves não desafiadas e suplementadas com probióticos e prebióticos na fase inicial e grupo-NDSP – 25 aves não desafiadas e sem nenhuma suplementação. Após a fase final de criação (42 dias para o primeiro experimento e 45 para o segundo), foram aleatoriamente escolhidas 8 aves de cada tratamento, totalizando 32 aves abatidas. As amostras para avaliação da presença de Salmonella spp na carcaça foram obtidas através do lavado de carcaça com água peptonada tamponada, incubado à 37ºC por 24 horas. As amostras foram submetidas aos testes laboratoriais como Tetrationato (TT) e Rappaport (RV), plaqueamento seletivo em ágar sulfito de bismuto (BS) e ágar xilose lisina desoxicolato (XLD), diagnóstico presuntivo em ágar tríplice açúcar ferro (TSI) e ágar lisina ferro (LIA), e diagnostico confirmativo através de soroaglutinação com antisoro polivalente e do grupo D. Em lotes adquiridos com contaminação inicial por Salmonella spp., desafiados no 3º dia com Salmonella enteritidis, a utilização de probióticos e prebióticos na fase inicial do crescimento, demonstrou efetividade na redução da contaminação de carcaças por Salmonella spp. Este fato não foi observado em lotes livres da contaminação inicial. Em lotes de aves não contaminados e sem desafio, probióticos e prebióticos demonstraram proteção contra infecção por Salmonella spp durante a fase experimental.

Use of cecal microflora cultured under aerobic or anaerobic conditions in the control of experimental infection of chicks with Salmonella Enteritidis.

One-day-old broiler chicks received cecal microflora (CM) cultured under aerobic, anaerobic conditions, or both (mixed) and were then infected with Salmonella Enteritidis, in order to compare the efficacy of these different types of culture in terms of the number of chicks infected, cecal colonization and faecal excretion of the challenging bacteria. Regardless of culture type, CM always led to a smaller number of S. Enteritidis for any of the parameters studied compared to untreated chicks. Aerobic CM demonstrated better efficacy in reducing the number of infected chicks and cecal colonization by S. Enteritidis, followed by mixed CM. No difference was observed in faecal excretion of S. Enteritidis between the chicks that received different types of CM culture.